Hasil untuk "General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution"

G. Pecl, M. Araújo, J. Bell et al.

B. Wallace, A. Dimatteo, Brendan J. Hurley et al.

Background Resolving threats to widely distributed marine megafauna requires definition of the geographic distributions of both the threats as well as the population unit(s) of interest. In turn, because individual threats can operate on varying spatial scales, their impacts can affect different segments of a population of the same species. Therefore, integration of multiple tools and techniques — including site-based monitoring, genetic analyses, mark-recapture studies and telemetry — can facilitate robust definitions of population segments at multiple biological and spatial scales to address different management and research challenges. Methodology/Principal Findings To address these issues for marine turtles, we collated all available studies on marine turtle biogeography, including nesting sites, population abundances and trends, population genetics, and satellite telemetry. We georeferenced this information to generate separate layers for nesting sites, genetic stocks, and core distributions of population segments of all marine turtle species. We then spatially integrated this information from fine- to coarse-spatial scales to develop nested envelope models, or Regional Management Units (RMUs), for marine turtles globally. Conclusions/Significance The RMU framework is a solution to the challenge of how to organize marine turtles into units of protection above the level of nesting populations, but below the level of species, within regional entities that might be on independent evolutionary trajectories. Among many potential applications, RMUs provide a framework for identifying data gaps, assessing high diversity areas for multiple species and genetic stocks, and evaluating conservation status of marine turtles. Furthermore, RMUs allow for identification of geographic barriers to gene flow, and can provide valuable guidance to marine spatial planning initiatives that integrate spatial distributions of protected species and human activities. In addition, the RMU framework — including maps and supporting metadata — will be an iterative, user-driven tool made publicly available in an online application for comments, improvements, download and analysis.

R. Anderson, Israel Gonzalez

J. Woinarski, A. Burbidge, P. Harrison

Paula E. Horn, Rafael M. Rabelo

Abstract The Amazon is renowned for its exceptional biodiversity, which faces significant threats from deforestation. Effective biological monitoring is essential for conservation strategies, but remains challenging in Amazonian remote areas. This study explores the contributions of local ecological knowledge (LEK) to understanding habitat occupancy in the Central Amazon, comparing line‐transect surveys with structured interviews with local people. Sampling targeted 13 fluvial islands and five continuous forest sites, focusing on 10 taxa, including birds, mammals, and reptiles. Interviews provided higher detection (p = 0.73) and occupancy (ψ = 0.70) probabilities compared to line‐transect (p = 0.42, ψ = 0.52). The positive correlation between interviews and line‐transect occupancy estimates (0.69; p <.03) suggests the potential to complement traditional surveys with LEK‐based methods. The interviews provided insights into iconic species occupancy, including brown‐throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus) and jaguar (Panthera onca). The jaguar, brown‐throated sloth and red howler monkey (Alouatta juara) demonstrated the highest occupancy probabilities in line‐transects. Similarly, these species also showed the highest detection probabilities in interviews, while the red howler monkey exhibited the highest in line‐transects. We highlight the potential for complementing traditional surveys with LEK‐based approaches to attempt more comprehensive, rapid and cost‐effective biodiversity monitoring, while promoting collaboration with local communities, crucial for conservation efforts in the Amazon and similar remote ecosystems globally.

Jasmine Ferrario, Clara B. Giachetti, Katherine A. Dafforn et al.

Rie Usui, Takahiro Kubo, Thomas E. Jones et al.

Wildlife tourism offers potential for conserving wildlife, yet research is geographically concentrated in specific regions and undertaken in English. Adding insights from under-reporting countries can inform global conservation efforts. The aim of this review is to critically examine wildlife tourism literature to discuss the current status and future directions of Japanese wildlife tourism research. We systematically searched for peer-reviewed academic articles written in Japanese and English using the following databases: CiNii for Japanese articles and Web of Sciences, EBSCOHost and SCOPUS for English articles. Twenty-eight relevant articles were identified but the term ‘wildlife tourism’ was rarely used in Japanese literature, indicating that this is a relatively novel concept in Japan. The articles were categorised into six of the seven research themes identified from existing textbooks on wildlife tourism: (1) ecological impacts and sustainability (eight studies); (2) wildlife tourists (seven studies); (3) community engagement in wildlife tourism (one study); (4) wildlife tourism management and policy (five studies); (5) learning and interpretation (one study); and (6) economic impacts (six studies). Wildlife tourism research is at an early stage in Japan and will require more multidisciplinary approaches in future by including biodiversity and animal ethics issues, wildlife interpretation quality, understanding tourist expectations and awareness of Japan’s nature tourism offerings. This review broadens wildlife tourism scholarship to include under-explored non-Western context. It highlighted the importance of integrating both ecological and cultural considerations for wildlife tourism research.

Saqib Masood Salaria, Swati Gupta

The Joro Spider (Trichonephila clavata), native to East Asia, was recorded for the first time in Jammu and Kashmir, India, marking its northernmost shifting in the region. The study aimed to document the presence, behavior, and habitat adaptation of the species in a colder temperature environment. The spiders were observed in Goha Tehsil, Doda district, at an elevation of 1556.74 meters, where they constructed large, complex webs on a road bridge and nearby vegetation. Female spiders, characterized by brightly colored abdomens (black, green, yellow, and red) and long legs with yellow and black bandings, were predominantly seen, while males were smaller and fewer in number. The spiders exhibited unique behaviors, such as remaining motionless after disturbances, and were found within 5-10 meters of roads, suggesting adaptation to human settlements. Field observations, supported by image documentation and expert confirmation, confirmed the species identity. Notably, this sighting indicates the Joro spider's ability to thrive in colder conditions, as the area experiences temperatures of 15-20 degrees Celsius during October-November. However, no spider was found at higher elevations with significantly lower temperatures, suggesting their adaptation is limited to milder cold regions. This study provides new insight into the species range expansion and adaptation, highlighting the need for further research on their ecological impact and management in non-native habitats.

Hsuan-Ju Hung, Wei-Cheng Lo, Ching-Nuo Chen et al.

Rodolfo Cabrera-Hernández, Gunther Köhler, César Tejeda-Cruz et al.

Shannon P. Finnegan, William Dunker, Nathan J. Svoboda et al.

Abstract Telemetry studies allow scientists to track animal movements and study species ecology without direct visual observation. Fitting telemetry devices requires physical or chemical capture and restraint of animals. Ground darting is a commonly used technique to capture cervids but locating animals to dart and finding individuals post induction remains a challenge. Here we present an application of using thermal imaging drones to help locate, ground dart, and monitor target animals to ensure safe immobilization. We immobilized 10 free‐ranging Sitka black‐tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis), 8 of which were captured with the assistance of the thermal drone. The utilization of drones in wildlife ground darting operations can increase safety and efficiency, and reduce risk to researchers and study subjects.

Felipe Pessoa da Silva, Paulo de Marco Júnior

Alberto Acerbi, John Burns, Unal Cabuk et al.

The role of nature documentaries in shaping public attitudes and behavior toward conservation and wildlife issues is unclear. We analyzed the emotional content of over 2 million tweets related to Our Planet, a major nature documentary released on Netflix, with dictionary and rule‐based automatic sentiment analysis. We also compared the sentiment associated with species mentioned in Our Planet and a set of control species with similar features but not mentioned in the documentary. Tweets were largely negative in sentiment at the time of release of the series. This effect was primarily linked to the highly skewed distributions of retweets and, in particular, to a single negatively valenced and massively retweeted tweet (>150,000 retweets). Species mentioned in Our Planet were associated with more negative sentiment than the control species, and this effect coincided with a short period following the airing of the series. Our results are consistent with a general negativity bias in cultural transmission and document the difficulty of evoking positive sentiment, on social media and elsewhere, in response to environmental problems.

D. Keith, S. M. M. Ghoraba, Eric Kaly et al.

Protected and conserved areas (PCAs) are key ecosystem management tools for conserving biodiversity and sustaining ecosystem services and social cobenefits. As countries adopt a 30% target for protection of land and sea under the Global Biodiversity Framework of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, a critical question emerging is, which 30%? A risk‐based answer to this question is that the 30% that returns the greatest reductions in risks of species extinction and ecosystem collapse should be protected. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List protocols provide practical methods for assessing these risks. All species, including humans, depend on the integrity of ecosystems for their well‐being and survival. Africa is strategically important for ecosystem management due to convergence of high ecosystem diversity, intense pressures, and high levels of human dependency on nature. We reviewed the outcomes (e.g., applications of ecosystem red‐list assessments to protected‐area design, conservation planning, and management) of a symposium at the inaugural African Protected Areas Congress convened to discuss roles of the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems in the design and management of PCAs. Recent progress was made in ecosystem assessment, with 920 ecosystem types assessed against the IUCN Red List criteria across 21 countries. Although these ecosystems spanned a diversity of environments across the continent, the greatest thematic gaps were for freshwater, marine, and subterranean realms, and large geographic gaps existed in North Africa and parts of West and East Africa. Assessment projects were implemented by a diverse community of government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and researchers. The assessments have influenced policy and management by informing extensions to and management of formal protected area networks supporting decision‐making for sustainable development, and informing ecosystem conservation and threat abatement within boundaries of PCAs and in surrounding landscapes and seascapes. We recommend further integration of risk assessments in environmental policy and enhanced investment in ecosystem red‐list assessment to fill current gaps.

Corina Guendulain, Pablo Tamiozzo, Marina Caffaratti et al.

La hepatozoonosis canina es una enfermedad parasitaria adquirida por la ingestión de garrapatas infectadas con protozoarios del género Hepatozoon (H); H. canis y H. americanum son las dos especies que pueden infectar al perro, siendo la primera, la única reportada en nuestro país hasta el momento. La signología clínica y los aspectos hematológicos en esta infección dependen de la especie implicada y de factores tales como el estado inmunitario del animal y de la carga parasitaria. El objetivo del estudio fue confirmar la presencia y determinar la especie de Hepatozoon mediante PCR en sangre de perros diagnosticados a través de la visualización microscópica de gamontes de Hepatozoon spp. y describir la presentación clínica y los resultados hematológicos. Se realizó la técnica de PCR a 64 muestras de sangre de perros atendidos en el Hospital Escuela de la FAV en las que se habían detectado gamontes de Hepatozoon spp. en neutrófilos y monocitos a la observación microscópica del frotis. El 96,9% de las muestras de sangre resultó positiva a la presencia de Hepatozoon y la especie encontrada en todos los casos fue H. canis. Los signos clínicos y los resultados hematológicos característicos fueron aumento de temperatura, mucosas pálidas, adenomegalia, secreción ocular, anemia normocítica normocrómica y valores de leucocitos dentro del rango de referencia. La importancia de este estudio radica en que no se ha comunicado en nuestra provincia la especie causante de la hepatozoonosis canina.

William V. DeLuca, Nathaniel E. Seavy, Joanna Grand et al.

Abstract The conservation of migratory birds poses a fundamental challenge, their conservation requires coordinated action across the hemisphere, but those actions must be designed and implemented locally. To address this challenge, we describe a multilevel framework for linking broad‐scale, full annual cycle prioritizations to local conservation actions for migratory birds. We developed hemisphere‐scale spatial prioritizations for the full annual cycle of migratory birds that breed in six different ecosystems in North America. The full annual cycle prioritizations provide a hemispheric context within which regional priorities can be identified. Finer resolution, regional prioritizations can then inform local conservation actions more effectively. We describe the importance of local conservation practitioner contributions at each level of the process and provide two examples of regional spatial prioritizations that were developed to guide local action. The first example focused on coastal North and South Carolina, USA, and used information on marsh birds, shorebirds, ecological integrity, and co‐benefits for people to identify Cape Romain, South Carolina as a high‐priority site for conservation action. The second example in Colombia used information on migrant and resident birds to identify the Cauca Valley as a high‐priority site. The multilevel conceptual framework we describe is one pathway for identifying sites for implementation of local conservation actions that are guided by conservation priorities for migratory birds across their full annual cycle.

A. Abuladze

Since 1973, the author has been conducting a complex study of birds in Georgia. Particular attention was paid to identifying threats and limiting factors, determining the extent and causes of death of all raptors, including eagles. All known cases were registered and, if possible, the causes were determined. In addition to the materials collected by the author together with assistants, for the collecting of statistical data regarding raptor mortality (including eagles), in 1978–1985 and in 1990–1991 special questionnaires were prepared and distributed to all regions, autonomous republics and districts of Georgia, to regional inspectors of regional branches of the former State Nature Conservation Committee, employees of the former Department of Nature Reserves and Hunting Industry of Georgia, stuff of the former Georgian Society of hunters, regional branches of hunters and falconers societies, zoologists and conservationists working in nature reserves, universities, nature history museums, as well as to local amateur naturalists, birdwatchers and school teachers. More than 8700 copies of questionnaires were distributed. Appeals to participate in the counting along with instructions were published in local newspapers and distributed via mass-media (radio, TV). As a result, about 520 responses were received, including detailed information on number of raptors killed by poachers, electrocuted on power lines, trapped by falconers, poisoned by chemicals, etc., altogether giving data on more than 160 death cases of nine eagle species. That was a great help for better understanding of threats and limiting factors. The total number of adult eagles’ deaths recorded in Georgia in 1973–2022 was 441: 118 in 1973–1980, 171 in 1981–1990, 69 in 1991–2000, 56 in 2001–2011, and 27 in 2012–2022. At least 362 of recorded mortality cases, or approximately 82% of all, occurred during the autumn migration, which coincides with the hunting season in Georgia, while 27 cases (6.12%) were recorded during spring passages, 28 (6.35%) cases – during wintering, and 24 (5.44%) cases – during breeding seasons. The main cause of death for adult eagles recorded in Georgia during study has been shooting – 296 cases for 9 eagle species, which is more than 67% of the total number of registered cases. Other recorded causes of mortality were the following: death on electricity cables due to electric shock (17 cases for 4 species), trapping and killing (5 cases for 2 species), death in traps with meat baits (5 cases for 2 species), death due of poisoning at poisoned meat baits (4 cases for 2 species), collisions with technical constructions (4 cases for 2 species), death on garbage damps due of poisoning (2 cases for 1 species), victims of prey (1 cases for 1 species), collisions with vehicles (1 cases for 1 species), unidentified reasons (106 cases for 7 species). There is no doubt that the shooting was the cause of the eagles’ deaths in those cases when it was not possible to accurately determine its cause. More detailed summarized data on distribution of registered mortality cases of adult eagles by seasons of years as well as by regions of Georgia are presented, analyzed, and discussed. Human persecution, especially illegal shooting, should be considered as a basic threat to raptors in Georgia, including all eagle species. The highest level of illegal eagle shooting in Georgia was recorded at Black Sea coastlands, in western part of Kolkheti Lowland, in river valleys, in suburbs of large cities, and in some other areas. If we compare the scale and causes of the eagle mortality in Georgia in different decades, then in general it should be noted that in recent years there has been a slight decrease in the number of shootings. Nevertheless, despite the legislative protection of all species of birds of prey in Georgia, shooting is still the main threat.There are no recent data on raptor protection status from some regions of Georgia annexed by Russia – Abkhazia (from 1993) and South Ossetia (from 2008). According to the available information from these regions, the situation there is alarming. To improve the situation with the protection of eagles in Georgia, as well as for all other raptor species, it is necessary to conduct extensive educational programs among all segments of the population, primarily among hunters.

Ismael Pedro, Remigio Nhamussua, Amina Abudo

A altitude é um fator que influência na distribuição e diversidade dos insetos, providenciando dois tipos de padrões de distribuição i) declínio da riqueza e abundância com aumento da altitude; ii) maior riqueza e abundância nas altitudes baixas e intermediárias. Em Moçambique há poucos estudos sobre os efeitos da altitude na distribuição e diversidade de insetos em florestas de miombo. O objetivo da pesquisa foi de avaliar a influência da altitude na distribuição e diversidade de insetos na floresta de miombo do Monte Unango. Para coleta de dados instalou-se transectos em 4 altitudes: 1058, 1108, 1158 e 1208 m respectivamente. As espécies foram capturadas através da combinação de três métodos: armadilhas de interceptação e queda, armadilha luminosa e rede entomológica. A frequência de ocorrência das espécies foi usada para determinar a distribuição dos insetos. Os índices de Margalef (D), Shannon-Wiener (H′), Simpson (S′) e Pielou (J′) foram usados para determinar a diversidade de insetos e o coeficiente de Jaccard (J) foi usado para determinar a similaridade entre as altitudes avaliadas. Usou-se a ANOVA para avaliar a influência da altitude na distribuição dos insetos. As espécies Gyna caffrarum, Messor capensis, Hydrophilus, Gonocephalum simplex, Plonisa plagiata, Eurychora, Trigonopus, Linepithema humile, Polyrhachis gagates, Mutilla Astarte, Notiophygus e Streblognathus aethiopicus foram mais frequentes, representando 79,38% da abundância total. A altitude de 1108 m apresentou maior diversidade (D = 8,811; H' = 2,968; S' = 0,9056 e J' = 2,969) e a menor diversidade foi observada na altitude de 1208 m (D = 5,448; H’ = 2,823; S’ = 0,9075 e J’ =0,8301). Entre as altitudes, houve maior similaridade entre as altitudes de 1058 e 1208 m (J = 0,4310) e baixa entre as altitudes de 1158 e 1208 m (J = 0,3175). A ANOVA mostrou que a altitude não teve influência na distribuição, mas assim na diversidade dos insetos, pois verificou-se um aumento não linear da riqueza com o aumento da altitude.

C. Camacho, J. J. Negro, J. Elmberg et al.

Yinqiu Ji, C. C. Baker, V. Popescu et al.

Invertebrate-derived eDNA (iDNA) is an emerging tool for taxonomic and spatial biodiversity monitoring. Here, the authors use metabarcoding of leech-derived iDNA to estimate vertebrate occupancy over an entire protected area, the Ailaoshan Nature Reserve, China. Protected areas are key to meeting biodiversity conservation goals, but direct measures of effectiveness have proven difficult to obtain. We address this challenge by using environmental DNA from leech-ingested bloodmeals to estimate spatially-resolved vertebrate occupancies across the 677 km^2 Ailaoshan reserve in Yunnan, China. From 30,468 leeches collected by 163 park rangers across 172 patrol areas, we identify 86 vertebrate species, including amphibians, mammals, birds and squamates. Multi-species occupancy modelling shows that species richness increases with elevation and distance to reserve edge. Most large mammals (e.g. sambar, black bear, serow, tufted deer) follow this pattern; the exceptions are the three domestic mammal species (cows, sheep, goats) and muntjak deer, which are more common at lower elevations. Vertebrate occupancies are a direct measure of conservation outcomes that can help guide protected-area management and improve the contributions that protected areas make towards global biodiversity goals. Here, we show the feasibility of using invertebrate-derived DNA to estimate spatially-resolved vertebrate occupancies across entire protected areas.