Constantin D. Athanassas, Regis Braucher, Ioannis Vakalas
et al.
This study presents the first direct cosmogenic <sup>36</sup>Cl-based chronology of landscape evolution and ground deformation in the Ionian Islands, focusing on the Thinia Valley in northern Kefalonia, western Greece. At the Zola site, exposure ages indicate that the eastern limb of the associated anticline has undergone intermittent deformation since at least 34 ka, with ongoing exhumation still occurring today. Variability in erosion rates suggests a complex deformation history, with lower-elevation samples exhuming faster than those at higher elevations. The findings highlight the role of progressive landslide activity rather than a single catastrophic failure. The compression-induced asymmetry of the Zola anticline, along with regional seismicity, appears to control slope instability. The exposure ages at the SK site reveal a surface that reached steady-state long before 20 ka, with a uniform erosion rate of 47.72 ± 0.82 m·Ma<sup>−1</sup>, consistent with regional estimates. Additionally, a prehistoric earthquake—dated at 4.8 ± 0.14 ka—has been identified, with a planar surface exhumed in a single slip event. These findings emphasize the tectonic mobility of the region, with deformation processes persisting since the Middle Pleistocene. The results contribute to a broader understanding of fault-controlled slope instability and have direct implications for seismic hazard assessment in actively deforming terrains.
Autoregressive video generation relies on history context for content consistency and storytelling. As video histories grow longer, efficiently encoding them remains an open problem - particularly for personal users and local workflows where compute and memory budgets are limited. We present a lightweight history encoder that maps long video histories into short-length embeddings, pretrained with a frame query objective that learns to attend to content features at arbitrary temporal positions. The pretraining stage provides the encoder with dense history coverage on large-scale video data; the subsequent finetuning stage adapts the pretrained encoder under an autoregressive video generation objective to establish content-level consistency. In this way, the lightweight embeddings achieve comparable performance to heavier alternatives. We evaluate the framework with ablative settings and discuss the architecture designs.
Background. The theory of modernization, claimed in the 1960s in order to become
an alternative to Marxism, in fact, in the person of Western authors, was unable to
satisfactorily present a generalizing line of social development. Meanwhile, this theory itself
is needed, but requires an updated approach, which, in particular, represents an analysis
of process technology. The purpose of the stu is to verify this approach and demonstrate its
capabilities using the example of specific scientific subjects. Materials and methods. The
article outlines the theoretical principles of the essence of modernization transformations in
the sphere of state and law. It is noted that the renewal of the state mechanism leads to the
politicization of society and the formation of civil society, which is also accompanied by
the modernization of the legal system, while the final stage of the entire process is the
emergence of the rule of law. The applicability of this theory to the phenomenon of colonialism,
legal humanization carried out since the 19th century, and the modernization of
Greece, which started at the turn of the 1870–1880s, is shown. In essence, the authors use
the deduction method, demonstrating how the theoretical postulates proposed by Professor
A.Yu. Salomatin can be applied to various circumstances. The comparative method is also
used. Results. Turning to the phenomenon of colonialism, it is advisable to consider its mature
forms of the 19th – mid-20th centuries. in the context of modernization, when colonial
empires do not simply continue to engage in primitive robbery of colonies, but carry out
their systematic integration into their economies, which is accompanied by infrastructural
development of territories and experimentation with self-government principles. Or there is
every reason to connect the appearance of slogans against information imperialism to the
1970s, since then the West not only unexpectedly and inexplicably weakened, but temporarily
lost its aggressiveness due to the exhaustion of the previous modernization model and the delay in the transition to postmodernization. The technological theory of modernization
helps to better understand such an innovation in the legislation of the 19th century as the
humanization of criminal penalties, to see in it not an accident, but a pattern. Equally, on
the basis of this theory, we can analyze the pace and characteristics of renewal in different
countries. For example, when comparing the modernization starts of Great Britain, France,
Germany, Italy, it should be noted that in small, economically and socially stagnant Greece,
dependent on the great powers, the starting point of transformation should be sought somewhere
at the turn of the 1870–1880s. – that is, much later than even in the countries of the
second modernization echelon (Russia, Japan, Argentina). Conclusions. The state and legal
history of Europe, and other continents, requires serious study based on the technological
theory of modernization. By examining phenomena through the prism of consistent and
natural transformations within the state and society, by comparing the pace and characteristics
of modernization processes in different countries, we can better understand the dynamics
of the development of state and law.
Se-eun Yoon, Ahmad Bin Rabiah, Zaid Alibadi
et al.
Customers reach out to online live chat agents with various intents, such as asking about product details or requesting a return. In this paper, we propose the problem of predicting user intent from browsing history and address it through a two-stage approach. The first stage classifies a user's browsing history into high-level intent categories. Here, we represent each browsing history as a text sequence of page attributes and use the ground-truth class labels to fine-tune pretrained Transformers. The second stage provides a large language model (LLM) with the browsing history and predicted intent class to generate fine-grained intents. For automatic evaluation, we use a separate LLM to judge the similarity between generated and ground-truth intents, which closely aligns with human judgments. Our two-stage approach yields significant performance gains compared to generating intents without the classification stage.
Thousands of users consult digital archives daily, but the information they can access is unrepresentative of the diversity of documentary history. The sequence-to-sequence architecture typically used for optical character recognition (OCR) - which jointly learns a vision and language model - is poorly extensible to low-resource document collections, as learning a language-vision model requires extensive labeled sequences and compute. This study models OCR as a character level image retrieval problem, using a contrastively trained vision encoder. Because the model only learns characters' visual features, it is more sample efficient and extensible than existing architectures, enabling accurate OCR in settings where existing solutions fail. Crucially, the model opens new avenues for community engagement in making digital history more representative of documentary history.
We argue that observations of the reionization history can be used as a probe of primordial density fluctuations, particularly on small scales. Although the primordial curvature perturbations are well constrained from measurements of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies and large-scale structure, these observational data probe the curvature perturbations only on large scales, and hence its information on smaller scales will give us further insight on primordial fluctuations. Since the formation of early galaxies is sensitive to the amplitude of small-scale perturbations, and then, in turn, gives an impact on the reionization history, one can probe the primordial power spectrum on small scales through observations of reionization. In this work, we focus on the running spectral indices of the primordial power spectrum to characterize the small-scale perturbations, and investigate their impact on the reionization history using the numerical code \texttt{21cmFAST}, which adopts a simple but commonly used reionization model. We also derive the constraints on the running spectral indices from observations of the reionization history indicated by the luminosity function of the Lyman-$α$ emitters. We show that the reionization history, in combination with large-scale observations such as CMB, would be a useful tool to investigate primordial density fluctuations.
Another bumper edition, again by way of apology for absenteeism in the spring issue (though this time due to paternity rather than plague). We begin with the latest Beard blockbuster. In her Twelve Caesars, based on her 2011 A.W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts, Mary Beard turns her trademark combination of penetrating gaze and jovial tongue to the reception of the famed group of elite first-century ce Roman men who span a key moment in the transformation of ancient politics. Belying their importance for ancient historians and archaeologists, they have been rather neglected by art historians of later periods. With an extraordinarily wide lens, spanning from Alexander the Great to the 2017 modern art of Alison Wilding, Beard corrects that omission, demonstrating their central place in the history of Western art, and exploring not just how those emperors have been represented, repackaged, and reused, but what that says about the identities, worlds, and priorities of those who so mobilized them. The result is a tour de force of art and intellectual history. Not only is the reader presented with gloriously arcane anecdotes on almost every page, but their sum amounts to a sustained inquiry into the role that past power has played, and continues to play, in our history, politics, art, and culture.
<div><p class="Els-history-head">Indonesia is a country with Pancasila ideology which becomes fundamentally philosophical. Advances in the field of information technology in the era of industry 4.0 and society 5.0 seem to drown out the existence and essence of philosophy and pedagogy. This era is dominated by the role of technology where computers are increasingly intelligent. In the Ancient Greece era pedagogic was a slave who supervised and monitored the academic development of the children who attend school. Human tendencies in the post-truth age are characterized by the difficulty of distinguishing where scientific facts see flash flood conditions in the digital world, lies feel like facts that threaten electoral democracy. Education Administration is a science with a core science in the form of leadership, administration, policy analysis, supervision, and pedagogy. In the context of the post-truth problem, namely by formulating strategies in the form of influence on human reality because post-truth lives in virtual reality, replying to flood the digital world full of post-truth with educational content. Post-truth is a phenomenon that occurs when personal beliefs and emotions take precedence over facts. This study aims to suggest alternative solutions using philosophy and pedagogy to resolve the post-truth problem from the study literature. The conclusion of this research provides a suggestion to overcome and protect society in the post-truth era using philosophy and pedagogy perspective and increase trust in the Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI), Indonesian Police (Polri) Teachers, and lecturers as the shield of Indonesia. </p></div>
Conversational question generation (CQG) serves as a vital task for machines to assist humans, such as interactive reading comprehension, through conversations. Compared to traditional single-turn question generation (SQG), CQG is more challenging in the sense that the generated question is required not only to be meaningful, but also to align with the occurred conversation history. While previous studies mainly focus on how to model the flow and alignment of the conversation, there has been no thorough study to date on which parts of the context and history are necessary for the model. We argue that shortening the context and history is crucial as it can help the model to optimise more on the conversational alignment property. To this end, we propose CoHS-CQG, a two-stage CQG framework, which adopts a CoHS module to shorten the context and history of the input. In particular, CoHS selects contiguous sentences and history turns according to their relevance scores by a top-p strategy. Our model achieves state-of-the-art performances on CoQA in both the answer-aware and answer-unaware settings.
Jan Zapletal, Raphael Watschinger, Günther Of
et al.
The presented paper concentrates on the boundary element method (BEM) for the heat equation in three spatial dimensions. In particular, we deal with tensor product space-time meshes allowing for quadrature schemes analytic in time and numerical in space. The spatial integrals can be treated by standard BEM techniques known from three dimensional stationary problems. The contribution of the paper is twofold. First, we provide temporal antiderivatives of the heat kernel necessary for the assembly of BEM matrices and the evaluation of the representation formula. Secondly, the presented approach has been implemented in a publicly available library besthea allowing researchers to reuse the formulae and BEM routines straightaway. The results are validated by numerical experiments in an HPC environment.
In evolutionary algorithms, genetic operators iteratively generate new offspring which constitute a potentially valuable set of search history. To boost the performance of crossover in real-coded genetic algorithm (RCGA), in this paper we propose to exploit the search history cached so far in an online style during the iteration. Specifically, survivor individuals over past few generations are collected and stored in the archive to form the search history. We introduce a simple yet effective crossover model driven by the search history (abbreviated as SHX). In particular, the search history is clustered and each cluster is assigned a score for SHX. In essence, the proposed SHX is a data-driven method which exploits the search history to perform offspring selection after the offspring generation. Since no additional fitness evaluations are needed, SHX is favorable for the tasks with limited budget or expensive fitness evaluations. We experimentally verify the effectiveness of SHX over 4 benchmark functions. Quantitative results show that our SHX can significantly enhance the performance of RCGA, in terms of accuracy.
Daphne Kaitelidou, Charalambos Economou, Petros Galanis
et al.
Abstract Background The public primary healthcare system in Greece has not been fully developed and is delivered by urban and rural health centers, outpatient departments in public hospitals and the recently established first-contact and decentralized local primary care units. The aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool for conducting periodic user experience evaluation surveys in public Primary HealthCare facilities in Greece such as outpatient clinics of public hospitals and health centers. Methods A mixed methods approach was applied. In particular, the methodology of developing and validating the tools included three steps: (a) establishment of the theoretical background/literature review, (b) qualitative study: development of the tools items and establishment of the face validity and (c) quantitative study: pilot testing and establishment of the structural validity and estimation of the internal consistency of the tools. Two patient focus groups participated in qualitative study: one visiting health centres and the other visiting the outpatient clinics of public hospitals. Quantitative study included 733 Primary Health Care services’ users/patients and was conducted during August–October 2017. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed to check for structural validity of the tools, while Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were estimated to check for reliability. Results Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed almost perfectly the presumed theoretical model and the following six factors were identified through the tools: (a) accessibility (three items, e.g. opening hours), (b) continuity and coordination of care (three items, e.g. doctor asks for medical history), (c) comprehensiveness of care (three items, e.g. doctor provides advices for healthy life), (d) quality of medical care (four items, e.g. sufficient examination time), (e) facility (four items, e.g. comfortable waiting room) and (f) quality of care provided by nurses and other health professionals (four items, e.g. polite nurses). Conclusions We have developed reliable and valid tools to measure users’ experiences in public Primary HealthCare facilities in Greece. These tools could be very useful in examining differences between different types of public Primary Health Care facilities and different populations.
Zisimangelos S. Solomos, Maria S. Tatsi, Victoria E. Psomiadou
et al.
Although out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) are a major cause of mortality internationally, data regarding survival in Greece remains scarce and inconclusive. The aim of this study is to assess the immediate and 24-hour survival of OHCA sufferers during a 5-year period in a public hospital in Athens. A retrospective study was conducted on all cardiac arrests that were transferred to our hospital during a five-year period (2011-2015). Our primary objective was to calculate return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and 24-hour survival ratios. Our secondary objective was to estimate 30-day survival. Demographic data was also collected. 283 OHCA were included in the study. The mean age was 67.2 years and the male: female ratio was 2. Medical history was available for 33.6% of patients. 72.1% of cases were transferred to the emergency department by ambulance and 2.8% by private means of transport. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was attempted on 57.6% of cardiac arrests, 8.6% regained ROSC and 6.1% survived for 24 hours. The 30-day survival was expected to be less than 3.5%. In our institution, ROSC, 24-hour and expected 30-day survival were lower than the European average and in accordance with the recent prospective Eureca One study. However, data from our institution cannot be generalised and multicenter studies are required in order to clarify OHCA outcomes in Greece.
The temple of Athena at Assos is the only known example in Doric order in Archaic Anatolia. After that, Doric architecture was worked again in the 4th century BC. Particularly with the Ionian Renaissance, which started after the King Peace in 387/6 BC, there is an increase in the number of buildings constructed in the Doric order. The majority of the Doric buildings built in this century were financed by the Carian dynast Mausolus and his successors. In most of these structures, Ionic profiles have been added to the Doric architectural elements, as the Hecatomnids combined the Carian cultural heritage with Anatolian, Greek, and Persian cultures. For this reason, the Anatolian Doric architecture is different from the contemporary structures in the mainland Greece. However, two buildings built in the ancient city of Knidos and Doric buildings in the islands had more influence on mainland Greece.
Building Type
Many authorities on ancient Greek architecture state that during the fourth century the Doric order was in decline, and that by the Hellenistic period it was virtually abandoned in temple architecture. The archaeological evidence, it is argued, seems to bear this out. Doric temples were built during this period. The temple of Demeter at Priene had an in antis plan, and the temple of Apollo Eretimos at Rhodos had an in antis or prostyle plan. It is thought that the temple of Apollo Pythios on Rhodes was planned prostyle plan and the peripteros was added later. The temple of Athena at Pergamon and the Doric Temple at Knidos were peripteral and both of them had opisthodomos but the Temple of Zeus Khrysaoreus at Alabanda lacked an opisthodomos. And in the ‘temple like’ planning of the andrones at Labraunda Ionic columns are combined with Doric entablature for the first time.
The plans of peripteral temples in Mainland Greece have some similarity with contemporaneous Asia Minor architecture. While most of the larger Doric temples in mainland Greece have larger pteromata on the front and back, Ionic temples of the Ionian Renaissance have pteromata of equal size on all four sides, like the Temple of Athena at Pergamon. While other, smaller Doric temples lack an opisthodomos and emphasize the front of the building by a larger hall, the Temple of Athena at Pergamon and the Doric Temple at Knidos have opisthodomoi, as the Late Classical Ionic temples at Labraunda, Priene, and the Artemision at Ephesos. The walls of the cella were not arranged on the axis as the penultimate columns of the peristyle, as was usual in Ionic architecture, but with the outward face of the wall along this axis. The later fifth-century trend toward slenderer columns and wider interaxial spacing also developed further during the fourth century.
In Anatolia, which had no known stoa structure during the 5th century BC, in parallel with the art and architecture developed in the 4th century BC, stoas were beginning to be built. The majority of stoas were I-shaped, one-aisled and single story. Generally, there were rooms behind the porticoes. The function of these rooms varies according to the area of the stoas. L-shaped stoas built at Colophon and Miletus were the first examples of the new stoa type that will develop in the cities with Hippodamian plan in the Hellenistic period. In this type, stoas on three sides of a rectangular open space with a street along the fourth, on the opposite side of which is usually another stoa. The street may run along one of the long sides of the rectangle or along one of its short sides, and the other three sides may be defined by one pi-shaped stoa or two L-shaped ones; these two types of stoa are typical of Hellenistic Ionia. All the stoas of Anatolia have Doric outer colonnades. The inner colonnades of the Delphinion at Miletus, which was the only example of two-aisled stoa, also have in the Doric order. Doric exteriors, with Ionic interiors in the case of two-aisled buildings, were by far the most common design from 5th century until late Hellenistic times in Mainland Greece. However, in the stoa built in the 4th century BC in Anatolia, both colonnades were in the Doric order.
Three of the buildings dated to the 4th century BC were named as “Doric Buildings.” It has been suggested that the Doric Building at Labraunda could have been used as a fountain or a stoa but it proved to be a fountain. It is thought that Doric architectural blocks in Amyzon may belong to the temple, propylon or stoa. These architectural blocks were dated to the second half of the 4th century, based on their stylistic features. The shape and stylistic features of the Doric architectural elements found in the agora at Iasos are similar to the andrones at Labraunda. In the excavations carried out in the agora, a monument dedicated to the Hecatomnid family and the remains of a building were found. This building, which is called as “Maussolleion” in the inscriptions, will be determined as a result of the study if there is a connection between the architectural blocks belonging to Doric Building A at Iasos.
Stylistic Assessment
The 4th century BC is a period when the diversity in the form repertoire of Doric architectural blocks increased. Doric columns generally have canonical “Doric flutes”. There are also column drums with basket-arched cross-section type flat flutes and in which the arrises are prominent. In this century, Doric columns with Ionic flutes were used also for the first time in Anatolia. In some of the buildings, the columns were built in “bossed style” (rustication for decorative). One of the innovations seen in the 4th century BC is the introduction of heart-shaped piers into architecture. Developed as an alternative treatment of the re-entrant angles problem in Doric order, this form first appeared in the Harbor Stoa at Miletus.
The majority of the Doric capitals are in canonical form: abacus is a flat slab forming, echinus is convex curves of which are not very pronounced, annulets are trapezoidal shaped and a neck. In all of the capitals of this century, the echinus is curled inwards at the point where it intertwines with the abacus. In these capitals, the profile of the annulets was worked in the same direction as the echinus profile axis, and the annulets were the continuation of the echinus. The annulets are trapezoidal and there are three or four of them. The necking of the Doric capitals was decorated in four different ways.
Doric architraves consist of a flat taenia, regula and six guttae. The conical shaped guttae were worked in Knidos and the Doric buildings on islands and the cylindrical shaped guttae were worked in Anatolia. For the first time, Doric architrave crowned with astragal and ovolo in the Oikoi Building at Labraunda. Another innovation seen in this century is the soffit carved to the underside of the Doric architraves. The first examples of these soffits, which were seen in the Labraunda buildings, had a rectangular, recessed panel and a flat surface. The proportions of the architraves are in conformity with the contemporary buildings in the mainland Greece and islands.
Doric frieze blocks had a rectangular triglyph and metope taenia, as the canonical Doric frieze. But the metope taenia composed of cyma reversa profile in the andrones at Labraunda and Doric Building A at Iasos and ovolo in the monumental tomb at Labraunda. The triglyph taenia were higher than metope taenia in the 5th century and later. But the metope taenia and triglyph taenia were applied at the same height in the end of the 4th century-beginning of the 3rd century.
Doric friezes were crowned with a cymatium, composed of astragal and ovolo. The adaptation of the ovolo profile, which was an indispensable element of Anatolian Ionic architecture into the Doric frieze was first observed in the Labraunda buildings. The combination of Doric frieze with Ionic profiles was first introduced in the 6th century BC, in the mainland Greece. But in all of the examples in the mainland Greece, the profile was composed of a small plain astragal. However, this combination reached the peak in the Labraunda buildings with the cyma reversa, astragal and ovolo profiles.
In the triglyph-metope blocks, the shaping of the upper end of the glyphs varies. In the majority of the buildings in Anatolia, the upper end of the glyphs is rectangular and the upper lip is cut downwards. This tradition, which began in the Labraunda buildings, soon became the unique style of Anatolian Doric architecture. During this period, glyphs were shaped as flat arches and their upper parts were concave in the Doric buildings of mainland Greece. On the triglyphs of the temple of Athena at Pergamon, the upper end of the glyphs was built in U-shaped. This tradition which began with the Temple of Athena at Assos built in the archaic period in Anatolia continued its existence for centuries.
Once its development was completed, the upper bound of half glyphs decorated with triglyph ears became a part of Doric architecture “the fully developed ears” form first appeared in the Labraunda buildings in Anatolia. There are also open sphere-shaped triglyph ears and open dropshaped triglyph ears. In this period, in the Doric building in mainland Greece, it is seen that the hookshaped end of the upper end of the half-glyphs is extended downwards. However, they have more straight lines compared to the drop-shaped examples from Anatolia.
One of the innovations seen in the Doric frieze blocks in the 4th century BC is the working the architrave and triglyph-metope in the same block. This is a result of the reduction of the dimensions of the entablature parallel with the expansion of the intercolumniation. Because for the first time in this century, three metopes were placed in each axial space in a temple. The four-metope frieze systems were applied in Labraunda, Priene and Miletus.
The increasingly slender and widely spaced Doric columns of the 4th century raised new problems with the elements of the Doric frieze. In archaic and early fifth century Doric, the architrave had been higher than frieze. In the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, the Parthenon and the Hephaisteion at Athens the two elements were equal in height. In the fourth century the height of the frieze continued to increase at the expense of the architrave. Proportion between triglyphs width and the metopes width reach about 1:1,5. By the end of the century, the proportion was decrease to 1:1,43.
Although the Doric geison was used in the majority of the 4th century BC buildings, the Doric buildings in Anatolia started to be ended with Ionic geison. Doric geisa, both raking and horizontal, carry a cyma reversa as a soffit molding. This profile, began to use below the mutules, between it and the fascia in Propylaea at Athens, which from the end of the 5th century, was the regular molding of the geison soffit in both the Doric and the Ionic orders. In Andron B and Andron A at Labraunda and Doric Building A at Iasos no molding decorated the soffit of the geison, so below the mutules came a plain vertical fascia. The unprocessed geison soffit in these examples reflects an old tradition of Doric buildings in the 6th and 5th centuries.
In the geison block of the Labraunda Doric Building, the geison soffit, which is made up of cyma reversa was used in conjunction with plain astragal. Similar ones of this combination, which is quite unusual for Doric geisons, were found in Mylasa and Halicarnassus. In the geison block found during the excavations around the Hekatomnos Monument in Mylasa and the geison block used as a reused material in the Italian Tower of Bodrum Castle, the geison soffit is made up of plain astragal and cyma reversa profile. Two known examples of cyma reversa profile combined with astragal belong to the Ionic architecture. The first of these is the horizontal geisons of the Erechtheion at Athens dating back to 421-406 and the other one is the Ionic geisons of the Naiskos of the Temple of Apollo at Didyma, dated to the second half of the 4th century. Three examples of this combination, the use on the Doric geisons of which has stayed unknown until know, were found in Hecatomnid buildings in Anatolia.
In Doric geisons, the mutulus placed in the area between the geison soffit and the drip is also connected to these two parts. It is seen that guttae’s distribution to the mutulus surface began to change in the beginning of the second half of the century. In the early stages, especially in the triple alining, the distance between the guttae rows is 2 times or slightly more than 2 times the diameter of the guttae, it is usually 1,5 times in the 4th century buildings. The degree of slope of the mutuluses varies between 8° and 10°. The width of the viae is about 1:4 of the mutulus width. Towards the end of the century it is seen that the width of the viae was reduced.
The Doric drip consisted of the tip, undercut and fascia, undercut deep, narrow and well curved. The depth of the undercut was considerable, frequently greater than its breadth. The hawksbeak is used as a geison crown. L. T. Shoe said that the chief use of the hawksbeak was for the crowning moulding of the geison of the Doric order, for which it was the regular type from shortly after the middle of the 6th century to the end of the 3rd century. Probably about the middle of the 4th century began the tendency to jog in the lower part of the ovolo and made it into cyma reversa.
The cyma recta used as a sima profiles in all Doric buildings. Type S1 is a vertical type and the lower curve is so slight and the upper curve is strongly projecting outward. Type S2 is a vertical type and the lower curve is projecting outward. Type S3 is a diagonal form and the lower curve so slight it is barely tangent to the diagonal. Sima profiles of the Doric buildings in the 4th century generally Type S2 was preferred. Type S1 worked in two buildings in Anatolia, and type S3 worked in islands.
Evaluation and Conclusion
In the 4th century, the Doric order was preferred in many building types. The majority of these buildings have widely spaced and slenderer columns similar to the Ionic order. This is the result of the reinterpretation of the Doric order of Anatolian architects who are familiar with the symmetry of Ionic architecture.
In the Doric architecture of the 4th century BC, a significant Ionic effect is observed. This is interpreted as a result of the choice of other orders in interior design which started at the end of the 5th century. The architects of the 4th century preferred formal decorations on the exterior of the buildings and they used Ionic ornament especially in anta base and on sima, which are seen in Archaic Period buildings in Western Anatolia. The mixture of Doric and Ionic had taken two forms by R. A. Tomlinson:
A- The use of both Ionic and Doric columns, and perhaps entablature, in one and the same building.
B- The combination of Ionic and Doric elements in a single order.
The applications in Doric buildings in Anatolia show that a third form can be added for the mixed order. Because, as seen in the Labraunda buildings, the Anatolian architects, as well as applying the Ionic and Doric order in the same building, they also added profiles such as astragal, ovolo and cyma reversa which are foreign to this order. Therefore, the application of mixed order in the 4th century BC should be divided into three forms.
1- The use of both Ionic and Doric columns, and perhaps entablature, in one and the same building.
2- The combination of Ionic and Doric elements in a single order.
3- Adding Ionic profiles to Doric architectural elements.
Anatolian Doric architecture is different from mainland Greece since the archaic period. The reason for this is the different interpretation of the Doric order, which was introduced to the lands where the Ionic order was born, by the Anatolian architects. Therefore, the group created by R.A. Tomlinson for mixed order application should be evaluated under three groups; and Doric architectural elements with Ionic profiles included in the second group should be considered as a separate group: addition of Ionic profiles to the Doric architectural elements . During the Hecatomnid period, the Ionic profiles which have a very long history in Anatolia, were added to at least one of the architectural elements in the buildings constructed in the Doric order. In the Labraunda Oikoi Building, the crown profile consisting of astragal and ovolo, which form the architrave crown, is a profile specific to Ionic architraves, and the Anatolian architects were the ones who carried this profile to the Doric architrave. The fact that the metope taenia is formed with cyma reversa profile in triglyph-metope blocks of Andrones are an innovation. Furthermore, in these andrones, the Doric frieze blocks were crowned with the astragal and ovolo, which are specific to the Ionic order, for the first time. Later on, these Ionic profiles became indispensable in the majority of the Doric buildings in Anatolia. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate these samples which are specific to Anatolian Doric architecture in the third group.
The addition of Ionic profiles to Doric architectural elements emerged during the archaic period in western Greece and in mainland Greece. This profiles, seen in the Doric buildings in southern Italy, was studied in the 6th century, where no “canonical Doric order” had yet developed, and then abandoned from the 5th century BC. In some of the 5th century buildings in mainland Greece, after the “canonical Doric order”, plain astragal was added to the upper part of the architrave and Doric frieze blocks and only a certain part of the Parthenon’s friezes this profiles were decorated with bead-and-reel. The use of a crown profile composed of ovolo and astragal in the triglyph-metope blocks of Andron B at Labraunda may be considered as the peak of the prototypes which seen in mainland Greece. This practice, which is limited to a few examples in these buildings, became widespread in Anatolia starting from the 3rd century; this style continued to be used until the Roman period. Thus, triglyph-metope blocks, which are crowned with the Pergamon ovolo, is considered to be a degenerated version of ovolo, is the original style of Anatolian Doric architecture. In the 2nd century BC, the Ionic influences, which were tried from time to time in the Doric architecture from the early stages, reached their peak. In addition to the different profiles crowning the architrave and triglyph-metope frieze, the surface of the Doric architrave has fasciae, and Doric columns were decorated with Ionic flutes. These applications, which are unique to Anatolian Doric architecture, are a unique style that is formed as a result of blending the salient architectural elements of Doric order with the softer aesthetics of Ionic architecture and the foundations of this style were laid in the 4th century.
Elissavet Dotsika, George Diamantopoulos, Spyridon Lykoudis
et al.
This paper reviews stable isotopic data concerning spring water in Greece in addition to new measurements (59); their spatial variations are investigated in order to provide basic information and identify the locally significant parameters that affect stable isotopic distributions. The area of interest was partitioned into eight sections according to geographical location and climatic characteristics. Local spring water lines (LSWLs) are more or less consistent throughout the country. High-resolution isoscape maps of spring freshwater (Cl− < 200 ppm; and T < 25 °C) for both δ18O and δ2H were generated, revealing several interesting features such as the effect of Pindos ridge, a strong climatic signal in southern Greece and indications of seawater intrusion in flat coastal areas.
I devoted a small amount of research on Islamic arts to the study of Islamic arts in the Ottoman era. My interest in the Ottoman Islamic arts has been for many years. This interest enabled me to know the artistic and aesthetic value of this art and to explore the innovative and creative aspects of it. This opportunity provided me with the opportunity to access many of the works and researches of Ottoman art, especially those of a generation of pioneers such as Jalal As'ad Arsafan, Oqtay Aslan Aba, Uznaz Ouz, Hasan Al-Basha, Rabeeed Hamed Khalifa, Suad Maher, etc. Turkey occupies great importance in both East and West. It enjoys a strategic location distinguished between Asia and Europe. It takes the form of a rectangle representing a geographical area between Europe and Asia with an area of 452 and 779 thousand square kilometers, of which 688 and 755 thousand kilometers are located in Asia. This area is Anatolia and the remaining area is 764 and 23 thousand kilometers A square located in Europe, a region of Thrace. Turkey borders the north-west of Bulgaria and Greece, the Black Sea to the north, Georgia to the east, Armenia to the east, Iran to the Azerbaijani region of Naxikan, southern Iraq, Syria to the Mediterranean and the Aegean to the west. Turkey is the official religion of Turkey. Turkey is a pivotal regional country with a strategic location which is of great importance on the map of the world. It is the heir to the Ottoman Empire, the largest Islamic country that lived for a long period of time extending to six centuries (13th - 19th centuries) Three continents and their conquests represented a form of globalism in Asia, Europe and Africa, which extended to Vienna in Europe. As for the subject of the study, which is the development of the decoration of Ottoman carpets (8-12 / 14-18), Ottoman carpets are a distinct school among Islamic carpet schools. It enjoyed a distinguished position during the 8th-12th / AD 14th-18th centuries. This status was not confined to the Islamic world but also extended to Europe. This is in addition to knowing the technical characteristics of these two types (decorative and industrial) as well as tracking the change in the technical methods during the various stages as the era of Sultan Suleiman legal era of the golden Ottoman Empire of the Islamic architecture and the Ottoman Sultan during the reign of Sultan Suleiman law during the most eras of science and thought And literature and philosophy has reflected the features of wealth on the role of existing science and the next established universities, colleges, hospitals and charitable endowments and a role for talk and offices for young women has seen the first time in Istanbul cafes, which was frequented by the educated and intellectuals Waha Without scientific discussions. As well as the obvious progress in the use of modern scientific methods in the manufacture of carpets in general and Ottoman carpets in particular. Conclusion and results First conclusion Presented in my research Islamic arts in the Ottoman era. Through the study of the evolution of the decoration of the fabric and carpets Othman in the period of the century (8 AH to 12 AH / 14 AD - 18 m) and most of these arts was a mirror that reflected clearly, and ratified the various technical stages experienced by this important branch of Islamic art over five centuries . According to the rules of scientific research and the methodological steps to prepare research, research and research usually ends with a harvest of results. The value of any research and its importance depends on the issues raised by the study and its questions emerge from new studies. This allows researchers and specialists to contribute to enriching the science and New realities, as well as shed more detailed light on various phenomena and deepen understanding of multiple problems. And my choice of theme (the evolution of textile decoration and Ottoman carpets in the period of the century (8 e to 12 e / 14 m - 18 m) is a period of time I wanted to be enriched by scientific research. In the eighth century AH (14 AD) we noticed the obvious impact of the art of the Seljuks of Anatolia (Seljuks of the Romans) on the Ottoman arts, noting that the collapse and fall of the Seljuk state of Anatolia in Konya did not lead to the disappearance of their art. In the period of the ninth century AH (15 AD) and especially during the last decades of the Iranian influences began to appear clearly in the Ottoman art applied especially Timorese techniques, and therefore this period represents the Timurian style in Ottoman art. These influences continued to find their way into the country and became more evident during the first half of the 10th century AD as a result of the migration of some Iranian artists to Anatolia and the bringing of some sultans of the Ottoman Empire to a group of artists from Iran, especially from the city of Tabriz to work in the Ottoman court. This period also witnessed the emergence of some Mamluk influences in Ottoman art, especially after the annexation of the Levant and Egypt to the possession of the Ottoman Empire and the transfer of a group of craftsmen and craftsmen to Istanbul, as well as the transfer of many Mamluk artifacts to the vaults of the Ottoman palaces. If we leave the first half of the tenth century AH (16 AD) and moved to the second half of this century, it is noted that the Ottoman art has turned to a new and innovative character, whether in the form or decoration or designs and decorative designs or colors or industrial methods. The artists were able to create molds and artistic frameworks that became the embodiment of the Ottoman art. Over time, there are technical rules that all the craftsmen work through, with the opportunity to diversify and change in some cases. This may explain to us a few of the signatures of the craftsmen on Ottoman artifacts compared to others. From other Islamic artifacts. The period of the eleventh century AH (17 AD) is an extension of this period, which was witnessed at the end of the 12th century AH (18 AD) influenced the Ottoman Islamic art trends in art in Europe, especially those derived from Baroque and Roccoan art printed Osmani. As for the textile industry, it was woven in the Ottoman era, as we explained different types of fabrics, some of which appeared for the first time, such as silk, silk, hattai, and alaga, and the decorations of the royal fabrics were particularly luxurious, embroidered with gold and silver threads. In fact, the production of textiles in the Ottoman era was of great economic importance. Many woven and embroidered silk fabrics constituted a large part of the volume of the country's exports. The tapestry industry is considered to be one of the most successful and successful artisans in the Ottoman period. Ottoman Turkey achieved a clear advantage in this area, which brought it to Iran, which is famous in the carpet industry. It is noted that most of Turkey's Ottoman production of carpet is small-sized species, which were usually used for prayer. Second, the results I ended my research with several results: 1- Arts is a link between different peoples Each people is influenced by the arts of other peoples that relate to or affect them. 2- This influence and vulnerability vary in strength and weakness depending on the circumstances under which the people live. 3- From here we noticed that the Ottomans before settling in Asia Minor had contacted the Iranians and the Chinese and there is no doubt that they were influenced by the arts of these two nations. 4- Ottoman conquests in the East and West and the contacts of the Ottomans with the civilizations of the country which subjected them to their authority and the use of the artists of this country in their works of art. 5- The Iranian element was the most powerful element that influenced the Ottoman arts, which can be said that the Ottomans were Turks in their race Iranians in their culture and could not get out of Iranian culture only after a long time on their backs on the stage of history. 6- meant the sultans of the Othman first on the use of the Iranian language has been imposed some of them poetry and mention, for example Sultan Mohammed Al-Fatih and Sultan Selim I, who said poetry in Iran. 7- The direction to output a new composition of borrowed items and give it a new spirit. 8- The Ottomans played a prominent role in Islamic art and immortalized in its record the pages of bright 9- Studying the Ottoman buildings that still exist in Istanbul and other cities of the Islamic world. Studying Ottoman artifacts distributed among different museums.10- 11- The Ottomans were influenced by the technical methods that flourished in Syria, Egypt, Byzantium, Iran, and the island, but they realized that they were spread in a harmonious and harmonious pattern in which the art world appeared. 12- The features of the Turkish Islamic civilization were characterized by a combination of pre-Islamic heritage and Persian-Arab heritage in Asia Minor.
Georgia PAPASTAVROU, Marianna KARAMANOU, Theodoros PAPAIOANNOU
et al.
In the 8th century AD, when the West sank into the darkness of the Middle Ages, the bloom of the sciences came from the Arabs. The work of the most famous Arabo-Islamic physicians reflects their knowledge of heart function and heart disease. Rhazes (864-925), claims that heart has two ventricles while Hally Abbas (930-994), was one of the first to deny the existence of communication between the right and the left cavities. Avicenna (980-1037) observed that there are three valves in the aorta’s outflow, which open when the volume of blood is ejected from the heart during contraction and close during the expansion of the heart. He was also a pioneer in examining and studying pulse and its wave. Finally, Ibn Al-Nafis (1213-1288) was the first to describe pulmonary circulation and for this reason, he is considered as a true precursor of cardiology.
Jean-Gabriel Young, Guillaume St-Onge, Edward Laurence
et al.
Network growth processes can be understood as generative models of the structure and history of complex networks. This point of view naturally leads to the problem of network archaeology: reconstructing all the past states of a network from its structure---a difficult permutation inference problem. In this paper, we introduce a Bayesian formulation of network archaeology, with a generalization of preferential attachment as our generative mechanism. We develop a sequential Monte Carlo algorithm to evaluate the posterior averages of this model, as well as an efficient heuristic that uncovers a history well correlated with the true one, in polynomial time. We use these methods to identify and characterize a phase transition in the quality of the reconstructed history, when they are applied to artificial networks generated by the model itself. Despite the existence of a no-recovery phase, we find that nontrivial inference is possible in a large portion of the parameter space as well as on empirical data.
Due to the tendency to unify an oral and accusatory process system in Colombia, which is relatively recent compared to the consolidated one in its procedural history, this essay seeks to highlight the philosophical and literary foundations that underlie the apparent conflict between writing and orality, revealing the surreptitious question of the validity of legal norms, as well as their manifestations as models of social coercion. In order to do so, we examine some founding accounts of the law as a written prescription and as an oral prescription in order to analyze, later and from Foucault’s perspective, the legal system of ancient Greece and the birth of a contemporary orality structured from the written text.
French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence