Seyed Abdolsaleh Jafari, Behin Aramnia, Hanie Tavasoli
et al.
Although human dignity has been the focus of many researchers, fundamental debates about its existence have often been ignored. Different views on human dignity and its existence can lead to divergent interpretations of human rights. In this study, we attempted to find an answer to the question of the nature of human dignity by examining and collecting the opinions of experts and analyzing and criticizing them. Our analysis showed that since dignity is linked to human existence and understanding, it has a subjective nature. Subjective existences have different types, including contractual and abstract. Contractual existence finds its way to objective entities through human thought, and it is changeable. An abstract existence, on the other hand, is created by perception of an objective entity in a constant way among human beings. Human dignity is consistent with the contractual type, because simply seeing a human does not bring to mind the existence of dignity and human rights. Once we accept the contractual nature of dignity, we must determine who bestowed this dignity on man. Through investigations, we came to the conclusion that God is the only one that can grant such privilege, and the existence of dignity for humans is a proof of God's existence.
History of medicine. Medical expeditions, Medical philosophy. Medical ethics
Resumo O artigo retrata os interesses de uma escritora inglesa do século XVII sobre cuidados médicos, e as razões que a levaram a publicar textos sobre essa matéria. Hannah Woolley tecia orientações sobre diversos assuntos do âmbito doméstico, entre os quais receitas para preservar a beleza e a saúde. O artigo investiga os princípios que regiam o preparo dessas receitas, as intenções de Woolley ao escrever sobre o tema, e a maneira como a medicina acadêmica era traduzida e praticada por mulheres no cotidiano da época. O delineamento dessas questões ajudará a elucidar o cenário de atuação das curadoras letradas e a natureza das relações que teceram com os médicos eruditos.
Medical knowledge has developed in Shiraz since a long time ago due to the presence of expert and outstanding doctors. Najmuddin Mahmoud bin Sainuddin Elias Shirazi was one of the prominent doctors in Shiraz during the Ilkhanid period. He was reverenced by the rulers of Fars and the Ilkhanid governors. Teaching medical knowledge was one of Elias Shirazi’s essential activities and had a significant role in maintaining and continuing the development of medical expertise in Shiraz. Elias Shirazi was the head of Darwaza Salam Hospital in Shiraz and had a role in managing medical affairs in Fars. After the death of Najmuddin Mahmoud, prominent doctors were raised from his family; the most important of which was Mansour bin Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Yusuf bin Elias Shirazi. Elias Shirazi wrote many works, some of which have survived. His most important and famous work was the book Al-Hawi fi Elm al-Tadawi or Al-Hawi Saghir. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method based on library resources to explore the role of Najmuddin Mahmoud bin Sainuddin Elias Shirazi in the advancement of medical knowledge in Shiraz through investigating his biography, actions and works.
Medicine, History of medicine. Medical expeditions
Resumo O artigo analisa uma experiência de cura da lepra com assacu (Hura crepitans L.), realizada em Santarém, Pará, em 1847, por um indígena chamado Antonio Vieira dos Passos. A experiência passou a ser realizada nas demais províncias do Brasil e também no exterior. Por essa razão, o artigo estabelece relações com práticas médicas realizadas em outras partes do país, tendo como foco o diálogo entre a medicina oficial e a medicina indígena. A análise de matérias de jornais e documentos oficiais revelou que os saberes indígenas sobre o uso de plantas medicinais eram amplamente reconhecidos e utilizados pelos médicos com a intenção de incorporá-los em seu repertório terapêutico.
Marzieh Azadian, Tahereh Nasrabadi, Abbas Ebadi
et al.
Role modeling is one of the most influential components of teaching professional behaviors to nursing students. The Role Model Apperception Tool (RoMAT) was designed in the Netherlands to measure role modeling behaviors in clinical educators. The aim of this study was assess the psychometrics of the Persian version of this tool.In a methodological study, the Persian version of the RoMAT tool was developed using the forward-backward translation method. Face validity was confirmed through cognitive interviews, and content validity was done by a panel of 12 experts. Construct validity was assessed through exploratory factor analysis (n = 200), and confirmatory factor analysis (n = 142) was evaluated after the tool was completed online by undergraduate nursing students. Reliability was confirmed using internal consistency and test and retest methods. Furthermore, ceiling and floor effects were assessed.The two components of "professional competencies" and "leadership competencies" emerged with a cumulative variance of 62.01%, a reliability with Cronbach's alpha of 0.93 and 0.83, and an intraclass correlation of 0.9 and 0.78, respectively. It was concluded that the Persian version of the Role Model Apperception Tool is a valid and reliable tool and can be used to investigate the role modeling behaviors of clinical instructors of nursing students.
History of medicine. Medical expeditions, Medical philosophy. Medical ethics
Abstract Ambitious state hygiene education projects designed during liberal governments in Colombia (1930-1946) faced not just the poverty of rural populations, but also the reluctance of local political forces. I analyze hygiene education programs during the first two liberal governments of the Liberal Republic. I argue that public health programs did not reach their audience due to local clientelism and political corruption. The sources of this article come mainly from Colombia’s Ministry of Education reports and cultural magazines. The education sector also had health-related responsibilities and developed assessments of local needs, which contributed to public health programs. Latin America’s public health historiography could be enriched by exploring failures in the implementation of projects in the history of social medicine.
Until the 1950s, Ascaris was regarded as an essential part of life which controls every aspect of human physiology among Koreans. Therefore, Ascaris should not be removed from human body. Efforts from medical professionals and the Korean government officials who wished to push forward the parasite control program, had to constantly contest with this perception of Ascaris among ordinary Koreans. In 1966, the ‘Parasitic Disease Prevention Act’ was promulgated and ‘the Korean Association for Parasite Eradication (KAPE)’ established in Korea. From the 1970s, Korea mobilized 15 million people each year to achieve the eradication goal. Such mass mobilization could not be possible without public awareness on necessity of parasite eradication. Until the early 1960s, however, Korean people were not sympathetic to the needs of eradication of parasites, especially that of Ascaris. Then, what changed the social perception towards Ascaris during the 1960s? What contributing factors allowed the mass mobilization and public involvement for that campaign? Employing newspaper articles and periodicals, this paper analyzes how social perception on Ascariasis changed during the 1960s, when the ‘Parasitic Disease Prevention Act’ was established. During the 1960s, Ascariasis became a shameful disease for Koreans. A series of events made Ascariasis more visible and shameful to Koreans. First event happened with Korean miners who were dispatched to Germany in 1963. When the miners turned out to have been infected with intestinal parasites, they were prohibited from work at the mines by the authorities in Germany and quarantined for several weeks. This humiliating experience of Korean expatriate people having bodies swarmed with parasites became a national shame to Koreans. The parasite infected bodies of Korean workers were revealed to the World through German newspapers. Second event happened when a child died of intestinal obstruction due to Ascariasis. The doctor retrieved 1,063 Ascaris from the bowel of the 9 year-old girl, and the photo of the 1,063 worms was published in several newspapers. It was a shocking visualization of Ascariasis in Korean society. Through these visualizations of Ascariasis, the Korean society began to perceive Ascariasis as a shame of the nation as well as that of an individual.
Maria Isabel Brandão de Souza Mendes, Terezinha Petrucia da Nóbrega
O final do século XIX e o início do XX foram emblemáticos para a 'cientificização' da educação física no Brasil. A presente investigação se direcionou para o Brazil-Medico no período de 1887-1923, com o objetivo de identificar as compreensões de corpo e saúde, buscando-se contribuições para as bases científicas da educação física brasileira.<br>The end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth were emblematic in the 'scientifization' of physical education in Brazil. This examination of the journal Brazil-Medico during 1887-1923 seeks to identify views of the body and health as well as contributions to the scientific bases of physical education in Brazil.
Examina a persistência de certos fundamentos teóricos da arqueologia brasileira e do pensamento americanista. Por meio da comparação entre alguns temas da obra de personagens seminais como Karl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen e Betty Jane Meggers, analisam-se traços temáticos e políticos comuns que marcam uma secular continuidade da teoria da degeneração indígena e do argumento colonialista.<br>The article examines the persistence of certain theoretical foundations of Brazilian archeology and Americanist thought. The theory of indigenous degeneration and the colonialist argument display a secular continuity characterized by common political and thematic lines. This is analyzed through a comparison of some of the topics addressed in the works of seminal figures like Karl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen, and Betty Jane Meggers.
No trataremos de la teoría evolutiva de Lamarck, ni de otros aspectos de su trabajo que inmediatamente aparecen en nuestro pensamiento cuando reflexionamos sobre la herencia que nos legó. En su lugar discutiremos temas menos conocidos de su ideario, como su teoría de las clasificaciones y su aproximación holística a la biosfera, que en mi opinión no han sido suficientemente valorados.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, History of medicine. Medical expeditions
El trabajo aborda la emergencia de una autoridad sanitaria en la ciudad de Buenos Aires a fines del siglo XIX sobre la base de las ideas del higienismo decimonónico. Se enfocan las innovaciones de tipo científico-técnicas y políticas que se introdujeron y el rol que ejerció el proceso de profesionalización de la medicina en esta institución. La fisonomía que adquirió la política sanitaria en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, entre fines del siglo XIX y las primeras décadas del XX, sirvió para configurar un sistema de normas y arquetipos del cuerpo humano y su bienestar físico y mental.<br>The late nineteenth century saw the establishment of a sanitation authority in Buenos Aires, grounded on the ideas of nineteenth century hygienics. The article focuses on the scientific technical and political innovations that were introduced and on the role that the process of medical professionalization played within this institution. The features of sanitation policy that came to prevail in Buenos Aires at the turn on this century helped shape a system of standards and archetypes regarding the human body and its physical and mental well-being.