Hasil untuk "Europe (General)"

Vlatko Smiljanić

Kroatologija se razvila kao zasebno interdisciplinarno akademsko područje, formalno priznato unutar hrvatskoga znanstvenog okvira 2009. godine. Ova studija ispituje povijesni razvoj kroatologije, s posebnim naglaskom na njezinu evoluciju pod utjecajem ključnih kulturnih, povijesnih i političkih čimbenika od 19. stoljeća nadalje. Kritički se analiziraju metodološki pristupi koji su središnji za kroatološka istraživanja, poput jezikoslovnih, književnih i kulturoloških studija, te se razmatra njihova integracija u suvremeni akademski diskurs. Nadalje, rad istražuje percepciju kroatologije u javnosti i njezinu distinkciju od srodnih područja, poput kroatistike, pri čemu se naglašavaju aktualne rasprave o njezinoj znanstvenoj i društvenoj relevantnosti. Institucionalni napredci, uključujući uspostavu preddiplomskih, diplomskih i doktorskih programa, znatno su pridonijeli akademskoj vjerodostojnosti kroatologije. Ipak, ostaju izazovi u učvršćivanju njezina identiteta i rješavanju pitanja profesionalnih prilika za njezine diplomante. Ovo istraživanje naglašava nužnost usavršavanja metodoloških okvira i poticanja interdisciplinarne suradnje kako bi se dodatno povećao utjecaj ovoga područja na razumijevanje hrvatskoga nacionalnog identiteta i kulture.

Samuel Koovely

We introduce a queueing-based sampling framework for continuous-time temporal networks. We focus on a Markovian parametrization in which link start times follow a homogeneous Poisson process and link durations are exponentially distributed. We derive stochastic properties of the resulting link streams and exploit them to generate synthetic temporal networks with controllable smoothness and prescribed event patterns, relevant for the validation and interpretation of methods for community, scale, change-point, and periodicity detection. By coupling this temporal mechanism with block-structured endpoint distributions, we obtain a continuous-time analogue of stochastic block models. We also discuss extensions of the framework, including discrete-time and instantaneous-contact limits.

Abdon de Paula, Judite Gonçalves de Freitas

In the last few decades, the European Union (EU) has developed a comprehensive approach to natural disaster management, with a particular focus on civil protection laws and international cooperation. The EU acknowledges the importance of proactive measures to minimize the impact of potential crises, namely in the context of climate change, in response of the increasing complexity and frequency of climate-induced disasters. This study analyses and discusses EU humanitarian legislation that aims to promote disaster resilience in member states. It starts with an overview of the EU’s legal framework, continuing with an analysis of the different types of secondary legislation in the Union, distinguishing their purposes and respective attributes, and then delves into the already established bases for preventing and mitigating the impacts of natural disasters and the frequency of such risks. Finally, a critical reflection is made on the strengths and limitations of the legal basis established by the EU.

Joanna Wojdon, Dorota Wiśniewska

This article is based on the content analysis of the Polish Facebook group Nauczyciele historii (“History Teachers”) which is administered by, and addressed to, practicing and prospective history teachers. The group’s over six thousand members engage and interact by writing, reading, reacting to, and commenting via as many as twenty plus posts daily. We examined the group’s on-line discussions for manifestations of the member-teachers’ epistemic considerations: their reasoning about the epistemic nature of history; their assumptions regarding the goals and meaning of history as a school subject; and their attitudes toward the narratives of difference, diversity, and multi-perspectivism. Our findings reveal that Polish history teachers’ epistemology is poorly conceptualized, rather naïve, and largely unaffected by the developments in historical and didactical theories of the last 50 years. Those teachers do not reflect on the epistemic nature of history. They approach history as a “science”, which they presume to be objective and unambiguous. They tend to see themselves as transmitters of knowledge about the past which their pupils should internalize, and as propagators of those “patriotic” values that - according to certain received, long-established discourses - strengthen national identity and social cohesion.

Linmi Tao, Ruiyang Liu, Donglai Tao et al.

Numerical difference computation is one of the cores and indispensable in the modern digital era. Tao general difference (TGD) is a novel theory and approach to difference computation for discrete sequences and arrays in multidimensional space. Built on the solid theoretical foundation of the general difference in a finite interval, the TGD operators demonstrate exceptional signal processing capabilities in real-world applications. A novel smoothness property of a sequence is defined on the first- and second TGD. This property is used to denoise one-dimensional signals, where the noise is the non-smooth points in the sequence. Meanwhile, the center of the gradient in a finite interval can be accurately location via TGD calculation. This solves a traditional challenge in computer vision, which is the precise localization of image edges with noise robustness. Furthermore, the power of TGD operators extends to spatio-temporal edge detection in three-dimensional arrays, enabling the identification of kinetic edges in video data. These diverse applications highlight the properties of TGD in discrete domain and the significant promise of TGD for the computation across signal processing, image analysis, and video analytic.

Zheng Zhu, Xiaofeng Wang, Wangbo Zhao et al.

General world models represent a crucial pathway toward achieving Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), serving as the cornerstone for various applications ranging from virtual environments to decision-making systems. Recently, the emergence of the Sora model has attained significant attention due to its remarkable simulation capabilities, which exhibits an incipient comprehension of physical laws. In this survey, we embark on a comprehensive exploration of the latest advancements in world models. Our analysis navigates through the forefront of generative methodologies in video generation, where world models stand as pivotal constructs facilitating the synthesis of highly realistic visual content. Additionally, we scrutinize the burgeoning field of autonomous-driving world models, meticulously delineating their indispensable role in reshaping transportation and urban mobility. Furthermore, we delve into the intricacies inherent in world models deployed within autonomous agents, shedding light on their profound significance in enabling intelligent interactions within dynamic environmental contexts. At last, we examine challenges and limitations of world models, and discuss their potential future directions. We hope this survey can serve as a foundational reference for the research community and inspire continued innovation. This survey will be regularly updated at: https://github.com/GigaAI-research/General-World-Models-Survey.

Marti Alonso, David Andreu, Ramon Canal et al.

Vitamin-V is a project funded under the Horizon Europe program for the period 2023-2025. The project aims to create a complete open-source software stack for RISC-V that can be used for cloud services. This software stack is intended to have the same level of performance as the x86 architecture, which is currently dominant in the cloud computing industry. In addition, the project aims to create a powerful virtual execution environment that can be used for software development, validation, verification, and testing. The virtual environment will consider the relevant RISC-V ISA extensions required for cloud deployment. Commercial cloud systems use hardware features currently unavailable in RISC-V virtual environments, including virtualization, cryptography, and vectorization. To address this, Vitamin-V will support these features in three virtual environments: QEMU, gem5, and cloud-FPGA prototype platforms. The project will focus on providing support for EPI-based RISC-V designs for both the main CPUs and cloud-important accelerators, such as memory compression. The project will add the compiler (LLVM-based) and toolchain support for the ISA extensions. Moreover, Vitamin-V will develop novel approaches for validating, verifying, and testing software trustworthiness. This paper focuses on the plans and visions that the Vitamin-V project has to support validation, verification, and testing for cloud applications, particularly emphasizing the hardware support that will be provided.

D. Anthony

Attila-Károly Szabó, János Bálint, Attila Molnár et al.

In the present study, field surveys were conducted to detect potential associational susceptibility of crop plants (potato, alfalfa and maize) caused by Canadian goldenrod, Solidago canadensis (L.), one of the most common invasive weeds in Central and Eastern Europe, via plant associated virus vectoring aphids. Assessments were made in two major agricultural land types: crops grown under high input vs. low-input (LIF) conditions, with and without fertilizers and pesticides. The two most frequent aphid species, found both on Canadian goldenrod and crop plants, were the leaf-curling plum aphid, Brachycaudus helichrysi Kaltenbach and the glasshouse-potato aphid, Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach). Plant viruses in both weed and crop plants were identified using high-throughput sequencing of small RNAs. Peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity was tested in weed and crop plants to connect aphids feeding processes in weeds and crops. In addition, conceptual modeling was used to detect direct relationships between viruses and other crops. The Canadian goldenrod density was only relevant in the LIF regime. Furthermore, its association with B. helichrysi and associational susceptibility was detected only in LIF. In total, 18 viruses comprising 17 plant and one insect virus were detected in Canadian goldenrod, of which 11 were also detected in potato and alfalfa crops. POD activity was high and correlated with high aphid density in both weed and crop plants, suggesting a direct associational susceptibility between these plants through aphid infestation and viral transmission.

Aviv Keren

Objects are a centerpiece of the mathematical realm and our interaction with and reasoning about it, just as they are of the physical one (if not more). And humans' mathematical reasoning must ultimately be grounded in our general intelligence. Yet in contemporary cognitive science and A.I., the physical and mathematical domains are customarily explored separately, which allows for baking in assumptions for what objects are for the system - and missing potential connections. In this paper, I put the issue into its philosophical and cognitive context. I then describe an abstract theoretical framework for learning object representations, that makes room for mathematical objects on par with non-mathematical ones. Finally, I describe a case study that builds on that view to show how our general ability for integrating different aspects of objects effects our conception of the natural numbers.

R. Ims, J. Henden, S. Killengreen

David C. Kang

Monika Trojanowska-Strzęboszewska

The aim of the article is to show the challenges in scholarly attempts to conceptualize the phenomenon of irregular immigration. Although this type of migration has been of interest to scholars for several decades, it still requires in-depth analysis to better explain and understand its causes, scope, and consequences. The article attempts to clarify the nature of irregular immigration, indicating both the general ways of defi ning this phenomenon and the process of shaping it in socio-political reality since the end of the 19th century. The analysis reveals the internal diversity, dynamism, and ambiguity of this type of migration, which developed in parallel with the control instruments implemented by the states, aimed at enforcing increasingly complex immigration regulations conditioning the entry, stay and work of immigrants. The presented theoretical refl ection on the complexity and the heterogeneity of irregular immigration is then confronted with the interpretation of this phenomenon in the EU immigration policy. Another important complement to these studies is to show the terminological challenges that have emerged in previous studies on irregular immigration. They are important both for the objectifi cation of theoretical investigations and for an empirical analysis of this social phenomenon.

Kelyana da Silva Lustosa, Maria do Socorro Silva

A proposição básica deste artigo é apresentar um estudo exploratório acerca dos movimentos educativos populares da década de 1960, especialmente a Campanha de Educação Popular que se desenvolveu na Paraíba entre 1961 e 1964, e as Ligas Camponesas. Objetiva-se, assim, realizar um mapeamento da produção acadêmica dos últimos dez anos (2006-2016) a partir de dois lócus epistêmicos: as reuniões da Associação Nacional de Pesquisa em Educação (Anped) e o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal da Paraíba-UFPB que possui desde a década de 1970 uma linha de Pesquisa sobre Educação Popular. A dimensão descritiva da produção acadêmica e científica sobre o tema nos possibilitou uma aproximação teórica e conceitual com o objeto de estudo, uma ordenação do conjunto de informações e resultados obtidos sobre a temática, evidenciando a necessidade de pesquisas que tratem sobre a relação entre estas duas práticas de Educação Popular desenvolvidas no Estado da Paraíba na década de 1960.

Eszter Susán

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Karin Erdmann, Andrzej Skowroński

In [arXiv:1902.04063] we generalize the original definition of weighted surface algebras in [arXiv:1703.02346] by allowing the possibility that arrows might not be part of the Gabriel quiver, which gives a much larger class of algebras. This means that the zero relations need modification, to make sure that the algebras are symmetric, and of the appropriate dimension. We found recently that we had missed one necessary modification for the zero relations. Here we give the correct definition, and revise the parts of [arXiv:1902.04063] which are affected by this modification.

D. Dorling, Benjamin D. Hennig

about cutting the country’s budget deficit with an enthusiasm that shocked many commentators. Britain is not the only European Union member state with a government debt problem but the size of its deficit is much greater than in more equitable European nations. In the first map opposite, forecasts for gross domestic product figures for 2010 have been used to resize the countries of the European Union. The lower map uses exactly the same shading as the upper map, but this time the size of each country is proportional to the size of their budget deficit. The deficit is the net difference between borrowing and lending in the consolidated general government sector. At first sight the lower map appears very similar to the upper map. That is because richer countries have been able to borrow more than poorer countries, while rich countries also have higher GDP. By 2009 all the countries of Europe were net debtors except for Norway. (Norway is not a member of the EU so is missing from the map but for comparison it had a 9.7 per cent net surplus in 2009, falling rapidly from 19.1 per cent in 2008.) The map is colour coded by how large that general government deficit as recorded in 2009 was as a proportion of GDP at that time. The countries coloured the darkest shade of red on both maps already had deficits of over 10 per cent by 2009. These were Ireland (14.3 per cent), Greece (13.6 per cent), the United Kingdom (11.5 per cent) and Spain (11.2 per cent). Three of these stripped areas on both maps are members of the single European currency. This leaves the United Kingdom as the most heavily indebted non-eurozone nation. The UK’s exposed position caused extreme nervousness among political elites in early 2010, with an even higher proportionate debt than crisisridden non-euro European nations such as Iceland (9.1 per cent), Latvia (9.0 per cent), Lithuania (8.9 per cent) and Romania (8.3 per cent). When the Con–Lib coalition was formed this deficit was cited as a key reason why civil servants were rushing the political parties to form a new government and possibly pushing them away from one that would include Labour, in case ‘the markets’ reacted badly, there was a run on the pound or the ‘credit rating’ of the UK plummeted. The budget deficit is far greater in the UK than in more equitable European nations such as Austria (3.4 per cent), Germany (3.3 per cent), Denmark (2.7 per cent), Finland (2.2 per cent) and Sweden (0.5 per cent). These countries were not as reliant on the banking sector or a handful of other industries; they also have less income inequality and hence much smaller levels of personal debt. Government Debt In Focus

G. Feliner