Hasil untuk "History America"

D. Bell

David Adán Vázquez Valenzuela

Este artículo analiza el auge de tráfico marítimo en el Pacífico mexicano durante la fiebre de oro. Durante la parte tardía de la década de 1840 y a principios de la de 1850, la cantidad de barcos que fondeaban en el litoral del oeste mexicano se incrementó como consecuencia de la masiva migración que se dio hacia el norte de California. Lo anterior trajo consigo un crecimiento comercial en puertos como Mazatlán, San Blas y Acapulco. El artículo argumenta, no obstante, que dicho auge distó de traer una bonanza permanente para esa zona de México. El empuje de las compañías comerciales de México y Estados Unidos y el rápido posicionamiento de San Francisco como eje comercial pronto inhibieron el incipiente crecimiento en la venta de bienes y las exportaciones.

L. Delpit, J. Dowdy

Evangelina De los Ríos

El artículo estudia las transformaciones que experimentó la figura de los jueces de paz en Rosario (Santa Fe, Argentina) entre 1852 y 1872. Se mostrará que estos cambios no respondieron a decisiones reglamentarias y judiciales, sino que deben ser pensados en el contexto de cómo se fue modificando la forma en que se gobernaba la ciudad. El objetivo que persigue esta investigación es examinar las redefiniciones de las funciones de estos jueces a partir de una reconstrucción del entramado de relaciones —políticas, judiciales, policiales, administrativas, etc.— en las cuales se hallaban insertos.

Wendy Bellion

On July 5, 1770, South Carolina raised its first public sculpture. Representing the English statesman William Pitt the Elder in the mode of a classical orator, the marble statue stood on a pedestal at the intersection of Meeting and Broad Streets, in Charleston’s historic Civic Square. This essay reconstructs the significance of its location and its competing meanings within the colonial slave city. It examines how the statue functioned to reflect the racial politics of elite Charlestonians while illuminating the cultures of surveillance, discipline, and display that linked black and white bodies. At the symbolic center of the urban landscape, the figure of Pitt exposed the implicated nature of neoclassical sculpture and transatlantic slavery.

Joel Oger, Joshua D Green, Bryan J Traynor et al.

Objectives To approximate the rate of familial myasthenia gravis and the coexistence of other autoimmune disorders in the patients and their families.Design Retrospective cohort study.Setting Clinics across North America.Participants The study included 1032 patients diagnosed with acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR)-positive myasthenia gravis.Methods Phenotype information of 1032 patients diagnosed with AChR-positive myasthenia gravis was obtained from clinics at 14 centres across North America between January 2010 and January 2011. A critical review of the epidemiological literature on the familial rate of myasthenia gravis was also performed.Results Among 1032 patients, 58 (5.6%) reported a family history of myasthenia gravis. A history of autoimmune diseases was present in 26.6% of patients and in 28.4% of their family members.Discussion The familial rate of myasthenia gravis was higher than would be expected for a sporadic disease. Furthermore, a high proportion of patients had a personal or family history of autoimmune disease. Taken together, these findings suggest a genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis.

Antonio Chamorro Cristóbal

Giuliano Santangeli Valenzani

The tourist image of the South has experienced a profound transformation in the last decades. From a romantic, exotic and anti-modern destination linked with the Lost Cause narrative, the former Confederacy shifted its image towards a more complex and almost chaotic mixture of different images and themes. Analyzing advertisements and documents produced by tourism bureaus in four southern states, the author argues how the main and decisive phase of this transition took place in the years between the mid-1970s and early 1980s both as a reaction to internal developments in the tourism industry and to profound changes in American culture.

Maria Cristina Cortez Wissenbach, Juliana Paiva Magalhães, Lia Dias Laranjeira

Uma possível perspectiva analítica para o devir dos estudos africanos no Brasil é pensá-los a partir de suas inflexões, uma vez que o desenvolvimento do campo parece ter dado saltos qualitativos nos últimos anos. Nessa direção, a configuração e a própria concepção do dossiê Moçambique em perspectiva: histórias conectadas, interdisciplinaridade e novos sujeitos históricos, desde o diálogo estabelecido entre as organizadoras até a publicação dos artigos, estão relacionadas à trajetória de implantação e consolidação da área cujos marcos políticos, legais e institucionais são retomados no escopo desta apresentação.

Edward Swenson, Jorge Chiguala

The construction of dwellings of varied quality and permanence in close association with specialized ceremonial spaces at both large huaca centers and expansive hillside settlements in the Jequetepeque Valley points to alternate and diverse conceptions of sacred and everyday space in the Moche world. In particular, residential constructions varied according to their degree of permanence and the temporality of domestic occupation. The Jequetepeque data demonstrate that archaeologists must consider the cultural embeddedness of residential practices as well as indigenous conceptions of domestic space. In the end, the domestic realm exhibited formidable diversity among the Moche (and in Andean prehistory in general), both in regards to its cultural construction and in relationship to the social and religious status of its inhabitants.

Shelley Miller

I create murals that look like azulejos, depicting caravels and many decorative features seen in traditional azulejos, but my murals are made entirely of sugar. I make the sugar tiles and hand paint them with edible inks. I am interested in the azulejo, specifically with imagery of ships, as a symbol of colonial power and of national pride (the Nation of Portugal), but only for the means to subvert this pride. I developed this work in Brazil, addressing the country’s history of colonization and the slave trade that supported Portugal’s sugar empire. I continue to use the blue tile reference, even outside the context of Brazil, because I want to reference the general construct of colonization and slavery, showing how oppression has found new forms. I install my ephemeral murals on city walls, where they wash away, fade, crumble and decay, animating a more realistic version of history.

Everton Vieira Barbosa

Observando o contexto argentino durante o governo ditatorial de Juan Manuel Rosas (1793-1877), buscaremos primeiramente compreender as motivações que levaram alguns opositores políticos a fugirem para outros países. Dentre estes fugitivos, daremos destaque à figura de Joanna Paula Manso de Noronha (1819-1875) e seu exílio no Brasil. Ao escrever o romance histórico argentino Mistérios do Prata (1846) e fundar O Jornal das Senhoras (1852-1855), Manso não só divulgou as suas leitoras o contexto argentino, mas também publicou seu ponto de vista sobre o papel da mulher na sociedade carioca, permitindo, em um segundo momento, identificarmos a circularidade e a importância de seus ideais e ideias através da imprensa em meados do Oitocentos.

Pierre Gladieux, Bradford Condon, Sebastien Ravel et al.

ABSTRACT Delineating species and epidemic lineages in fungal plant pathogens is critical to our understanding of disease emergence and the structure of fungal biodiversity and also informs international regulatory decisions. Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae) is a multihost pathogen that infects multiple grasses and cereals, is responsible for the most damaging rice disease (rice blast), and is of growing concern due to the recent introduction of wheat blast to Bangladesh from South America. However, the genetic structure and evolutionary history of M. oryzae, including the possible existence of cryptic phylogenetic species, remain poorly defined. Here, we use whole-genome sequence information for 76 M. oryzae isolates sampled from 12 grass and cereal genera to infer the population structure of M. oryzae and to reassess the species status of wheat-infecting populations of the fungus. Species recognition based on genealogical concordance, using published data or extracting previously used loci from genome assemblies, failed to confirm a prior assignment of wheat blast isolates to a new species (Pyricularia graminis-tritici). Inference of population subdivisions revealed multiple divergent lineages within M. oryzae, each preferentially associated with one host genus, suggesting incipient speciation following host shift or host range expansion. Analyses of gene flow, taking into account the possibility of incomplete lineage sorting, revealed that genetic exchanges have contributed to the makeup of multiple lineages within M. oryzae. These findings provide greater understanding of the ecoevolutionary factors that underlie the diversification of M. oryzae and highlight the practicality of genomic data for epidemiological surveillance in this important multihost pathogen. IMPORTANCE Infection of novel hosts is a major route for disease emergence by pathogenic microorganisms. Understanding the evolutionary history of multihost pathogens is therefore important to better predict the likely spread and emergence of new diseases. Magnaporthe oryzae is a multihost fungus that causes serious cereal diseases, including the devastating rice blast disease and wheat blast, a cause of growing concern due to its recent spread from South America to Asia. Using whole-genome analysis of 76 fungal strains from different hosts, we have documented the divergence of M. oryzae into numerous lineages, each infecting a limited number of host species. Our analyses provide evidence that interlineage gene flow has contributed to the genetic makeup of multiple M. oryzae lineages within the same species. Plant health surveillance is therefore warranted to safeguard against disease emergence in regions where multiple lineages of the fungus are in contact with one another.

K. Burke, T. Dessauvagie, A. Whiteman

R. Niebuhr

F. Schena

A. Dirlik

J. Williamson

R. Baker

Roger Echo-Hawk