The history of the Arcetri Institute of Physics at the University of Florence is analyzed from the beginning of the 20th century to the 1960s. Thanks to the arrival of Garbasso in 1913, not only did the Institute gain new premises on Arcetri hill, but also hosted brilliant young physicists such as Rita Brunetti, Enrico Fermi, Franco Rasetti in the '20s and Enrico Persico, Bruno Rossi, Gilberto Bernardini, Daria Bocciarelli, Lorenzo Emo Capodilista, Giuseppe Occhialini and Giulio Racah in the '30s, engaged in the emerging fields of Quantum Mechanics and Cosmic Rays. This internationally renowned Arcetri School dissolved in the late 1930s mainly for the transfer of its protagonists to chairs in other Italian or foreign universities. After the war, the legacy was taken up by some students of this school who formed research groups in the fields of nuclear physics and elementary particle physics. As far as theoretical physics is concerned, after the Fermi and Persico periods, these studies enjoyed a new expansion in the sixties thanks to the arrival of Raoul Gatto who created in Arcetri the first Italian school of theoretical physics.
The Owen value is an well-known allocation rule for cooperative games with coalition structure.In this paper, we introduce the concept of highly mutually dependent unions. Two unions in a cooperative game with coalition structure are said to be highly mutually dependent if any pair of players, with one from each of the two unions, are mutually dependent in the game.Based on this concept, we introduce two axioms: weak mutually dependent between unions and differential marginality of inter-mutually dependent unions. Furthermore, we also propose another two axioms: super inter-unions marginality and invariance across games, where the former one is based on the concept of the inter-unions marginal contribution. By using the axioms and combining with some standard axioms, we present three axiomatic characterizations of the Owen value.
Given an integer n>=1. Suppose, a simple polygon is a union of n triangles so that vertices along the common boundary are arranged cyclically. What is the maximal number of sides such union - call it regular - can have? This is a sequence A375986, a recent entry into the OEIS. In this paper we prove that the sequence starts as 3, 12, 22, 33, 45, 56, 67, 80, 91, and satisfies simple linear lower and upper bounds. The latter is not only a bound, but in fact is realizable combinatorially. The questions whether it can be realized in pseudoline geometry, and, if so, whether such constructions are stretchable, are the next natural ones to pose. The paper is mostly expository and written in an informal style. However, it adds a new tool in investigating unions of objects; namely, triangulation shifts.
For prime knots $K_1$ and $K_2$, we write $K_1 \geq K_2$ if there is an epimorphism from the knot group of $K_1$ to that of $K_2$ which preserves the meridian. We construct a family of pairs of knots with $K_1 \geq K_2$ such that an epimorphism maps the longitude of $K_1$ to the trivial element. This construction is regarded as an extension of a symmetric union with a single full twisted region. In particular, it extends a property of the Alexander polynomial of a symmetric union. We also exhibit that all but two of the knots up to ten crossings in the list of Kitano-Suzuki, which have an epimorphism mapping the longitude to the trivial element, arise from this construction.
Chapter 46 of the Nomocanon of St. Sava was an important point in establishing the Christian model of marital and premarital relations in the newly founded Archbishopric of Žiča. Together with the rules laid down in Chapters 55, 56, 58, and 59, it was part of the mixed, canonical and secular materials regulating the topic. This paper presents and analyzes the content of Chapter 46, which contains a section with three laws promulgated by Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus. The Novella of 1095 regulates the process of proving freedom for persons descended from “Bulgarians and the like” and introduces mandatory religious marriage, which the scholarship interprets as the full penetration of the Christian notion of grace into this sphere of life. The other two novellae (1084 and 1092) regulate lawful, “genuine” betrothal, per ecclesiastical and secular law. It was to precede marriage and required a religious ceremony of betrothal for persons of age. The Novella 1092 was enacted on the occasion of receiving an oikonomia from the previous requirements. These Novellae of Alexius I Comnenus were drawn up in response to the peculiar needs of the Byzantine state and society and the conflicting positions in this branch of law; they also directly led to the writing of numerous church treatises and polemics in Constantinople and the provinces. Some of those writings were included in the Nomocanon of St. Sava. Therefore, although grouped into a separate section, Alexius’ novellae should be seen in the context of other rules on betrothal and marriage adopted upon the establishment of the autocephalous Serbian Church.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, International relations
The author describes the results of the industrial development of the industry of the republics of the Volga-Vyatka region (Mari, Mordovian and Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) during the implementation of the Sovnarkhoz reform (1957-1965), when instead of the sectoral principle of industrial and construction management, a model of territorial administration represented by the councils of the national economy operated. It is shown that the reform carried out contributed to the intensification of industrial construction in the republics of the Volga-Vyatka region: the existing industrial enterprises expanded and modernized, new factories and factories were put into operation, the structure of industry changed in favor of more knowledge-intensive industries, rationalization developed, labor productivity increased. The growth rate of industry in the Mari, Mordovian and Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the seven-year period exceeded the average Russian indicators. One of the factors that contributed to the rapid industrial development of the republics at the turn of the 1950s - 1960s was the course of the Soviet government to equalize the socio-economic conditions of various national regions of the country by modernizing their industrial potential. It was concluded that the reform of territorial administration became a powerful impulse to accelerate the development of the republics of the Volga-Vyatka region. By the beginning of the administrative reform, all three republics were territories with the predominant development of agriculture, but in the 1960s they turned into industrial-agrarian republics. The increase in the level of industrial development of the republics of the Volga-Vyatka region was accompanied by an increase in the level of urbanization, the creation of new educational and scientific institutions, and an increase in the scale of housing construction.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
Рассматривается проблема полного или частичного «исключения» или «самоисключения» из наследования официальных нарративов национальной истории (выстроенных, как правило, в антагонистической логике) потомков «сложного наследия», то есть людей, в семейной истории которых одновременно оказались представители взаимоисключающих групп. В условиях доминирования в публичном пространстве какого-либо одного дискурса либо ситуации конкуренции антагонистических дискурсов национальной истории потомкам «сложного наследия» приходится самостоятельно справляться с внутренним напряжением и дискомфортом (если они возникают). В статье в контексте общеевропейских тенденций на примере конкурирующих дискурсов национальной истории в России – «Триумфа» (победы в Великой Отечественной войне) и «Трагедии» (эпохи политических репрессий), а также наиболее массовой публичной практики памяти, посвященной героям Великой Отечественной войны – акции «Бессмертный полк», – автор показывает и анализирует разные варианты подобных реакций. Основой для анализа стали 40 глубинных интервью, взятых автором в 2021–2023 гг. у потомков третьего, четвертого и далее поколений от репрессированных (а также воевавших и по-другому проявивших себя в прошлом) предков. Автор опирается на концепт антагонистической памяти, дополненный идеями Ц. Тодорова о принципах работы с «трудным прошлым», на теорию постпамяти М. Хирш и др. Проведенное исследование позволило сделать ряд выводов: во‑первых, переживание «исключения» из национальной истории ввиду отсутствия кровных предков, дающих право на «включение» в «основополагающий миф нации», действительно существует; во‑вторых, в условиях даже неравной конкуренции антагонистических дискурсов потомки «сложного наследия» оказываются зажаты между узкими рамками каждого из них, а необходимость соответствовать заданным извне критериям и одновременно невозможность это сделать приводят к сопротивлению навязанным публичным антагонистическим моделям осмысления прошлого; в‑третьих, «исключенные» из национальной истории в том или ином виде потомки собирают, сохраняют и передают как наследие свои семейные истории.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
Larisa Viktorovna Zandanova, Nikolay Nikolaevich Puzynya
The authors consider the period of stay of Count Sava Lukich Vladislavich-Raguzinsky, from 1725 until 1728, in Eastern Siberia during and after his diplomatic mission to the Qing Empire. His role in the expansion and strengthening of Russia’s influence on the eastern borders is established. Particular attention is paid to the issue of streamlining relations between the local administration and the indigenous population, the restoration of bilateral trade between Russia and China, the arrangement of the border and trade territories, the organization of missionary activities of the Orthodox clergy in Siberia and the Qing Empire. All this significantly influenced the development of the peoples and territories of the region during the process of Russia’s expansion in the east, the change of its role in Russia's foreign policy in the Far East. Nowadays, especially relevant is the provision written by the ally of Peter the Great in the Treaty of Kyakhta that between Russia and China “peace should be sustainable and eternal” and the interstate border should become peaceful at all times.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
Cooperation in oil and gas exploration and production between Vietnam and Russia has a long history from the 1980s to the present. The cooperation was confirmed and promoted in the first two decades of the 21st century after the two countries established a strategic partnership in 2001 and developed it into a comprehensive strategic partnership in 2012. In this study, we evaluate and analyze the current situation and development trend of the comprehensive strategic partnership between Vietnam and Russia in oil and gas exploration and production. The research shows that the former Soviet Union and the current Russian Federation have supported Vietnam in developing its oil and gas energy industry. Today, both Vietnam and the Russian Federation are very interested in cultivating a cooperative relationship in the oil and gas sector for mutual economic and political interests. The article highlights the economic benefits that Vietnam and the Russian Federation have achieved from this long-term partnership.
Abstract:The article discusses specific features of the Central Asian (economic) integration process within the five former republics of the USSR: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The purpose of this study is to conceptualize the Central Asian (economic) integration, considering the specific regional features that distinguish it from other regions of the world.With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the five republics of Central Asia gained independence from Russia without any effort or bloody struggle for liberation. The 250-year presence of Central Asia as part of Russia ended (counted from the moment of the accession of Kazakh zhuzes to the Russian Empire). Significantly, from the first days of conquering the territories of Central Asia (CA), the Russian Empire (and the USSR after it) pursued a policy of integrating the region. In this article, we consider possible shifts in integration paradigms in Central Asia. Our study prioritizes specific features of the Central Asian countries, as these features can influence the formation of regional integration within the five countries.
This article introduces lifestyle and temporality as subjective time that includes characteristics of all life activity processes. The research involved residents of the Kamchatka Territory in the Russian Far East. A regression analysis provided equations that revealed the common temporal specialties of time perspectives in conjunction with lifestyle. The parameter of the past in the time perspective structure lacked coordination and combined negative and positive characteristics. It reflected a certain predetermination in life path construction with a deficit of activity where the subjects would have to oppose themselves to the world and environment. The parameter of the present revealed hedonism and fatalism that blocked future life planning and a life predetermination forms (I cannot control my life). Hedonistic present and fatalistic present were essentially different. However, the equation analysis showed a common element in the lifestyle structure that connected hedonistic and fatalistic present and defined the vector of human life. In the present, respondents relied on their social contacts as a friendly resource, on compromise as a life strategy, and dependence of inner and outer parameters as an inevitability of the world. The Future appeared to be an unstable construct with predominating fatalism. The temporal specialties of lifestyle revealed inability to resist and oppose the world, which manifested itself in inflexibility and inability to change a preplanned set of action. Respondents organized their life space by following some instructions and relied on them to make their behavior rational and organize their life. Neurotic conflicts and lifestyle disharmony manifested themselves as polar and incompatible aspects of assessment and description.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology
Gender inequality in engineering—and other scientific and technical fields—is one of the most persistent and intractable problems in modern culture. This issue has been sufficiently explored in Western Europe and the United States, but much less is known about the situation in Russia, which has a distinct gender history. In the former USSR, women were massively educated in technical sciences and their employment in engineering professions remained unconventionally high in comparison to the West. At the same time, women’s earnings were lower than men’s, and they mostly occupied low- and middle-level jobs, rarely reaching leadership positions. What happened to the gender imbalance after the collapse of the Soviet Union? How has it changed after radical political, economic, and social transformations? The purpose of this review, by analyzing empirical studies of gender inequality in engineering in post-Soviet Russia published after 1991, is to answer these questions. In the last 15 years, there has been a growing interest and works dedicated to this topic, but they remain fragmented and disconnected. Thus, there is a need for a generalized comparison of existing studies and the linking of them to one another. This systematic and problem-oriented literature review seeks to fill this gap. First, it aims to summarize, classify, and critically analyze the existing research results, thereby forming a general picture of gender transformations that have taken place in the engineering profession in Russia. Second, the review identifies key topics, issues, approaches, and reveals contradictions and gaps in the scientific discussion that enables a characterization of gender studies in the engineering field in Russia and formulates an agenda for future research. The review follows a STEM pipeline metaphor, organizing empirical findings in three stages: general education, professional education, and employment. Responding to the need for a comprehensive analytical perspective on gender inequality, the paper develops a multilevel framework, embracing and linking macro-, meso-, and individual-level causal factors of gender imbalance in engineering. The main finding is that gender inequality dramatically increases from an individual’s educational years to employment later in life, resulting in a multidimensional gender gap and multiple disadvantages for women. Path dependency on Soviet times has both positive and negative influences on gender equality, while the transition to a market economy has had mostly negative consequences, driving women out of engineering and leading to its masculinization. Another finding is that existing studies of the gender gap in post-Soviet Russia are not balanced, concentrating mostly on engineering education and initial professional socialization. More studies of the employment and workplace period are necessary, as it remains the most troublesome for women. In addition to women-oriented comparative studies, the role of men’s clubs, and norms of masculinity that support gender inequality need to be examined. More attention to macro-level factors and, most especially, the unique features of post-Soviet context is required. Acknowledgements. The research was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) according to the project № 20-011-00690: “Engineering career in contemporary Russia: professional, organizational, and institutional transformations”.
In this article, we explore the inherent trade-offs and inconsistencies of Russia’s policies toward the post-Soviet space. We argue that attempts to rebuild an image of Russia as a “great power” have actually led to a reduction of Russian influence in the post-Soviet region. The more Russia acted as a “Great Power,” the less credible was its promise to respect the national sovereignty of the former Soviet republics. In 2011, Vladimir Putin declared that during his next term as president, his goal would be to establish a powerful supra-national Eurasian Union capable of becoming one of the poles in a multipolar world. However, Russia’s attempt to force Ukraine to join the Eurasian Union provoked the 2014 crisis. The Ukrainian crisis has de-facto completed the separation of Ukraine and Russia and made successful post-Soviet re-integration around Russia improbable.
The research featured theoretical issues of aphorism as a linguistic phenomenon. The article introduces its main semantic and stylistic characteristics that distinguish it from other phenomena, e.g. proverbs, idioms, sayings, quotations, etc. Linguists define aphorism as a literary genre, a sphere of knowledge, and a linguistic phenomenon. The present study focused on the linguistic approach to aphorisms coined by S. Dovlatov. Aphorisms are certified, reproducible, separable, concise, and have concept words. The authors studied the keywords the aphorisms are based on, related graphic and expressive means, and the structure of contextual aphorisms. S. Dovlatov's aphorisms proved to be contextual, since he never published aphorisms as a separate book. In his Compromise and March of the Lonely, the authors distinguished aphorisms and aphoristic utterances, which differed in structure Aphorisms consisted of one to three sentences, while aphoristic utterances included up to five sentences. S. Dovlatov’aphorisms included the following semantic features. For instance, they could be divided into thematic groups, e.g. "journalism", "freedom", "lie vs. truth", "moral qualities", "attitude to life", etc., with corresponding keywords, e.g. "decent person", "scoundrel", "provocateur", "journalist", etc. Another distinctive semantic feature was the active use of different stylistic devices, e.g. gradation, epithet, metonymy, etc., which verbalized emotions. In addition, S. Dovlatov often used contextual synonyms and antonyms. Most aphorisms revealed their implicit semantics only if the reader shared common background knowledge with the author. The structural features included comparative constructions, verb-noun phrases, and elliptic constructions as a marker of implicit semantics and catalyst of the reader's experience. The use of aphorisms could be attributed to the features of Dovlatov's creative manner. However, their ironic tone become clear only if the reader shares the same cultural code with the author. Further studies may be based on a linguacultural approach to S. Dovlatov's aphorisms.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology
resources through interconnections; and by setting the terms of their own presence on the world (literary) stage” (81). The Tashkent Film Festival, hosted annually in the Uzbek capital, played a similar role for Afro-Asian filmmakers. Djagalov mobilizes Mary Louise Pratts’s concept of the contact zone to make a case for understanding the Tashkent festival as a vital space of exchange in which Third World filmmakers came to know each other and each other’s work. While the focus on Soviet-sponsored institutions and initiatives might make some readers wary of swapping one eurocentrism (that of western Europe) for another (Russia), From Internationalism to Postcolonialism emphasizes the relative autonomy with which writers and filmmakers moved within these spaces. Members of the Afro-Asian Writers Association often participated in multiple internationalisms (Pan-Africanism, Francophonie, Maoism). The Association’s magazine, Lotus, was published in English, French, and Arabic, and headquartered at different times in Colombo, Cairo, and Beirut. Moreover, Djagalov shows how Third World writers drew upon the aesthetics of nineteenth-century Russian literature and the interwar avantgarde to produce innovative, electrifying work at a time when Soviet culture was comparatively stagnant. With regard to film, Djagalov reminds readers that there was no “house style” of cinema imposed upon international graduates of Moscow’s AllSoviet State Institute of Cinematography (which educated many of the most celebrated filmmakers of the World Cinema canon). The location of the Tashkent Film Festival further testifies to the geographic and cultural de-centering of Moscow. The Soviet republics in Central Asia and the Caucasus played important (and very intentional) mediating roles between the majority-white USSR and the Third World. From Internationalism to Postcolonialism makes a strong case for ridding ourselves once and for all of the Cold Warrior frame of mind that viewed Third World nations as pawns and the Soviet Union as omnipotent. At the same time, it also asks readers to consider the profound impact the collapse of the Soviet Union had on cultural production in the non-west. It is with a tone of regret that Djagalov narrates the rapid disappearance of funds that supported Internationalist initiatives (and Third World nations) in the aftermath of the Cold War. Russia’s so-called “opening up to the world,” he argues, amounted to an abandonment and rejection of its former Third World allies. From Internationalism to Postcolonialism extends a bridge between Slavic and postcolonial studies by inviting scholars in both fields to reassess Cold War history and post-Cold War categories of thought. Scholars of World Literature and World Cinema will also find much in this work that productively challenges the assumptions and principles of their respective areas of study. It is essential reading for those who are engaged in excavating the rich field of Cold War cultural production, and seeking to understand the Internationalist commitments that shaped it. It is also a work that will, hopefully, help to generate new theories and practices of global solidarity for our own times.
Проводится сравнительный анализ распада Российской и Австро-Венгерской империй и роли революции и контрреволюции на территориях бывших империй. Выявляются причины возникновения и классификация монархической контрреволюции, а также анализируются ее результаты. Монархическая контрреволюция в Центральной и Восточной Европе возникла именно как реакция на советскую власть и большевизм как идеологию и политическую практику. Она не имела бы серьезной основы для появления в республиканский демократический период революции, предшествовавший большевизму. Факторами монархической контрреволюции были соответствующие традиции в обществе, наличие харизматичных военно-политических лидеров, исповедовавших монархические взгляды (генерал-лейтенант барон Карл Густав Маннергейм в Финляндии, генерал-лейтенант Павел Скоропадский в Украине, генерал-майор Петр Краснов на Дону, вице-адмирал Александр Колчак в России, вице-адмирал Миклош Хорти в Венгрии), и, наконец, международная военная и дипломатическая поддержка со стороны соседних монархий (Германии и Швеции – Финляндии, Германии и Австро-Венгрии – Украине и Дону, Румынии – Венгрии). Монархическая контрреволюция возникла на окраинах государств (Финляндии – в Ваасе, Венгрии – в Сегеде, России – в Омске), поскольку столицы были захвачены большевиками. Она потерпела поражение в России, а в Финляндии и Венгрии одержала лишь временную победу, поскольку оба королевства существовали без короля по причине давления со стороны союзников.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
Глеб Петрович Пилипенко, Мария Владимировна Ясинская
В статье публикуются собранные авторами за последние четыре года в разных экспедициях (Белоруссия, Польша, Словения, Италия, Аргентина, Уругвай) нарративы о Второй мировой войне на славянских языках. Представлены тексты на русском, белорусском, украинском, польском и словенском языках. О войне рассказывают как участники событий, так и те, кто родился уже после войны.
Цитирование
Пилипенко Г. П., Ясинская М. В. Воспоминания о Второй мировой войне (по материалам полевых исследований 2016–2019 гг. в Белоруссии, Польше, Словении, Италии, Аргентине и Уругвае) // Славянский альманах. 2020. Вып. 3–4. С. 541–559. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2020.3-4.6.02
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
A. V. Miklyaeva, V. N. Panferov, S. A. Bezgodova
et al.
The present reseach featured the effect of the self-presentation strategies used by lecturers on the socio-psychological interpretation of their personality by students at media lectures. The research objective was to define self-presentation strategies that help shape a role model behavior which could be adopted by the students in conditions of direct lecturer – audience interaction. The study focused on two contexts of online interaction. Students in the test group were offered a public media lecture and an out-of-class media lecture given by lecturers they had never seen before. After that, the students were asked to describe the lecrurers using the polar profile technique. Both descriptions showed that the maximum convergence of the image of the lecturer with the reference role model resulted from the strategies of self-aggrandizement and attractive behavior. The strategies of evasion (for women) and power (for men) deviated significantly from the reference role model. These types of behavior had a negative impact on perception. Students gave them lower scores for professional qualities. Public media lectures also demonstrated several significant negative shifts in the lecturer's personality assessment that did not depend on the self-presentation strategies.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology
Introduction. The article explores the role of Moscow University in the formation and development of secondary and primary education institutions. One of the main means of university control of schools was a number of professors’ visits. Methods and materials. The author applies the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency. For the first time, systematic reports from visitors and reports of trustees of the Moscow school district for the period 1803–1811 stored in the Russian State Historical Archive are used as the main sources for the history of visits.
Analysis. Inspection of high schools and district schools of the district was carried out by professors annually. Visitors were appointed by the University Council at the suggestion of the trustee. The main purpose of such trips was to control the economic and education life of schools. After return, they provided the university authorities with review journals, on the basis of which school officials were awarded or dismissed. The visitors were present as deputies from the university at solemn celebrations dedicated to opening or transforming education institutions. According to the visitors, the main obstacle to increasing the number of education institutions in the Moscow school district was the unsatisfactory condition of a large part of school houses and the lack of capable teachers. This slowed down the pace of converting small public schools into county schools and required additional funds and donations from the local population.
Results. Analysis of visitor reports allows us to prove that the professors were attentive to the tasks set for them, tried to visit every education institution located in the provinces they inspected. Visiting trips attracted the attention of the provincial and district authorities, as well as local residents to the needs of education institutions.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, International relations