Olga Czeranowska, Izabela Grabowska, Iga Wermińska-Wiśnicka
Since the 2004 European Union enlargement, the United Kingdom has seen a significant influx of Polish migrants, many of whom initially found employment in low-skilled roles due to their immediate availability and low entry barriers. This study explores the career changes of young adult Polish migrants in the UK over the past two decades. Using data from British public statistics – the Annual Population Survey (APS) and in-depth interviews – we comprehensively analyse their labour market positionalities in the UK. Our findings reveal a shift from initial deskilling and confinement to the secondary labour market to diverse, upwardly mobile career changes. This study emphasises the critical role of practical skills, work ethics, experience, and social networks in migrants’ professional development. This research contributes to the broader discourse on post-EU enlargement of Central and Eastern European migration, providing a nuanced understanding of young adult Polish migrants’ labour market experiences in the UK.
Today one of the most strategically important directions of improvement of the activity of educational institutions becomes the implementing of technology of mentoring in the educational system. The need for mentoring is due to the fact that rapid changes in the education system, transformation of organizational processes require that all participants of educational relations flexible and instant reaction. Mentoring allows to connect professional development, resistance to change, the formation of new competencies, as well as mutual social exchange in an integrated approach to each participant of the educational process. Despite discussions of scholars and practitioners concerning mentoring problems, there is no single methodological approach to the organization of mentoring system in an educational institution of higher education as a unit of innovative educational system. The article analyzes the history of development, principles and types of mentoring, reveals the content of mentoring system; presents the results of the author’s research and suggests a mechanism for organizing a mentoring system in an educational institution of higher education. As a tool for the development of the mentoring system at the university, it is proposed to create a community – a club for the development of meta-skills within the educational institution.
Educators have long been aware of the role that schools, and specific school subjects, play in nation-building, including the ways in which national consciousness is perceived to be shaped within the classroom. This makes the historical narratives that future history teachers mobilise of particular interest to researchers. This paper draws on research from the Remembering Australia’s Past (RAP) project conducted with pre-service History teachers from the University of Newcastle, who studied history at school during the period of the ‘history wars’ (Clark, 2008). Drawing on a methodology developed by Létourneau (2006), 97 pre-service History teachers (consisting of 27 males and 70 females, the overwhelming majority of whom identified as either or both European and Anglo-Celtic) were asked to “Tell us the history of Australia in your own words.” The participants were given 45 minutes to write their personal account of the nation’s past. The analysis of the stories of the nation collected from the pre-service teachers, reveal that they have largely adopted popular discourses circulating in contemporary Australian society, demonstrating that our pre-service History teachers are successful consumers of public history in general, and the dominant discourses of Australia’s past in particular; and that given the opportunity, it is these dominant discourses that they readily mobilise. This underscores the importance of engaging public history directly in the classroom, in order to assist pre-service history teachers to deconstruct the narratives ‘truths’ they have inherited and taken for granted.
Emily R. Perkins, Keanan J. Joyner, J. Foell
et al.
This study explored the generality versus specificity of two trait-liability factors for externalizing problems-disinhibition and callousness-in the concurrent and prospective prediction of symptoms of conduct disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and substance use (i.e., alcohol use disorder and history of illicit substance use). Disinhibition involves an impulsive, unrestrained cognitive-behavioral style; callousness entails a dispositional lack of social-emotional sensitivity. Participants were European adolescents from the multisite IMAGEN project who completed questionnaires and clinical interviews at ages 14 (N = 1,504, Mage = 14.41, 51.13% female) and 16 (N = 1,407, Mage = 16.46, 51.88% female). Disinhibition was related concurrently and prospectively to greater symptoms of conduct disorder, ADHD, and alcohol use disorder; higher scores on a general externalizing factor; and greater likelihood of having tried an illicit substance. Callousness was selectively related to greater conduct disorder symptoms. These findings indicate disinhibition confers broad liability for externalizing spectrum disorders, perhaps due to its affiliated deficits in executive function. In contrast, callousness appears to represent more specific liability for antagonistic (aggressive/exploitative) forms of externalizing, as exemplified by antisocial behavior. Results support the utility of developmental-ontogenetic and hierarchical-dimensional models of psychopathology and have important implications for early assessment of risk for externalizing problems. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 are important drug-metabolizing enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of around 30% of all medications. Importantly, the corresponding genes are highly polymorphic and these genetic differences contribute to interindividual and interethnic differences in drug pharmacokinetics, response, and toxicity. In this study we systematically analyzed the frequency distribution of clinically relevant CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 alleles across Europe based on data from 82,791 healthy individuals extracted from 79 original publications and, for the first time, provide allele confidence intervals for the general population. We found that frequencies of CYP2D6 gene duplications showed a clear South-East to North-West gradient ranging from <1% in Sweden and Denmark to 6% in Greece and Turkey. In contrast, an inverse distribution was observed for the loss-of-function alleles CYP2D6*4 and CYP2D6*5. Similarly, frequencies of the inactive CYP2C19*2 allele were graded from North-West to South-East Europe. In important contrast to previous work we found that the increased activity allele CYP2C19*17 was most prevalent in Central Europe (25–33%) with lower prevalence in Mediterranean-South Europeans (11–24%). In summary, we provide a detailed European map of common CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 variants and find that frequencies of the most clinically relevant alleles are geographically graded reflective of Europe’s migratory history. These findings emphasize the importance of generating pharmacogenomic data sets with high spatial resolution to improve precision public health across Europe.
Aims: We investigated the optimal cut-off points of nonfasting and fasting triglycerides in Japanese individuals with lower average triglyceride levels than westerners. Methods: Residents aged 40–69 years without a history of ischemic heart disease or stroke were enrolled between 1980 and 1994 and followed. Serum triglyceride concentrations were measured from 10851 nonfasting (＜8 h after meal) and 4057 fasting (≥ 8 h) samples. As a prerequisite, we confirmed the shape of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, the area under ROC curves (AUC), and the integrated time-dependent AUC. We identified optimal cut-off points for incident ischemic heart disease based on C-statistic, Youden index, and Harrell’s concordance statistic. We used dichotomized concentrations of triglycerides via the univariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression models. We also calculated multivariable hazard ratios and population attributable fractions to evaluate the optimal cut-off points. Results: Nonfasting and fasting optimal cut-off points were 145 mg/dL and 110 mg/dL, with C-statistic of 0.594 and 0.626, Youden index of 0.187 and 0.252, and Harrell’s concordance statistic of 0.590 and 0.630, respectively. The corresponding multivariable hazard ratios of ischemic heart disease were 1.43 (95%CI 1.09–1.88) and 1.69 (1.03–2.77), and the corresponding population attributable fractions were 16.1% (95%CI 3.3–27.2%) and 24.6 (−0.3–43.3). Conclusion: The optimal cut-off points of nonfasting and fasting triglycerides in the Japanese general population were 145 mg/dL and 110 mg/dL, respectively, lower than the current cut-off points recommended in the US and Europe.
The article is devoted to the early phase of the career of Martin Eric Nasmith (1883–1965) and is an attempt to summarise his achievements during three underwater patrols in the Dardanelles and the Sea of Marmara in 1915. Those missions brought him the appellation of the most effective British submariner of WW1. In Anglophone historiography, all the books and articles related to this subject constitute a one-sided narrative based solely on British sources. Thus, the author has made the first attempt in western historiography to compare the British and Turkish points of view. Although a few such efforts have been made in Tur- key, their results are not widely known to western historians, and in some cases, they raise objections. The decision to take up this challenge came from an awareness that Nasmith’s view of the situation at the moment when he was personally observing the effects of his attacks could not be complete and entirely objective. He could not have known that some of the vessels he had sunk in shallow coastal waters were salvaged by the Turks and restored to service. The article gives detailed coverage of the attacks conducted by Nasmith on Ottoman warships, steam-powered merchant ships and land targets, during all three patrols of the “E11” submarine. As a result of his research, the author was able to draw attention to the fact that the results of “E11”’s second patrol were incomparably more favourable than those of the first one (for which Nasmith was awarded the Victoria Cross), both in terms of losses inflicted on the Ottoman Navy and on the transport fleet. In the case of the latter, the total tonnage of definitively sunken steam-powered vessels was more than 470 percent higher. While Nasmith claimed that he had sunk at least 122 Ottoman vessels during all three patrols, Turkish sources indicate that the total number of warships and steam-powered transport ships definitively destroyed by him did not exceed fifteen.
Naval Science, History (General) and history of Europe
Mikael A. Manninen, Vitali Asheichyk, T. Jonuks
et al.
Slotted bone tools are an iconic example of composite tool technology in which change in one of the components does not require changing the design of the other parts. Commonly, slotted bone tools are seen through the lens of lithic technology, highlighting organizational aspects related to serial production of insets, reliability and maintainability. In this framework, slotted bone tool technology is associated with risk aversion in demanding environmental settings. Here, we provide the first overview of radiocarbon-dated slotted bone tools in northernmost Europe and the East European Plain, including 17 new direct dates on pitch glue, and show that the Late Pleistocene to Middle Holocene period of inset slotted bone tool use in this area shows marked variation and idiosyncrasy in associated lithic technology against a trend of continuously warming climate. We suggest that historical specificity and path-dependence, rather than convergent evolution, best explain the variability seen in slotted bone tool technology in the studied case, and that slotted bone tools in general formed an organizationally flexible, adaptable and hence likely adaptive technological solution that met a wide variety of cultural and technological demands.
Since their decline in the nineteenth century, the early modern Inquisitions have attracted a myriad of scholars. Although it is impossible to reduce this vast production of writings to a single explanation, some broad factorsmight have contributed to the sustained scholarship on this subject. First, the unusual longevity of the tribunals together with an obsessive early modern culture of record keeping has provided enough material to write comprehensive books on the Spanish, Portuguese and Italian tribunals, onemajor attempt at a global history of the Inquisition, as well as countless scholarly articles on individual courts both in Europe and the Iberian overseas empires. Second, in a period characterized by a wide disagreement about the interpretation of scripture, tradition, faith, grace, and salvation, andby an increased violence across confessional frontiers, thepersecutionandprosecution of individuals by the Inquisition has time and again provided an intellectual framework – even if implicitly and unintendedly – for understanding the Reformation, the Council of Trent, and, in general, ecclesiastical history in the early modern period. Third, the meticulous record of several thousands of inquisitorial trials has allowed historians to hear both the voices of legal prosecutors and the statements of anonymous witnesses and defendants – even if the latter were possibly tainted under the threat or practice of torture. Fourth, the continuous effort to survey and punish dissent by publishing extensive lists of forbidden works, expurgating books, and prosecuting authors, booksellers, and individual readers has been a fruitful field of research in itself. Finally, even early modern
The understanding of heart rate variability (HRV) has increased parallel with the development of modern physiology. Discovered probably first in 1847 by Ludwig, clinical applications evolved in the second part of the twentieth century. Today HRV is mostly used in cardiology and research settings. In general, HRV can be measured over shorter (e.g., 5–10 min) or longer (12 or 24 h) periods. Since 1996, most measurements and calculations are made according to the standard of the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. As the first step, the series of times between successive R-peaks in the ECG are in milliseconds. It is crucial, however, to identify and remove extrasystoles and artifacts according to standard protocols. The series of QRS distances between successive heartbeats can be analyzed with simple or more sophisticated algorithms, beginning with standard deviation (SDNN) or by the square root of the mean of the sum of squares of differences between adjacent normal RR (rMSSD). Short-term HRV is frequently analyzed with the help of a non-parametric fast Fourier transformation quantifying the different frequency bands during the measurement period. In the last decades, various non-linear algorithms have been presented, such as different entropy and fractal measures or wavelet analysis. Although most of them have a strong theoretical foundation, their clinical relevance is still debated.
Pieter Judson gives us something we have desperately needed: a new history of the Habsburg Empire. At least in the English-speaking world, general knowledge of the Habsburg Empire has been reliant on older studies, studies which have adhered to a few narrative tropes of Habsburg despotism, economic backwardness, national renaissance, and the idea that the monarchy was a prison of the peoples from which the peoples were able to eventually break free. One of the few histories of the Habsburg Empire that is still in print is A. J. P. Taylor’s 1948 volume which viewed the monarchy as a medieval holdover, a monstrosity unfit to survive in the modern era.1 C. A. Macartney began his magnum opus, published in the late 1960s, with the death of Joseph II. At that point, the Habsburg Empire entered a long, steady decline that culminated in the suicide committed in the First World War.2 Other volumes followed, offering a deeper experience for tourists, for people who want to learn a little more about the names that grace the statutes from Vienna to Trieste. But they also have convinced generations of students and scholars that the Habsburg Empire was always behind the times and generally not worth studying. This has been the case even as Europe underwent a massive integration project which now has brought almost all the former territories of the empire under one European roof. For years, then, the general histories of the monarchy have been dominated by these old stories, written either directly after the fall of the monarchy or, more likely, during the Cold War. The Iron Curtain cut off the former lands of the Habsburg Empire from each other, but the cold war histories lumped the Habsburg Empire into the prehistory of the East and therefore used the monarchy to explain how the East became backward and undemocratic. We know now that the discourses which split Europe between a progressive west and a backward east have themselves a long history, one that stretches into the mind of the Enlightenment.3 But there has been no general history of the monarchy that faces up to the old narratives of doom and gloom, long decline, or as Gary Cohen pithily labelled it, ‘Absolutism and Anarchy’.4 Judson has recently laid down the editorship of the Austrian History Yearbook after ten years at the helm. The result of his service to the academic community is a volume that deftly synthesizes new work and research on the monarchy and is able then to offer a fundamentally new and revised interpretation of Habsburg history. Judson’s book aims to disrupt and destroy those narratives of absolutism and anarchy that have characterized the Habsburg Empire for so long, while also offering a work of historical reorientation that actually integrates this great land empire more into a wider history of Europe. This book is therefore not a textbook and not a general history — though it can be read that way. Judson’s ‘new history’ defies genres as it deftly moves between narrative and analytical sections