Hasil untuk "History of Italy"

Lukasz Zak

The aim of the paper will be to examine how Pope Alexander VI used liturgy to underscore his dignity as the vicar of Christ. During the pontificate of Rodrigo Borgia—and indeed throughout the 15th century—papal authority faced ongoing challenges, such as appeals to council, Savonarola’s preaching, and political conflicts with Charles VIII of France. In this context, the concept of the vicariate of Christ served as a crucial justification for the pope’s preeminent position within the Church. The unique bond between Christ and the pope was emphasized through various rites, including the opening of the Holy Door. In its first part, the paper will explore several examples of how Alexander VI portrayed himself as the vicar of Christ. This self-representation was conveyed not only through ceremonies, such as the possesso procession marking the inauguration of his pontificate, but also through artistic representations commissioned at various locations. Subsequently, the study will demonstrate that the opening of the Holy Door during the Jubilee of 1500 was carefully designed to highlight the Christological dimension of papal primacy. Although previous scholarship has addressed aspects of this rite, its political significance has largely been overlooked. By drawing on a variety of sources, this paper will trace the genesis and meaning of the ceremony, which was meticulously shaped by Alexander VI.

Jens Hulterström, Roberto Guidetti, K. Ingemar Jönsson et al.

Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve (KVBR) in the south of Sweden is a known hotspot for tardigrades, with almost a third of the country’s tardigrades species reported from this location alone. Herein, the tardigrade diversity of the KVBR is further investigated. New records for the country are reported and two new species, Macrobiotus vattenrikense sp. nov. and Paramacrobiotus marchelmoni sp. nov., described using an integrative taxonomic approach. An updated multi-locus phylogeny to the family Macrobiotidae is provided with the inclusion of the newly described species.

Maurizio Bifulco, Erika Di Zazzo, Cristina Pagano et al.

The World Health Organization (WHO) appeal of January 15, 2024, stated “The current number, size and concurrence of multiple outbreaks, the spread to areas free of cholera for decades and alarmingly high mortality rates present a major threat to global health security.” The current state is extremely worrying, considering the difficulties of countries in dealing with cholera epidemics due to the lack of funding and the difficulty in oral cholera vaccine production and administration. This study aims to analyse the past and current influence of anthropization on cholera onset.

Roberto Goffredo, Darian Marie Totten

This Gulf of Manfredonia has, for millennia, been the primary water feature of the coastal wetland of Northern Apulia, Italy, although modern reclamation works make writing its long-term history challenging. Our recent paleoenvironmental research has reconstructed the evolution of the southern half of this lagoon since the Neolithic period. Here, we write a history of water management and environmental change in this landscape from the perspective of two key urban sites: pre-Roman <i>Salpia vetus</i> and Roman <i>Salapia.</i> The Roman architectural historian Vitruvius recounts the abandonment of <i>Salpia vetus</i> and the refoundation of <i>Salapia.</i> We employ his narrative as a frame for a more complex environmental history, starting from a historiography of this landscape’s study and a summary of our interdisciplinary research agenda, which unifies environmental, topographical, remote sensing, and archaeological approaches. Resilience in this changeable wetland environment was only possible through an integrated and intentional management of water among rivers, the lagoon, and the Adriatic Sea. While <i>Salpia vetus</i> exploited this wetland and thrived for centuries, the settlement eventually collapsed due to human and environmentally impelled factors. Roman <i>Salapia</i> subsequently emerged with a different approach, new infrastructure, and a new location. This blueprint would sustain urban life in this wetland for six centuries and lay the groundwork for the Medieval town.

Kris A.G. Wyckhuys, Komivi S. Akutse, Divina M. Amalin et al.

Since 2016, the fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda has spread over extensive areas of the tropics and subtropics, imperiling food security, economic progress and the livelihoods of millions of cereal farmers. Although FAW has received long-standing scientific attention in its home range in the Americas, chemical inputs feature prominently in its mitigation and biological control uptake is globally lagging. Here, building upon a quantitative review of the global literature, we methodically dissect FAW biological control science. Of the known entomopathogens (46), parasitoids (304) and predators (215) of FAW, approx. 40% have been subject to laboratory- or field-level scrutiny. Laboratory-level performance has partially been assessed for 14–18% of the above invertebrate taxa. Yet, organismal, geographic, methodological and thematic biases hamper efforts to relate in-field biodiversity to actual ecosystem service delivery. Often, single-guild ‘snapshot’ surveys are preferred over comprehensive bio-inventories or population dynamics appraisals, trophic interactions are wrongly inferred from co-occurrence, standard pest infestation metrics are lacking and natural enemy censuses are performed arbitrarily. Diurnal biota receive inordinate attention, while egg and pupal predation - the main biotic sources of mortality - are routinely overlooked. Multiple microbial and invertebrate biota are investigated with a view towards mass-rearing and augmentative release, but the basis for agent selection is often unclear. Lastly, conservation biological control receives marginal attention and cross-disciplinary engagement with the agroecology domain is lagging. We lay out several steps, including standardized methodologies, smart use of biodemographic toolkits, networked field trials and a fortification of its ecological underpinnings, to sharpen the science of (FAW) biological control and urge further momentum in its global implementation.

Nicola Carone, Ilaria Maria Antonietta Benzi, Laura Muzi et al.

The increasing use of the Internet has raised concerns about its problematic use, particularly among emerging adults who grew up in a highly digitalized world. Helicopter parenting, characterized by excessive involvement, overcontrol, and developmentally inappropriate behavior, has been identified as a potential factor contributing to problematic Internet use (PIU). Under these circumstances, considering that emerging adults navigate their adult lives and strive to reduce their sense of being in-between, implicit emotion regulation strategies, such as defense mechanisms, may help comprehend PIU. The present questionnaire-based study investigated the associations between maternal and paternal helicopter parenting and PIU through defensive functioning among a community sample of 401 cisgender emerging adults (71.82% females; 82.04% heterosexuals; Mage=24.85, SD=2.52) living in Italy. About one-fourth (25.19%) reported PIU. Greater maternal, B=0.904, SE=0.235, p<.001, but not paternal, B=0.343, SE=0.188, p=.068, helicopter parenting was significantly associated with PIU through a less mature defensive functioning. Conversely, neither maternal, B=1.158, SE=0.722, p=.109, nor paternal, B=0.355, SE=0.731, p=.628, helicopter parenting had a direct association with PIU. The results suggest the importance for psychotherapists to incorporate individuals’ defense mechanisms and parent–child relationship history when designing tailored interventions for effective treatment of PIU. This emphasis is crucial because, in the context of a developmentally appropriate parenting style, relying on more mature defenses after psychotherapeutic intervention can lead to healthier adjustment among emerging adults.

Niccolò Menegoni, Riccardo Inama, Yuri Panara et al.

In this study, we analyze the fault and fracture network of the Middle Triassic carbonate platform of the Lastoni di Formin (Italian Dolomites, Italy). The reconstruction of the deformation history is of primary importance for a full comprehension of the present structural setting of this carbonate platform. The huge dimensions of the carbonate body and superb exposure of its vertical cliffs and gently dipping top plateau make the Lastoni di Formin platform an ideal outcrop to integrate traditional fieldwork with Digital Outcrop Modelling analysis. The results of the structural studies partially confirm that the present-day fracture pattern is the result of differential compaction-induced deformation that generated WNW-ESE-trending extensional fractures and normal faults, perpendicular to the direction of progradation of the platform. Successively, extensional tectonics, likely related to the Jurassic rifting phase, led to the formation of NNW-SSE striking fractures and westward-dipping normal faults. A Neogene compressional tectonic event, characterized by N-S to NW-SE crustal shortening, deformed the platform, essentially with strike-slip structures.

Marjanović Miloš, Radivojević Aleksandar R., Antić Aleksandar et al.

The main goal of this study is to emphasise the geotourism potential and the values of geoethics as drivers of rural development in the territory of the Knjaževac municipality, which is one of the richest areas in Serbia in terms of geoheritage. Numerous objects of geomorphological and hydrological heritage stand out in an area of 1,202 km2. Despite this richness in geoheritage, the potential of geotourism development has been ignored by many stakeholders, and the geoheritage of this area has not been sufficiently explored and proposed for tourism purposes. This study makes an inventory of geosites in the municipality of Knjaževac. The selected sites were evaluated by applying the Modified Geosite Assessment Model to discover the most suitable geosites for future geotourism development, in order to select the geosite that possesses the greatest geotourism potential to support rural development. The results uncover information about the major areas of improvement for each evaluated geosite. Moreover, areas that demand more attention and better management in the upcoming period to become recognisable geotourism destinations were identified. It is pointed out that geoethical implications in geosite management can contribute to sustainable geoconservation in Eastern Serbia.

Giancarlo Ripabelli, Michela Lucia Sammarco, Antonio D’Amico et al.

This survey investigated on adverse events after vaccination with mRNA BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine in children aged 5–11 years in central Italy through active surveillance reporting. During December 2021–January 2022, parents of children who undergone vaccination were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. 197 out of 208 contacted parents participated (94.7% response rate), of whom 166 (84.3%) had one child. Of the 229 children, the mean age was 8.9 years, 50.7% were female. 193 (84.3%) had at least one adverse event after the first dose (mean age 9.1 years; 54.4% female), and 146 (73.4%) of 199 after the second (mean age 8.9 years; 54.8% female), which was not administered to 30 children due to previous COVID-19 history. Local symptoms after the first and second dose occurred in 183 (94.8%) and 141 (96.6%) recipients (p = .435), respectively, while systemic reactions in 62 (32.1%) and 34 (23.3%) (p = .074). Mild events were reported by 81.7% and 69.8% children after the first and second dose, followed by moderate (3.9% and 10.6%) and severe (1.3% and 0.5%). After each dose, injection site reactions (79.5% and 68.8%) were the most frequent, followed by headache (13.1%) and lymphadenopathy (8.5%) after the first and second dose, respectively. The adverse events were reported to pediatricians only for 5.7% and 3.9% of children and treated for 17.6% and 15.8%. This is the first report about safety profile through active surveillance of mRNA BNT162b2 among children in Italy, revealing temporary and mild-to-moderate symptoms with no serious events after each vaccine dose.

Fabio Bertini

After the Unity of Italy, it was essential to ensure literacy teaching. Then the History programs established themselves as an element of citizenship formation. They had to give a well-defined telling, monarchist and formative for respectful citizen. For a long time, the formulation of the programs was a work in progress. At first the positivist thought of Aristide Gabelli had great importance; then idealistic reaction and nationalist tendencies gained space while the idea of the exam was increasingly affirmed as a fundamental tool of the social selection. The Great War accelerated those beliefs by feeding an out-and-out nationalist idea of History. Confidence in a national education plan focused on the state examination and selection prevailed. History was fundamental in the project of Croce; Philosophy in the project of Gentile. But between the two there was affinity in the vision of an elitist society.

Juri Meda, Simonetta Polenghi

Aquesta contribució té com a objectiu definir la gènesi i el desenvolupament de la història material de l’escola a Itàlia en els trenta anys compresos entre 1990 i 2020. A partir de la creixent influència determinada per la reflexió historiogràfica internacional sobre els historiadors de l’educació italians, la contribució tractarà de descriure l’impuls proporcionat a aquesta tendència a principis de la dècada de 2000 pels treballs pioners sobre la història de la indústria editorial escolar, que van permetre observar per primera vegada els processos de producció i la complexa dinàmica comercial subjacent a la producció, circulació, adopció i ús de el llibre escolar a l’escola italiana. Aquests treballs van permetre determinar el paper fonamental de les principals editorials escolars italianes, inicialment en la comercialització de material didàctic i mobiliari escolar importats des de França i Alemanya i posteriorment en la seva producció directa a través de la progressiva emancipació de l’hegemonia estrangera i el naixement d’una indústria escolar nacional. En els primers vint anys de segle xxi, les investigacions s’han centrat més en com la producció a escala industrial de quaderns escolars, pissarres, mobiliari escolar i ajudes didàctiques per a l’ensenyament de les ciències i el seu ús sistemàtic a les escoles italianes van induir una homologació generalitzada dels mètodes d’ensenyament i processos d’aprenentatge. Paraules clau: escola, cultura material, història de l’educació, història econòmica, historiografia.

Yvan Loskoutoff

The first edition of Filippo Paruta’s La Sicilia descritta con medaglie (Palermo, 1612) was a bibliographical rarity which was in Mazarin’s library thanks to Cardinal Francesco Barberini. This article elucidates how the second edition by Leonardo Agostini (Rome, 1649) was dedicated to Gaston d’Orléans, revealing two preparatory copies (Vatican Library, French National Library) and the role played by the same cardinal, whose antiquarian Agostini was. Barberini had known the dedicatee since his legation to Paris in 1625. Gaston d’Orléans’s interest in both numismatics and Italy is thereby illustrated.

Muki Haklay, Dilek Fraisl, Bastian Greshake Tzovaras et al.

Citizen science has expanded rapidly over the past decades. Yet, defining citizen science and its boundaries remained a challenge, and this is reflected in the literature—for example in the proliferation of typologies and definitions. There is a need for identifying areas of agreement and disagreement within the citizen science practitioners community on what should be considered as citizen science activity. This paper describes the development and results of a survey that examined this issue, through the use of vignettes—short case descriptions that describe an activity, while asking the respondents to rate the activity on a scale from ‘not citizen science’ (0%) to ‘citizen science’ (100%). The survey included 50 vignettes, of which five were developed as clear cases of not-citizen science activities, five as widely accepted citizen science activities and the others addressing 10 factors and 61 sub-factors that can lead to controversy about an activity. The survey has attracted 333 respondents, who provided over 5100 ratings. The analysis demonstrates the plurality of understanding of what citizen science is and calls for an open understanding of what activities are included in the field.

Elisa Pasqual, Michelle C Turner, Esther Gracia-Lavedan et al.

Medical diagnostic X-rays are an important source of ionizing radiation (IR) exposure in the general population; however, it is unclear if the resulting low patient doses increase lymphoma risk. We examined the association between lifetime medical diagnostic X-ray dose and lymphoma risk, taking into account potential confounding factors, including medical history. The international Epilymph study (conducted in the Czech-Republic, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Spain) collected self-reported information on common diagnostic X-ray procedures from 2,362 lymphoma cases and 2,465 frequency-matched (age, sex, country) controls. Individual lifetime cumulative bone marrow (BM) dose was estimated using time period-based dose estimates for different procedures and body parts. The association between categories of BM dose and lymphoma risk was examined using unconditional logistic regression models adjusting for matching factors, socioeconomic variables, and the presence of underlying medical conditions (atopic, autoimmune, infectious diseases, osteoarthritis, having had a sick childhood, and family history of lymphoma) as potential confounders of the association. Cumulative BM dose was low (median 2.25 mGy) and was not positively associated with lymphoma risk. Odds ratios (ORs) were consistently less than 1.0 in all dose categories compared to the reference category (less than 1 mGy). Results were similar after adjustment for potential confounding factors, when using different exposure scenarios, and in analyses by lymphoma subtype and by type of control (hospital-, population-based). Overall no increased risk of lymphoma was observed. The reduced ORs may be related to unmeasured confounding or other sources of systematic bias.We found little evidence that chronic medical conditions confound lymphoma risk and medical radiation associations.

Perrone V, Degli Esposti L, Giacomini E et al.

Valentina Perrone,1,* Luca Degli Esposti,1,* Elisa Giacomini,1 Chiara Veronesi,1 Valerio Blini,1 Marco Oderda2 1CliCon S.r.l. Health, Economics &amp; Outcomes Research, Ravenna, Italy; 2Department of Surgical Sciences - Urology, Citt&agrave; Della Salute e Della Scienza Di Torino, Molinette Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Valentina PerroneClicon S.r.l, Health, Economics and Outcomes Research, Ravenna, ItalyTel +39 544 38393Fax +39 544 212699Email valentina.perrone@clicon.itPurpose: To evaluate and compare the incidence of cardiovascular (CV) events in a large contemporary cohort of patients diagnosed with&nbsp;prostate cancer (PCa) and in treatment with GnRH agonists or GnRH antagonists.Patients and Methods: An Italian observational retrospective cohort study based on administrative databases of three local health units and two Regions was performed. PCa patients treated with GnRH agonists or antagonist were included between January 01,&nbsp; 2013&nbsp;and&nbsp;December 31,&nbsp; 2016. Index date (ID) was the date of&nbsp;first GnRH agonist/antagonist prescription&nbsp;during&nbsp;inclusion period. Follow-up was from ID to December 31,&nbsp; 2017. Patients were excluded if they were under abiraterone treatment or combination therapy with antiandrogens during follow-up. The&nbsp;incidence rate of CV events (acute myocardial infarction, ischemic heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, cardiac dysrhythmias, heart failure, atherosclerosis, aneurism, other CV-related conditions) was calculated among patients not switching to&nbsp;androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in the overall cohort and in a sub-cohort of patients without previous CV events.Results: In total, 9785 (mean age 76.8 &plusmn; 8.5) patients were included: 9158 (93.6%) were treated with a GnRH agonist and 627 (6.4%) with a GnRH antagonist. Of them, 9627 did not switch to&nbsp;ADT and were considered in the analyses. The incidence of CV events was significantly higher in patients treated with GnRH agonists rather than antagonists (8.8 vs 6.2, p=0.002). Mean time to CV event was beyond 1 year of treatment in both groups. In the multivariable regression analysis, the risk of experiencing CV events was significantly lower in patients treated with GnRH antagonist rather than those treated with&nbsp;GnRH agonists [HR&nbsp;(95% CI): 0.76 (0.60&ndash; 0.95), p=0.018]. These findings were confirmed in the sub-cohort of patients without previous CV events.Conclusion: This Italian observational study shows that most patients received a GnRH agonist rather than a GnRH antagonist prescription. GnRH antagonist seems to have a better CV risk profile than GnRH agonist, both in patients with and without a history of CV events.Keywords: cardiovascular events, GnRH agonists, GnRH antagonist, prostate cancer, real-world setting

Sveva Battifoglia

Dalla fine dell’Ottocento si fa strada un nuovo approccio per lo studio dell’oggetto storico-artistico. Questo metodo d’indagine si avvaleva di strumenti mutuati direttamente dalla Fisica, dalla Chimica e dalla Medicina e, di lì a poco, nacquero i primi gabinetti scientifici di restauro annessi ai musei, come quello del Fogg Art Museum dell’Università di Harvard (1926). Il saggio esamina le relazioni intercorse tra il direttore del Fogg, Edward W. Forbes, e alcuni noti storici dell’arte italiani durante lo svolgimento di una serie di campagne radiografiche nel nostro Paese, dal 1926 al 1938, organizzate dal museo statunitense. L’intento è quello di indagare le prime pionieristiche applicazioni nel campo della Diagnostica Artistica e la diffusione del restauro scientifico precedentemente alla creazione dell’Istituto Centrale del Restauro (1939), quando in Italia si erano avute esperienze solo sporadiche in tal senso.  Since the turn of the 19th century a new approach to the study of the work of art is establishing. This method  is based on the use of tools derived directly from Physics, Chemistry and Medicine and, shortly after, were born the first scientific laboratories annexed to museum, such as that Harvard University’s Fogg Art Museum (1926). The paper examines the relationships between the Fogg’s director, Edward W. Forbes, and some famous italian art historians during a series of X-rays expeditions in our country, from 1926 to 1938, organized by the US museum. The purpose is to investigate the first pioneering applications in the field of Technical Art History and the spread of scientific restoration even before the foundation of the Istituto Centrale del Restauro (1939), when in Italy there were only sporadic experiments in that way.

Iudici M, Irace R, Riccardi A et al.

Michele Iudici, Rosaria Irace, Antonella Riccardi, Giovanna Cuomo, Serena Vettori, Gabriele Valentini Rheumatology Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy Introduction/objectives: To prospectively assess the quality of life (QoL) of patients affected by undifferentiated connective tissue diseases (UCTDs) and to identify factors associated with changes over time.Patients and methods: A total of 46 consecutive UCTD patients completed the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire at presentation and then yearly. At each 6-month visit, all patients underwent a detailed history taking and a laboratory and physical assessment, in order to follow the evolution of the disease over time and to assess the the co-existence of fibromyalgia.Results: At presentation, scores lower than the average of the general population were detected in 34 (74%) and 41 (89%) patients in the physical and mental domains, respectively. No difference between patients with and without Raynaud&rsquo;s phenomenon was detected. Fibromyalgia was the only independent variable associated with an impaired physical component summary score (p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.0009). No patient feature was found to be associated with the basal mental component summary score. During 24&nbsp;months of follow-up, a significant improvement (ie, a change &ge;5 from baseline) in physical component summary and mental component summary scores was observed in 14 (33.3%) and 20 (43.4%) patients, respectively. Patients who significantly improved in the physical domain more frequently had a history of glucocorticoids intake (p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.001), while those who improved in the mental component more frequently had a history of either glucocorticoids (p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.043) or immunosuppressors (p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.037) intake during follow-up.Conclusion: UCTD patients perceive a worse QoL, regardless of Raynaud&rsquo;s phenomenon Fibromyalgia is one of the major contributors of physical QoL, whereas no factor influencing mental component has been identified. An improvement in QoL can be observed in less than half of patients over a 2-year follow-up. Larger studies are needed to identify factors influencing QoL and to define the role of pharmacological treatments. Keywords: undifferentiated connective tissue diseases, quality of life, glucocorticoids, fibromyalgia

Kogarko Lia N., Gwalani Lalchand G., Downes Peter J. et al.

This is the second part of a two-volumespecial issueof Open Geoscience (formerly Central European Journalof Geosciences) that aims to be instrumental in providingan update of Mafic-Ultramafic Rocks and Alkaline-Carbonatitic Magmatism and Associated HydrothermalMineralization. Together, these two volumes provide a detailedand comprehensive coverage of the subjects thatare relevant to the research work of P.Comin-Chiaramonti(Italy) and LiaN. Kogarko (Russia) towhomPart-I and Part-II have been respectively dedicated.To a significant extent, the development of advanced samplingtechnologies related to alkaline and carbonatiticmagmatism by Lia N. Kogarko, has allowed geoscientiststo measure and sample the deep crust of the planet notonly for the exploration for the mineral deposits, but alsoto answer basic scientific questions about the origin andevolution of alkaline rocks (kimberlites, lamproites and relatedrocks associated with carbonatites). The papers presentedin this Part-II of the special issue cover the petrologyand geochemistry of the rocks collected from the surfaceand penetrated by drilling. Lia Kogarko proposed anew theory for the evolution of alkaline magmatism in thegeological history of the Earth – that the appearance of alkalinemagmatism at the Archaean-Proterozoic boundary(~2.5 – 2.7 Ga), and its growing intensity, was related tochanges in the geodynamic regime of the Earth and oxidationof the mantle due to mantle-crust interaction.

David Napolitano

Dikić N., Živanić S., Ostojić S.M. et al.

One of the first medicine associations in history of medicine, Association International Medico-Sportive, has founded by 50 sports medicine doctors from 11 countries during Winter Olympic Games in Sent Moritz at February 1928, which changed the name to FIMS (Fedration Internationale de Medicine du sport). Today FIMS has more then 100.000 sports physicians in more then 130 national member associations. In the same time sports medicine is bumming in Europe, 16 European countries have specialization of sports medicine and 11 of them have subspecialization. Many European countries have hundreds of sports medicine specialists, like Italy who has 2000. There is more then 120 specialist of sports medicine in our country, which is respectable number in world statistics. After many years SMASM is again member of FIMS, EFSMA and ECSS. Representatives of SMASM are licensed for Team Physician Instructors, Doping Control Officers, Providers of BLS, ALS and AED. Due to SMASM activity copyright for Team Physician Manual is awarded. Crown of International activity is hosting of 10th ECSS Congress. The previous nine congresses has organized in Nice 1996 (450 participants), Copenhagen (700), Manchester (744), Rome (1000), Jyvaskyla – Finland (950), Cologne (1500), Athens (1200), Salzburg (1600) and Clermont Ferrand (1600). It is expected between 1500-2000 participants from 70 countries in Belgrade. International activity of SMASM has return Serbia and Montenegro on sports map of the world just in three years.