Hasil untuk "History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia"

Harald Endre Tafjord

Thomas Grane

Sina Kalweit, Elisabeth Zeyen, Marta Victoria

Road transport is responsible for about a quarter of Europe's greenhouse gas emissions, making its transformation a crucial part of Europe's overall decarbonization goals. Current European policies promote decarbonizing the transport sector and passenger car sales show an increased adoption of electric vehicles. Full electrification of land transport will significantly increase the average electricity demand but the use of smart charging and vehicle-to-grid could provide additional flexibility to balance wind and solar generation. In this study, we find cost-optimal transition pathways of the European land transport sector embedded in the sector-coupled open energy model PyPSA-Eur. We consider fossil-fueled, hydrogen-fueled, and electric cars using a 3-hour time resolution for a full year and covering 33 interconnected European countries. We analyze a transition path from 2025 to 2050 under different carbon budgets corresponding to a 1.7°C and 2°C temperature increase. Our results show that rapid electrification of road transport reduces the total system cost, even in the absence of climate targets. We see a clear preference for rapidly decommissioning internal combustion engine vehicles and using electric vehicles in all countries and under all carbon budgets. Allowing smart charging of electric vehicles decreases the total system cost by 1.6% because it reduces the need to install stationary batteries by almost 40%.

Lukas Franken, Elisabeth Zeyen, Orestis Angelidis et al.

Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) can provide constant, reliable electricity and heat with minimal emissions, but high drilling costs and uncertain cost reductions leave their future unclear. We explore scenarios for the future adoption of EGS in a carbon-neutral, multi-sector European energy system. We find that in a net-zero system, heat (co-)generating EGS at current cost can support 20--30 GWth of capacity in Europe, primarily driven by district heating demands. When drilling costs decrease by approximately 60%, EGS becomes competitive in electricity markets, expanding its market opportunity by one order of magnitude. However, the spatially dispersed rollout of district heating contrasts with the confined overlap of high geological potential and low potential for other renewables, which conditions the competitiveness of electricity-generating EGS. This results in a challenge where the majority of EGS market potential depends on pan-European technology learning for cost reductions, emphasising coordination is crucial in stakeholders' efforts to reduce EGS cost.

Kaisa Maliniemi

Alexander E. Thelen, Conor A. Nixon, Martin A. Cordiner et al.

Titan's atmospheric composition and dynamical state have previously been studied over numerous epochs by both ground- and space-based facilities. However, stratospheric measurements remain sparse during Titan's northern summer and fall. The lack of seasonal symmetry in observations of Titan's temperature field and chemical abundances raises questions about the nature of the middle atmosphere's meridional circulation and evolution over Titan's 29-yr seasonal cycle that can only be answered through long-term monitoring campaigns. Here, we present maps of Titan's stratospheric temperature, acetonitrile (or methyl cyanide; CH$_3$CN), and monodeuterated methane (CH$_3$D) abundances following Titan's northern summer solstice obtained with Band 9 ($\sim0.43$ mm) ALMA observations. We find that increasing temperatures towards high-southern latitudes, currently in winter, resemble those observed during Titan's northern winter by the Cassini mission. Acetonitrile abundances have changed significantly since previous (sub)millimeter observations, and we find that the species is now highly concentrated at high-southern latitudes. The stratospheric CH$_3$D content is found to range between 4-8 ppm in these observations, and we infer the CH$_4$ abundance to vary between $\sim0.9-1.6\%$ through conversion with previously measured D/H values. A global value of CH$_4=1.15\%$ was retrieved, lending further evidence to the temporal and spatial variability of Titan's stratospheric methane when compared with previous measurements. Additional observations are required to determine the cause and magnitude of stratospheric enhancements in methane during these poorly understood seasons on Titan.

Donald C. Chang

Science is about facts and truth. Yet sometimes the truth and facts are not obvious. For example, in the field of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), there has been a long-lasting debate about who were the major contributors in its development. Particularly, there was a strong dispute between the followers of two scientists, R. Damadian and P. Lauterbur. In this review, we carefully trace the major developments in applying NMR for cancer detection starting almost 50 years ago. The research records show that the truth was beyond the claims of either research camps. The development of NMR for cancer detection involved multiple research groups, who made critical contributions at different junctures.

Patrizia Huber

Arne Segelke

Julia Victoria Seidel, Angel Otarola, Valentina Théron

The Atacama desert stands as the most arid, non-polar, region on Earth and has accommodated a considerable portion of the world's ground-based astronomical observatories for an extended period. The comprehension of factors important for observational conditions in this region, and the potential alterations induced by the escalating impact of climate change, are, therefore, of the utmost significance. In this study, we conduct an analysis of the surface-level air temperature, water vapour density, and astronomical seeing at the European Southern Observatory (commonly known by its acronym, ESO) telescope sites in northern Chile. Our findings reveal a discernible rise in temperature across all sites during the last decade. Moreover, we establish a correlation between the air temperature and water vapour density with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases, wherein, the warm anomaly known as El Niño (EN) corresponds to drier observing conditions, coupled with higher maximum daily temperatures favouring more challenging near-infrared observations. The outcomes of this investigation have potential implications for the enhancement of the long-term scheduling of observations at telescope sites in northern Chile, thereby aiding in better planning and allocation of resources for the astronomy community.

Uwe M. Borghoff, Lars Berger, François Fischer

In fulfilling the European security commitment, the actors of the so-called "Intelligence Community" play a central role. They provide political and military decision-makers with important analyses and information. The Intelligence College in Europe (ICE) is the first entity to offer professional intelligence training as well as postgraduate level academic education in intelligence and security studies at a pan-European level. In developing its postgraduate provision, ICE has benefited from the experience of the German Master of Intelligence and Security Studies (MISS), which is a joint effort of the University of the Bundeswehr Munich and the Department of Intelligence at the Federal University of Administrative Sciences in Berlin. As a main contribution of this paper, the module Counterterrorism (adapted from the MISS) is examined in more detail as a case study of how postgraduate modules can be modified to speak to a pan-European audience of intelligence professionals.

Josef Šebek

In this paper the author analyses the forms of space in Pierre Bourdieu's field theory, looking in particular at the way they relate to one another and at the spatial aspects of the literary field in his book The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field. The first of these forms is what Bourdieu calls the "social space" and "social field", each of these referring to a structure of positions that exists objectively yet does not exist (primarily) in physical space or real (physical) interactions between social agents. In order to make this structure intelligible, Bourdieu creates various spatial schemata that range from simple diagrams to sophisticated visualisations based on multiple correspondence analysis. The relationship between this structure and physical/geographical space is a complicated matter, since relations in the social space or social fields will not necessarily coincide with actual spatial distances or proximities. Nevertheless, Bourdieu demonstrates – especially in the last period of his career – that it is necessary to study the relations among agents and the objectified forms of capital as they play out within physical/geographical space. The last part of the paper deals with the complicated relations of the three spatial aspects of Bourdieu's field theory as they are applied to the literary field. In this respect, the most interesting part of The Rules of Art is the "Prologue". In the rest of the book, spaces that are characteristically physical, such as salons and cafés, give way to non-spatial aspects of the literary field, above all literary texts, which Bourdieu conceives of as a privileged form of "position-taking" on the part of social agents.

Gerald Sommer

"Jeder wirkliche Entschluß tötet eine Möglichkeit" – representation and functionalization of suicides in Heimito von Doderer's oeuvre. Starting from an example of the current, ethically correct but still problematic, treatment of suicide in the media, we examine the portrayal of suicides and attempted suicides in Doderer's novels Jutta Bamberger, Das Geheimnis des Reichs, Ein Mord den jeder begeht and Die Strudlhofstiege. We examine a brief suicide report, a short depiction of a successful suicide, a longer description of a failed attempt and an intricate and complex portrayal of a suicide that constitutes an integral part of the narrative. Common to all representations is that they fulfil a function within the narrative.

Yisu Jia, Robert Lund, Jiajie Kong et al.

This paper develops a mathematical model and statistical methods to quantify trends in presence/absence observations of snow cover (not depths) and applies these in an analysis of Northern Hemispheric observations extracted from satellite flyovers during 1967-2021. A two-state Markov chain model with periodic dynamics is introduced to analyze changes in the data in a grid by grid fashion. Trends, converted to the number of weeks of snow cover lost/gained per century, are estimated for each study grid. Uncertainty margins for these trends are developed from the model and used to assess the significance of the trend estimates. Grids with questionable data quality are identified. Among trustworthy grids, snow presence is seen to be declining in almost twice as many grids as it is advancing. While Arctic and southern latitude snow presence is found to be rapidly receding, other locations, such as Eastern Canada, are experiencing advancing snow cover.

Veronika Králová

This paper contextualizes the contributions on architecture in rowohlts deutsche enzyklopädie in the years 1955-1962. It explains the influence of Hans Sedlmayr on this publication.

Sofie Royeaerd

Increasingly, students of Dutch as a Foreign Language come into contact with other varieties of Dutch than are taught at university. If we want to prepare them for real life language situations that are pluralistic and complex, it is necessary to get a picture of the intelligibility problems that they experience and the causes that underlie them. In this article, our focus is on the intelligibility of standard dialects of Dutch. We also briefly discuss the result of a distinction test, in which students were asked to identify the national variety (Belgian Dutch or Netherlandic Dutch). Following Grondelaers, Van Hout & Van Gent (2016), we distinguish four dialects, namely the virtual ("Neutral Standard Dutch") and the vital standard language ("Teacher Dutch") in both national varieties. By means of an opinion test, the intelligibility of 12 audio fragments was assessed by 42 master students of Dutch in Central Europe. The stimuli representing "Neutral Standard Dutch" received significantly higher scores than the "Teacher Dutch" stimuli, even though the average speech rate was comparable and the lexical difficulty of the former was estimated to be higher. This may indicate that other elements, such as pronunciation and prosodic features, are the main factors in explaining the difference in intelligibility scores. Further research with a larger selection of stimuli, manipulated to minimize the number of variables, is, however, needed to map this out. Nonetheless, the preliminary results of this small experiment suggest that both teachers and students of Dutch as a Foreign Language could benefit from a better, researchbased, description of the "vital" standard dialects of Dutch, which at the moment seems to be lacking.

C. Ng, A. Pandhi, A. Naidu et al.

Using commissioning data from the first year of operation of the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment's (CHIME) Pulsar backend system, we conduct a systematic analysis of the Faraday Rotation Measure (RM) of the northern hemisphere pulsars detected by CHIME. We present 55 new RMs as well as obtain improved RM uncertainties for 25 further pulsars. CHIME's low observing frequency and wide bandwidth between 400-800 MHz contribute to the precision of our measurements, whereas the high cadence observation provide extremely high signal-to-noise co-added data. Our results represent a significant increase of the pulsar RM census, particularly regarding the northern hemisphere. These new RMs are for sources that are located in the Galactic plane out to 10 kpc, as well as off the plane to a scale height of ~16 kpc. This improved knowledge of the Faraday sky will contribute to future Galactic large-scale magnetic structure and ionosphere modelling.

Yifan Xie, Rongfeng Li

Today's research on Chinese music technology is mainly focused on three aspects: data collection, music deconstruction, and music reconstruction. In this paper, a general method is proposed to collect Chinese music in the form of numbered musical notation, and a Dizi dataset is collected using this method. Based on the collected Dizi dataset, we conduct research on the Dizi music styles of the Northern school and the Southern School. Characteristics include melody and playing techniques of the two different music styles are deconstructed. A reconstruction example, music style transfer which includes melody transfer and playing techniques transfer is given and audience evaluation is done to evaluate the reconstruction results.

Johannes Köck, Jan Trna

This paper aims to treat the latest novel TYLL by Daniel Kehlmann with an approach of literary studies as well as to make it didactically useful. With regard to the didactic approach, this contribution seeks to offer literary (recommended) instructions for its application in literature courses at university on the one hand and literary didactic tasks for the field of German as a foreign language on the other hand. These can be used from level B2 / C1 in different teaching and learning contexts, especially in adult education.