Hasil untuk "Encyclopedias"

P. Edwards

Olga L. Kalashnikova

The article explores the genre paradigm of the novels by Guillaume Musso, the most popular author of unique detective novels in today’s France, which have already been translated into more than forty languages but have not yet been studied by literary criticism. The dissimilarity from the traditional genre content and canons of detective prose in its various modifications makes Guillaume Musso “someone else” (quelqu’un d’autre), results in his marginalization by literary scholars, whose name is included in the annals of canonical detective literature but is not represented in modern encyclopedias and dictionaries of detective stories. An analysis of the main trends and reasons for such a paradoxical situation is presented in the article. The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of the genre paradigm of the writer’s extraordinary detective novels, which is relevant both in the aspect of building new typologies of detective prose, and in the broader context of understanding French literature in the third millennium, and in the literary study of the original work of the most popular detective in France today, and in the theoretical analysis of the nature of mass culture and the mechanisms of its influence on the reader. The combination of intertextual, biographical, and typological research methods made it possible to identify features of the genre paradigm of Guillaume Musso’s works that differ from the traditional detective genre paradigm. The writer changes the plot-forming situation when the center of the intrigue is not the anatomy of a crime, but the anatomy of society, the analysis of the socio-psychological causes of the crime. Canonical for the system of detective prose characters, the figures of the investigator or detective, who act as representatives of state institutions that restore the just order of things, introduces doctors, writers, psychoanalysts, experts in the history of culture, whom the author imbues with “axiological neutrality”. The emphasis on paranormal phenomena transforms the artistic space of his works, in which an important place is given to a fantastic other space, where the souls of the dead and the living communicate. The combination of two antinomic genre constructions becomes programmatic for the writer: the novel as a love story, where the love intrigue is the plot-creating factor, and the detective story as a narrative of crime-solving. This genre innovation fundamentally distinguishes the genre paradigm of Musso’s novels from traditional detective stories. Importantly, unusual for various modifications of the detective story but characteristic of Musso’s works, is the demonstrative and striking intertextuality that incorporates literature, cinema, music, and the graphics of modern digital texts into the orbit of the writer’s genotext. Musso’s “cinematic writing” is characterized by one of the canonical techniques of montage, the constant shifting of the “camera” focus and the redirection of the reader’s attention from one episode to another, with episodes unfolding in parallel across different locations and time zones. This is underscored by the complex graphics in the novels’ texts, which aim to create a cinematic frame, as Musso’s works essentially function as ready-made scenario plans for both the director and the cameraman. A distinctive feature of Musso’s novelistic prose is indispensable epigraphs, which start the mechanism of a complex game with the reader, who is forced to constantly maneuver between different senses in order to find the right answer. The frame text, atypical for a detective story and typical for Musso as a component of the genre paradigm of his novels, has important functions in the interactive dialogue of the author with the reader, who through the unraveling of cultural pretexts, through “writing in pictures”, the visualization of electronic forms of modern digital discourse, feels the illusion of complicity in events. “Оther’s text” in Musso’s novels is often represented by archetypes of “soap operas” and classic plots, which have become the part of the stereotypical layer of the collective unconscious of humanity and allow the writer to combine the “expectation horizons” of both elite and mass readers. Intertextuality enables the writer to engage in a “four-handed” interaction with the reader. The principles proposed by the writer destroy the hermeticity of the detective genre construction as one of the most canonical and regular genres, making it impossible to clearly define the genre of Musso’s works. A multi-layered discourse, uncharacteristic of a detective in its various genre modifications, combines different registers and codes from cultural genotexts – literary, advertising, scientific, cinematographic, musical, mass media – maximally expands the reader’s perception, marking the original style of G. Musso’s novels, fantasized in the form of criminal-psychoanalytic suspense. These works reflect processes of intermediality, genre hybridization, and the blurring of boundaries between elite and mass artistic discourse, all hallmarks of postmodernism.

Bohdana Allman, Royce Kimmons, Camille Dickson-Deane et al.

Abstract Open Educational Resources (OER) and Open Educational Practices (OEP) have the potential to transform and positively impact individuals, institutions, and society. As educators, we have a unique responsibility to explore opportunities and possibilities afforded by openness enabled by current technologies to reimagine and reshape current educational reality and provide a more hopeful and equitable future for all. EdTechnica is an openly licensed living encyclopedia that provides background information on central topics and theories in the field of educational technology. As an OER, EdTechnica extends the 5Rs of openness—retain, reuse, revise, remix, and redistribute by also attending to the 3Rs of social justice—recognition, representation, and redistribution—bringing about a responsive product that reimagines what encyclopedias should be. Additionally, the governing board enacts principles of openness in its practice, striving for OEP in all its activities. This article explores how EdTechnica promotes knowledge creation and academic discourse by attending to key principles of openness in terms of ensuring accessibility, flexibility, justice, and sustainable generosity. Specific examples of OER/P in the EdTechnica context offer an insight into our practices and ambitions to improve the current educational landscape, illustrating what is possible at the intersection of justice, hope, and educational technology when we strive for openness and are guided by the values of sustainable generosity and sustainable improvement.

Vladyslav Mukha

This communication examines the creation and implementation of a series of interconnected online encyclopedias dedicated to the works of prominent Ukrainian figures: Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Franko, Mykhailo Hrushevsky, and Lesia Ukrainka. These digital resources have significantly contributed to Ukrainian culture and literature. The author offers an in-depth look at the technological framework of the project, including the content management system, website structure, and tools for searching and analyzing information. Attention is also given to the process of populating the sites with content and evaluating user traffic. Finally, the review outlines a vision for the project’s future development, highlighting plans for expansion and enhancement.

V. M. Mokienko, T. G. Nikitina

The article explores issues related to the lexicographic development of biblical proverbs and phraseological units, which are typically represented in dictionaries solely in their canonical form, without taking into account the peculiarities of their contemporary usage. The aim of the research is to develop a dictionary concept that, alongside traditional forms, reflects the structural and semantic transformations of biblicisms in the media space and live communication. Phraseological units and proverbs, selected from biblical dictionaries and encyclopedias, as well as those documented in internet forums, chats, and blogs (from 2013 to 2023), and recorded in spoken language, have become the subject of structural-semantic, componential, and contextual analysis prior to their lexicographic treatment. Special attention is paid to transformational mechanisms of phonetic mimicry and playful variants of phraseological units and proverbs created on this basis. During lexicographic modeling, parameters for an innovative dictionary entry combining elements characteristic of explanatory and axiological dictionaries have been developed. The implementation of the developed parametric model is demonstrated using the example of the proverb ‘Eyes are the mirror of the soul.’ It is emphasized that the proposed lexicographic concept will allow for the reflection of dynamic processes affecting the corpus of biblicisms in their sociocultural context, prediction of trends in this field, and utilization of dictionary materials for language teaching purposes.

François Quastana

The articles in this special issue are based on papers presented at the  International workshop « Droit et savoirs d'État dans les dictionnaires et les encyclopédies du XVIIIe siècle » organised by the Centre d'Études et de Recherches en Histoire des Idées et des Institutions Politiques (CERHIIP) of Aix-Marseille University. In a resolutely interdisciplinary spirit, this event brought together researchers from different backgrounds: historians, legal historians, philosophers and political scientists. The studies gathered in this dossier have the merit, each in their own field, of shedding fruitful light on the importance of the circulation of works and materials from one Encyclopaedia to another. They suggest that, beyond the inevitable compilation of this type of source, the editors of these dictionaries, through the choices they made, demonstrated a desire to contribute to the promotion of a new way of understanding state knowledge and the sciences of government in the Enlightenment.   English title: Introduction: the Sciences of Government in the Light of Francophone Dictionaries and Encyclopaedias at the End of the 18th Century   Keywords: French Dictionaries and Encyclopedias, Late 18th Century, Sciences of Government, State-related Knowledge, Circulation of Knowledge and Ideas

G. Wnek, G. Bowlin

K. Heggenhougen, S. Quah

Kuzmanović Bojan, Blagojević Srđan

During the bipolar period, insurgencies were most often considered as a way of fighting for liberation from colonization, repression and other forms of political violence. However, its features as a foreign policy tool were also noticed, so at the unipolar geopolitical moment they gained greater importance. Due to such a variety of manifestations, many definitions of this complex form of political violence have emerged. The problems that researchers encounter in searching for the essential features of the concept of insurgency are semantic and substantive because it is difficult to define what insurgency is, in relation to what it is not. However, the definition of this (and every other) social phenomenon is necessary because it defines its main and constant features, structure, as well as the differences from other similar phenomena. In this way, preconditions for a common approach and joint action in solving social problems are provided. In our search for a valid definition of insurgency, the characteristic features in dictionaries, encyclopedias and lexicons have been critically compared. Also, legal (in national and foreign statutes/laws and in international humanitarian law), military (doctrinal) and research definitions have been analyzed, in order to consider the problem of defining this concept and submitting a proposal for an objective and explicit definition. After analyzing the concept of "insurgency" it can be concluded that insurgency in our lexical discourse is "an armed way of expressing dissatisfaction or disagreement with the policy pursued by the government". Besides motive, doctrinal documents emphasize other important characteristics of this phenomenon, primarily violence, political basis, illegality and its (at least initially) illegitimacy. The genus proximum, or the first term of a higher order in relation to insurgency is political violence, and insurgency differs from other forms of political violence in terms of complexity, illegality, mass and other characteristics. Recognizing nonnegativity, objectivity, content, essential precision, complexity and accuracy as features of a good definition, researchers have differently defined this social phenomenon, but it can be noticed that available definitions only partially meet the mentioned criteria. Some of the definitions emphasize goal or motive (taking over political power, overthrowing the legal order, mastering resources, implementing party policy, changing the constitutional order, etc.). Others emphasize activities or method (subversion, military pressure, coup, etc.). The third group of definitions emphasizes the features of this phenomenon (unconstitutional, violent, ideologically motivated, etc.). Based on the abovementioned, it can be concluded that insurgency, as a complex form of political violence, is difficult to define precisely, so that its definition achieves a broad consensus. Definitions evolve depending on the context in which insurgency took place or is taking place, as well as the political goals and method chosen by insurgent movement or its sponsor. Based on the analysis of available definitions of insurgency and due to the constant change of categorical concepts, different approaches in defining and researching insurgency, an operational explicit definition can be formulated: insurgency is illegal intrastate complex form of political violence used by organized armed groups in order to achieve political goals. We expose this definition to professional and scientific criticism, stating that the problem of defining the concept of "insurgency" will continue to change due to development of this form of political violence because goals, activities, means and methods of insurgent organizations and contexts in which insurgency happens will also permanently change in accordance with current and future socio-political conditions, as well as motives and interests of key actors in this complex form of political violence.

Alexandra Provo

When metadata becomes knowledge, opportunities for multiplicity and risks of harm and exclusion arise. As GLAM institutions contribute to the Semantic Web, we must pay attention to the implications of participation. While the Semantic Web grew out of the flourishing of web technologies in the 1990s, recognizing its roots in classical/symbolic AI (referred to as Good Old Fashioned Artificial Intelligence, or GOFAI)—in particular, expert systems and knowledge representation—encourages critical questions like: which problems from knowledge representation and expert systems does the Semantic Web inherit? Are GOFAI failures really failures, or does the gap between rhetoric and practice point to generative possibilities (some of which can now be seen in Semantic Web initiatives)? What can we learn from AI critics, feminist approaches, and the unmasking of encyclopedic neutrality? This research article will explore how critiques of AI expert systems and Cyc, an ongoing project to create a common sense knowledge base, might apply to Semantic Web efforts like Wikipedia, Wikidata, DBpedia, and Schema.org.

Norbert Csaba LUKÁCS

In the first part, the paper refers to the events which led to the establishment of the first sports associations of Nagyvárad city, followed by the presentation of the school sports associations and clubs that had football departments, the football fields, the very first round-ball game in the city’s history, and the attendance of the teams to regional football championships. Within the documentation phase, I consulted specialized books, monographs, encyclopedias and sports sections of newspapers published in Oradea referring to the studied topic. Article history: Received 2022 August 08; Revised 2022 September 20; Accepted 2022 September 21; Available online 2022 November 20; Available print 2022 December 20. REZUMAT. File din istoria fotbalului orașului Nagyvárad (1901 – 1919). În prima parte, lucrarea se referă la evenimentele care au condus la constituirea primelor asociații sportive din orașul Nagyvárad după care sunt prezentate asociațiile și cluburile sportive școlare cu secții de fotbal, terenurile de fotbal, primul meci cu balonul rotund din istoria orașului și participarea echipelor în campionatele regionale de fotbal. În cadrul activității de documentare am consultat cărți de specialitate, lucrări monografice, enciclopedii și rubricile de sport din presa orădeană care se referă la tema studiată. Cuvinte cheie: fotbal, asociație sportivă, Nagyvárad, Oradea.

Ghislaine

S. Elias

Lisa M. Given

C. Cleveland

Doli Witro, Neni Nuraeni, Muhammad Fauzan Januri

As social beings, humans cannot be separated from each other to fulfill their daily needs. One of the relationships between one human being and another is manifested by an agreement. The agreement process is generally referred to as aqad or contract. Many parties who enter into contracts do not understand the rights and obligations they must fulfill, so even though they use the Islamic legal agreement system, the values ​​in this concept have not been fully implemented. This paper discusses the classification of aqad in sharia economic transactions, which is analyzed using the opinions of the mazhab scholars. This paper aims to explain the classification of aqad in sharia economic law. The research method used in this research is library research. In this case, the writer obtains literary sources through literature such as books, journals, and encyclopedias related to the theme being studied. This research is oriented towards discussing the urgency or importance of aqad in Islamic economic law. The data in the research are presented in a descriptive narrative way. The analysis technique used is the data analysis technique introduced by Miles and Huberman, namely data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. The results showed that aqad is an agreement in an agreement between two parties. In general, the classification is divided into two aqad/agreements, namely aqad tabarru’ and aqad tijarah.

J. Nriagu

M. Runco, S. Pritzker, R. Reiter‐Palmon et al.

J. Nemiro, Acting. L.M. Cohen and D. Ambrose, Adaptation and Creativity. S.E. Moriarty and B.A. Robbs, Advertising. R. Richards, Affective Disorders. B. Levy and E. Langer, Aging. S.R. Pritzker, Alcohol and Creativity. S. Krippner, Altered and Transitional States. M.D. Mumford and P.P. Porter, Analogies. S.Z. Dudek, Architecture, Modern Western. E. Taylor, Archival Investigation. S.Z. Dudek, Art and Aesthetics. C. Martindale, Art and Artists. A. Rothenberg, Articulation. T. Proctor, Artificial Intelligence. D. Fasko, Jr., Associative Theory. G. Toplyn, Attention. J. Kasof, Attribution and Creativity. G.J. Feist, Autonomy and Independence. G.A. Davis, Barriers to Creativity and Creative Attitudes. R. Epstein and G. Laptosky, Behavioral Approaches to Creativity. M.E. Gorman, Bell, Alexander Graham. F.J. Sulloway, Birth Order. N. Jausovec, Brain Biology and Brain Functioning. K.H. Pribram, Brain and the Creative Act. T. Rickards, Brainstorming. J. VanTassel-Baska, Bronte Sisters. C.M. Ford, Business Strategy. D. Morrison, Carroll, Lewis. P. Machotka, Cezanne, Paul. D. Schuldberg, Chaos Theory and Creativity. O. Martinsen and G. Kaufmann, Cognitive Style and Creativity. J. Abra and G. Abra, Collaboration and Competition. T.I. Lubart, Componential Models. T. Proctor, Computer Programs. J. Dacey, Concepts of Creativity: A History. D.M. Harrington, Conditions and Settings/Environment. K.M. Sheldon, Conformity. B.A. Hennessey and T.M. Amabile, Consensual Assessment. R.R. McCrae, Consistency of Creativity across the Life Span. M.A. Runco, Contrarianism. D.A. Pariser, Conventionality. C.M. Ford, Corporate Culture. D.K. Carson, Counseling. G. Ekvall, Creative Climate. K. O'Quin and S.P. Besemer, Creative Products. B. Cramond, Creativity in the Future. M.L. Grisanti and H.E. Gruber, Creativity in the Moral Domain. I. Magyari-Beck, Creatology. R. Brower, Crime and Creativity. M.A. Runco, Critical Thinking. M.K. Raina, Cross-Cultural Differences. B.J. Thurston, Curie, Marie Sklodowska. J.B. Alter, Dance and Creativity. R.B. McLaren, Dark Side of Creativity. R. T. Keegan, Darwin, Charles Robert. L. Shlain, da Vinci, Leonardo. A.J. Cropley, Definitions of Creativity. G. Goldschmidt, Design. M.A. Runco, Developmental Trends in Creative Abilities and Potentials. J.A. Plucker and M.A. Runco, Deviance. B. Yan and P. Arlin, Dialectical Thinking: Implications for Creative Thinking. S.L. Morrison, Dinesen, Isak. R. Root-Bernstein, Discovery. H.J. Walberg and G. Arian, Distribution of Creativity. M.A. Runco, Divergent Thinking. G.B. Esquivel and K.M. Peters, Diversity, Cultural. J. Baer, Domains of Creativity. S. Krippner, Dreams and Creativity. J.A. Plucker and R.Q. Dana, Drugs and Creativity. D.J. Weeks and K. Ward, Eccentricity. T.I. Lubart and M.A. Runco, Economic Perspective on Creativity. A.J. Cropley, Education. A.I. Miller, Einstein, Albert. D.K. Simonton, Eminence. S.W. Russ, Emotion/Affect. J.A. Plucker and M.A. Runco, Enhancement of Creativity. S.K. Sagarin and H.E. Gruber, Ensemble of Metaphor. R. Richards, Everyday Creativity. H.E. Gruber, Evolving Systems Approach. K.A. Ericsson and A.C. Lehmann, Expertise. B. Kerr and C. Chopp, Families and Creativity. R. Richards, Five-Part Typology. R.A. Dodds and S.M. Smith, Fixation. B.J. Thurston and M.A. Runco, Flexibility. R. Richards, Four Ps of Creativity. M.A. Runco, Fourth Grade Slump. A.C. Elms, Freud, Sigmund. J. Baer, Gender Differences. R. Epstein, Generativity Theory. C. Martindale, Genetics. J.F. Feldhusen, Giftedness and Creativity. P.B. Paulus, Group Creativity. W.B. Michael, Guilford's View. W.D. TenHouten, Handwriting and Creativity. M.D. Mumford and D.G. Norris, Heuristics. D.K. Simonton, Historiometry. C. Martindale, History and Creativity. A.G. Rothenberg, Homospatial Process. A.G. Aleinikov, Humane Creativity. K. O'Quin and P. Derks, Humor. J.C. Houtz and C. Patricola, Imagery. J.L. Singer, Imagination. M.A. Runco, Implicit Theories. R.K. Sawyer, Improvisation. S.M. Smith and R.A. Dodds, Incubation. M.A. West and T. Rickards, Innovation. R.J. Sternberg and J.E. Davidson, Insight. R. Helson, Institute of Personality Assessment and Research. R.J. Sternberg, Intelligence. E. Policastro, Intuition. M. Hertz, Invention. A. Rothenberg, Janusian Process. K. Jones, Jungian Theory. T.E. Scott, Knowledge. F.L. Holmes, Krebs, Hans Adolf. M.D. Mumford and M.S. Connelly, Leadership. L.A. O'Hara and R.J. Sternberg, Learning Styles. P.N. Johnson-Laird, Logic and Reasoning. R.F. Subotnik and K.D. Arnold, Longitudinal Studies. S.D. Durrenberger, Mad Genius Controversy. M. Dogan, Marginality. D.K. Simonton, Matthew Effects. E. Necka, Memory and Creativity. N. Jausovec, Metacognition. R.W. Gibbs, Jr., Metaphors. M.C. Moldoveanu and E. Langer, Mindfulness. M.A. Runco, Misjudgment. E.R. Hirt, Mood. R. Conti and T. Amabile, Motivation/Drive. A. Ione, Multiple Discovery. B. Solomon, K. Powell, and H. Gardner, Multiple Intelligences. M. Leman, Music. P.D. Stokes, Novelty. T. Zausner, O'Keeffe, Georgia. M.S. Lindauer, Old Age Style. T. Rickards, Organizations Interested in Creativity. M.M. Piechowski, Overexcitabilities. T. Nickles, Paradigm Shifts. G.J.W. Smith, Perceptgenesis. G.C. Cupchik, Perception and Creativity. R. Helson, Personality. M.A. Runco, Perspectives. B.D. Esgalhado, Pessoa, Fernando. H.E. Gruber, Piaget, Jean. D. Lester, Plath, Sylvia. J.L. Dansky, Play. J. Piirto, Poetry. J.A. Seitz, Political Science and Creativity. G.R. Brown, Postmodernism and Creativity. T.E. Heinzen, Proactive Creativity. M.A. Runco and G. Dow, Problem Finding. R.E. Mayer, Problem Solving. M.J. Morelock and D.H. Feldman, Prodigies. R. Root-Bernstein, Productivity and Age. S.J. Parnes, Programs and Courses in Creativity. A.N. Katz, Psycholinguistics. A. Goswami, Quantum Theory of Creativity. D. Schuldberg and L.A. Sass, Schizophrenia. L. Deschamps Otswald, Schumann, Robert. K. Dunbar, Science. M.A. Runco, Self-Actualization. P. Wink, Self Processes and Creativity. C.L. Diaz de Chumaceiro, Serendipity. C. Sanguinetti and S. Kavaler-Adler, Sexton, Anne. D.K. Simonton, Shakespeare, William. L. Tahir, Shaw, George Bernard. J. Bogen and G.M. Bogen, Split Brains: Interhemispheric Exchange in Creativity. J. Abra and G. Abra, Sports and Creativity. D. Lester, Suicide. J. Piirto, Synchronicity. G. Domino, Synesthesia. K. Rathunde, Systems Approach. M.A. Runco, Tactics and Strategies for Creativity. M.K. Raina, Tagore, Rabindranath. J. Feldhusen, Talent and Creativity. R.E. Ripple, Teaching Creativity. G.J. Puccio, Teams. P.M. Valkenburg, Television and Creativity. M.A. Runco, Time. D. Pariser, Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de. L. Noppe, Unconscious. R. Brower, van Gogh, Vincent. N. Gajdamaschko, Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich. S.M. Reis, Women and Creativity. M. Ippolito, Woolf, Virgina. L.R. Jeffrey, Wordsworth, William. P.L. Jakab, Wright, Wilbur and Orville. S.R. Pritzker, Writing and Creativity. L. Shlain, Zeitgeist. S.R. Pritzker, Zen. M.A. Runco, Appendix I: Chronology of Events and Significant Ideas and Works on Creativity. M.A. Runco, Appendix II: Tests of Creativity. Contributors. Name Index. Subject Index.

J. Wang

D. Coghlan, M. Brydon-Miller