جاءت هذه الدراسة تهدف إلى دراسة الجرائم الإلكترونية كنمط جديد في المجال الإجرامي والذي أدى بالعديد من الفقهاء إلى البحث عن مفهوم لها، ولم يقف الأمر حد الفقهاء فانتقل ليشمل الشق التشريعي على الصعيد الدولي وحتى الوطني منه، لهذا أصبح من الضروري البحث في المفهوم الخاص بالجريمة الإلكترونية وكذا خصائصها ودوافع ارتكابها في محاولة لتأطيرها وإيجاد سبل للحد منها.
ومن بين النتائج المتوصل إليها أن هذا التطور الحاصل في مجال تكنولوجيا الاعلام والاتصال ساهم في إحداث ثورة هائلة في مجال المعلوماتية فإذا كانت هذه الثورة التقنية إيجابية في بعض جوانبها كالتعاقد الإلكتروني، والتجارة الإلكترونية، فإنها في جانب آخر خلفت ما يشوبها من السلبيات فبرزت في الساحة الجنائية ما يعرف بالجريمة الالكترونية كتطور جديد وانتقال من الجريمة التقليدية إلى الجريمة الإلكترونية، والذي تعرف العديد من النقائص على الصعيد المفاهيمي والتأطير القانوني.
Abstract This chapter interrogates the legal position of servants in early modern England by examining the dynamics of contract-making and conditions of service. Rather than studying archives of labour law enforcement, the chapter explores church court depositions for evidence of how service was navigated in this period. It demonstrates that, while enforcement of the 1563 Statute of Artificers was probably limited, service wasn’t wholly ‘free’ for everyone. As contracts were still verbal, they were not easily upheld and both masters’ and servants’ power to enforce them was limited. Masters attempted to bring wayward servants to court. And servants could – and did – negotiate wages and contracts and mobilise legal machinery to challenge unruly patriarchs. But existing hierarchies – social status, employment relations, and gender – all placed restrictions on their bargaining power. Labour relations and ideas of labour were shifting in this period and were not yet well-defined or cemented. While service operated with flexibility (allowing women to agree shorter contracts, negotiate weekly wages, and live away from their masters’ homes), this didn’t always equate to greater or unlimited freedoms.
Abstract Female servants are assumed to have undertaken ‘domestic’ tasks including washing, cooking, and cleaning, whereas male servants worked predominantly in agriculture. Adopting a verb-oriented approach, this chapter demonstrates that this assumption does not hold. Through close analysis of over 300 examples of work tasks performed by female servants recorded in church court depositions, the chapter firstly demonstrates the breadth of working activities that women in service were engaged in: domestic work, husbandry, food and textile production, care work, and errand running. The chapter therefore reassesses the value of their work by highlighting the economic importance of their non-market labour, as well as their contribution to generating income for the household. Secondly, the chapter situates these working activities within local working cultures and practices by reconstructing the social and temporal dynamics of their work activities. Female servants’ working activities were spread across the day, week, and year with a peak in activity on Sundays. They laboured alongside men and women, members of the household, and their neighbours. Their work was essential to the functioning of the household.
عباس قائدامینی هارونی, رضا ابراهیم زاده دستجردی, مهرداد صادقی ده چشمه
هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تأثیر استرس شغلی بر رفتارهای انحرافی در محیط کار با نقش میانجی رضایت شغلی است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل کلیه کارکنان دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان) به تعداد 660 نفر است. با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 244 نفر حجم نمونه انتخاب شدند. برای گردآوری دادههای مورد نیاز در این پژوهش، از پرسشنامههای استاندارد استفاده گردید و روایی و پایایی آنها مورد آزمون قرار گرفت. جهت بررسی فرضیات پژوهش، با نرم افزار Warp-Pls از روش معادلات ساختاری و تحلیل مسیر به روش حداقل مربعات جزئی استفاده گردید. نتایج حاصل از تحلیلهای انجام شده در پژوهش نشان داد که استرس شغلی بر رفتارهای انحرافی در محیط کار تأثیر معنادار مثبت دارد که ضریب تأثیر آن 55/0 است و استرس شغلی بر رضایت شغلی تأثیر معنادار منفی دارد که ضریب تأثیر آن 44/0- است و همچنین استرس شغلی بر رفتارهای انحرافی در محیط کار از طریق رضایت شغلی تأثیر مثبت دارد که ضریب تأثیر آن 25/0 است. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که استرس شغلی تأثیر مستقیمی بر رفتار انحرافی در محل کار دارد و رضایت شغلی این رابطه را واسطه میکند.
Economic growth, development, planning, Economic history and conditions
Según la ONU (2020) los cambios generados por la pandemia han afectado el sistema educativo en todos sus estamentos, pero son los docentes y los gobiernos los que desempeñan la función esencial de permitir que se gestionen respuestas diligentes y adecuadas ante la crisis, desarrollando soluciones educativas a distancia, gracias a la rápida respuesta de docentes y gobiernos en todo el mundo apoyando la continuidad de la educación. Para reconocer específicamente lo que los docentes realizan para afrontar la pandemia, se realizó esta investigación de tipo exploratorio mixto con la participación de 30 docentes de la Institución Educativa Técnico agropecuario (INETA- Puerto López -Meta), institución que cuenta con tres sedes en las cuales atienden estudiantes desde la básica hasta la media, cuya población pertenece en su mayoría a los estratos 1 y 2. El trabajo docente, por su parte, se limita al uso de celulares y del WhatsApp.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform, Economic history and conditions
Over its 300-year history, the Kuzbass Region has become one of the strongest industrial and coal mining areas. However, new environmental requirements stipulated by the Paris Agreement and the EU Energy Strategy require a new diversified and innovative economy, i.e. comfortable conditions for people to live and do business. The Strategy for Socio-Economic Development of Kuzbass through 2035 was approved by Regional Law No. 163‑OS on December 23, 2020. The Strategy covers human capital, ecology, reclamation water resources, digitalization, economy, investment, tourism, exhibitions, etc. All these aspects are highlighted in the monographs of the Strategy of the Kuzbass Region. The publications prove that a long-term strategy should combine traditional and novel competitive advantages of the region, which include hydrogen cluster, transport infrastructure, digitalization of business and other spheres, better environmental conditions, forest and land reclamation, sustainable use of water resources, as well as the importance of rebranding the region on the domestic and international arena.
ABSTRACT Amid technological convergence and the proliferation of new digital distribution methods, at-home fitness devices and fitness media have entered the cultural mainstream. However, fitness media companies like Peloton, Mirror, and Tonal, as quasi-television producers and distributors, have yet to be contextualized within critical media and cultural studies. Leveraging press coverage, interface and hardware analysis, and marketing paratexts, this paper turns to television’s cultural and economic history to consider the continuities and changes concerning visual media’s place within the domestic sphere and the economic conditions that have led fitness companies to venture into media production. Ultimately, this research concludes that home fitness technologies and their associated marketing work through long-held cultural anxieties regarding surveillance and technology with the home. This paper also updates critical theory to argue that these new media devices have oriented users as information-age consumers of digital products and have obfuscated data surveillance by anthropomorphizing digital spaces and making such products seem immaterial and innocuous.
Over a long time, a unique peasant mode of work developed in rural areas, which has been described in substantial detail by scholars including ethnographers, historians and rural sociologists. It was largely based on concentrating on the process and not the result, affirming work as such, cooperation with family members and neighbours, and work being embedded in a social context. This model underwent substantial change already under communism, but recent decades have accelerated the process. In the face of the structural transformation of rural areas, but also wider changes related to the sphere of work in late modernity, values once fundamental to peasants no longer play such an important role in the lives of present-day farmers. They have been replaced with other attitudes; different skills have become necessary, different attitudes have become valuable. The reasons for this include the fact that farmers realise that their children will probably seek their life’s path outside agriculture, and therefore they bring them up differently. The paper discusses not only new modes of work in agriculture and the system of values behind them, but also the sources from which farmers draw such new models.
Economic history and conditions, Agriculture (General)
In the last 20 years, the island of Puerto Rico has undergone a series of environmental, social, and economic crises. While the devastation caused by Hurricane Maria in 2017 brought nationwide and international attention to the conditions in Puerto Rico, the island has had a history of exposure to several environmental hazards and risks including tsunamis, floods, tropical storms, coral reef deterioration, severe draught, and coastal erosion. All indicators of the impact of climate change on the island’s ecological infrastructure. In addition to these hazards and risks, Puerto Rico’s financial crisis dating back to the early 2000s has reduced the capacity to maintain critical energy, health care, transportation, and communications structures. This incapacity magnified the impact of Hurricane Maria resulting in 100% loss of electricity and communication during the critical first days after the hurricane. Years of economic struggles have had serious socioeconomic ramifications that have fueled extensive out-migration to the continental USA (Mora et al. 2017). The population of Puerto Rico has decreased from 3,725,789 in 2010 to 3,193,694 in 2019, close to a half a million-population loss in less than 10 years (U.S. Census 2020). Hurricane Maria also exposed the scarcity of population data, issues in collecting new data, and to the value of existing administrative data and vital records. As the authors in this issue point out, Puerto Rico’s demographic data were limited in demonstrating the effects of Hurricane Maria’s long-term decline in population trough either mortality or migration. Indeed, during the initial months after the Hurricane, it became increasingly difficult to estimate the number of people that left the island. It also became increasingly difficult to estimate the casualties associated with the hurricane. Estimates ranged from an initial official death toll of 64 that was later refuted by a public health study which estimated the death toll close to 4000 deaths (Kishore et al. 2018). Subsequently, a study commissioned by the government of Puerto Rico put the estimated death toll at 2975 deaths (Santos-Burgoa et al. 2018). Population and Environment https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-020-00356-4
The recent history of the European Union (EU) suggests the importance of studying the conditions under which two or more countries can benefit from becoming part of a union. Of course, this depends both on the economic characteristics of the involved countries and on the scope of the union, i.e., the level of integration of markets, regulations, and institutional bodies. This study tackles the topic from the angle of agent-based computational economics, by designing an open-economy model, inspired from the EU, where countries can be part of a trade and monetary union. We find that, for similar countries, it is always beneficial to be a member of a union, although a lack of mobility frictions can cause a divergence between the two countries, weakening the overall union performance. Even if countries have different productivity, the performance of the union is in general better than the performance of the isolated countries. The exception is when productivity gap and labor mobility are both high. In this case, a strong migration within the union can create economic distortions, exacerbating the gap between the member states. Stronger fiscal integration helps reducing inequality between countries, increasing the sustainability of the monetary union.
Az összeállítás az MSZMP-ben készült dokumentumok, nyilvános fórumokon elhangzottak
alapján készült. A szerzők/szerkesztők vállalták, hogy a válogatás e szervezetek és pártmozgalmak „önfényképeiből” készült, nyilvánvaló tehát az elfogultság, a torzító átértelmezés. A mai olvasó szembesülhet az ideológiai beállítottság által irányított szemlélet valóságával. Ennek ismeretében közöljük a dokumentumot. A fejezetekbe sorolást a könnyebb
áttekintés céljából alakították ki 1989 márciusában a szerkesztők.
Economic theory. Demography, Economic history and conditions
One of the key priorities of the Cultural Routes programme of the Council of Europe is intercultural dialogue. The resolution of the Council of Ministers no. 67 (2013) indicated that an overriding strategic goal of the Council was to “promote dialogue and understanding between majority and minority, native and immigrant cultures.” It linked this general principle to two other documents regarding strategic policy for the Council of Europe: the White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue entitled “Living Together As Equals in Dignity” (White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue, 2008) and the Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society, otherwise known as the “Faro Convention” (Council of Europe Framework Convention, 2005). These general principles were adopted by the Council of Europe Advisory Forum of the Cultural Routes in Baku in 2014, whose closing declaration included an exhortation that the cultural routes should act as “vectors of intercultural dialogue” (Baku Declaration (2014). This paper will look at the way the ATRIUM cultural route has attempted to interpret and implement this strategic goal.
Recreation. Leisure, Economic history and conditions
Domingo Rodríguez Benavides, Abigail Rodríguez Nava
Se analiza la convergencia de los niveles de precios locales en México a través de un enfoque de pares. Para ello se aplican pruebas de raíces unitarias a los precios relativos de todas las posibles combinaciones de ciudades de diferentes bienes y servicios. Una de las principales virtudes de este enfoque es que no requiere elegir una ciudad de referencia o promedio, como base de los niveles de precios relativos, para el análisis de la estacionariedad. El enfoque se aplica a series mensuales de los índices generales y desagregados de una muestra de precios de bienes y servicios en el periodo 1982-2016. Los resultados permiten rechazar la hipótesis nula de no convergencia entre los precios relativos para la mayoría de los bienes y servicios analizados de las ciudades consideradas, no obstante, la convergencia es hasta cierto punto limitada.
Economic growth, development, planning, Economic history and conditions
In 1886, the Portuguese government signed a public-private partnership with a private company to build and operate a railway between Luanda and Ambaca in its overseas colony of Angola. It was expected that the partnership would benefit both parties: it would provide Angola with a powerful tool of economic development and political appropriation, and it would pay the private investment (stockholders and bondholders). However, the enterprise soon became a financial disaster with soaring construction costs and feeble operational revenues, which forced the Portuguese state to intervene. In this paper, I will analyse the evolution of the Ambaca public-private partnership from a quantitative perspective, examining the figures of its financing, operation and state aid. I will add to the debate about the relationship between state and private initiatives, through public-private partnerships in the specific context of the scramble for Africa and New Imperialism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Abstract This article considers the relationship between the decriminalization of abortion and women’s access to abortion services. It focuses on the four Australian jurisdictions which are, with Canada, the only jurisdictions in the world where abortion has been removed from the criminal law. This paper draws on documentary evidence and an oral history project to give a “before and after” account of each jurisdiction. The paper assumes that the meaning and impact of decriminalization must be assessed in each local context. Understanding the conditions that shape access must incorporate analysis of the broader social, political and economic environment as well as the law. The article finds that decriminalization does not necessarily deliver any improvement in women’s access to abortion, at least in the short term. Further, it is not inconsistent with the neoliberal policy environment that characterizes the provision of abortion care in Australia, where most abortions are provided through the private sector at financial cost to women. If all women are to enjoy their human rights to full reproductive health care, the public health system must take responsibility for the adequate provision of abortion services; ongoing and vigilant activism is central if this is to be achieved.