By applying the survey method, the article presents and summarizes the theoretical questions of language policy, the language consciousness of students and their attitudes towards the Ukrainian language both before and after the start of the current Russo–Ukrainian war. Students from four universities took part in the survey: Kyiv National Linguistic University, Ivan Franko National University of L'viv, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, and Yuriy Fedkovych National University of Chernivtsi.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Semantics
MILESTONES FOR A HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE FRANCOPHONE TRANSLATION STUDIES FIELD (2ND PART)
First, we identify the period before traductologie and then the issues of a historiography of translation studies, before grasping the debates around the term „translation studies” in the 1970s, in particular the motivations of the various equivalents suggested for Translation Studies (TS). In a second step, we refer to the precursors (1950s-1960s) and the pioneers (1980s and 1990s) of this French-language translation studies: what names emerge from this recent period and how have they advanced the reflection? Then we turn our attention to the problem of the translation of TS into French and translation studies into English. Finally, in order to define the socio-institutional dimension of the discipline, we study the parameters and factors that have favored and still favor this French-speaking translation studies, such as associations, training places and programs, recruitment bodies, as well as certain channels of dissemination (doctoral schools, research teams, journals, collections). Our final question focuses on the direct and indirect influences of French speaking researchers in the humanities and social sciences on TS and translation studies.
How can a political leader impose unusual demands in a democracy in the face of Covid-19 when he was already arousing a great deal of mistrust, long before this crisis, because of a distorted image that undermines his legitimacy and authority in the public sphere? This article identifies the discursive steps taken by the French President to repair his image in his first two addresses on the Coronavirus. It shows that his strategies of image repair are indirect and differ from those listed on the subject in scholarly literature. Emmanuel Macron’s objective is to strengthen his weakened legitimacy and build his position of authority. These two concepts are clearly distinguished in the analysis proposed here and are important axes for the re-elaboration of the President’s ethos, whose objective is to increase the confidence of the French in his leadership and in the measures announced to stem the pandemic.
Selective elimination of consonant mutations in Polish provides evidence supporting construction-based sublexicons and morphophonological schemas extracted from them. Morphophonological schemas exhibit various strength depending on their type frequency, they refer to morpheme-specific classes of segments and their impact is continuously mediated by paradigm uniformity pressures. A low-frequency and a highfrequency pattern are analyzed: agent nouns in -ist-a/-yst-a and diminutives in -ek. Two kinds of frequency are important predictors of pattern modification: type frequency and token frequency. As for the impact of type frequency, the less frequent a pattern is in the lexicon, the more susceptible it is to modifications promoted by paradigm uniformity. Schemas are ranked based on the type frequency of the morphological patterns they encode and interact with paradigm uniformity constraints. Schemas representing less frequent patterns are outranked by paradigm uniformity constraints and are thus more likely to be modified than those representing more frequent patterns. Regarding token frequency, the greater stability of high-frequency words than comparable low-frequency words is linked to their strong representations and a constraint promoting the use of stored representations. The continuous effect of paradigm uniformity effects gets support from the results of a nonce-word experiment.
Fery Setiawan, I Gusti Agung Sri Rwa Jayantini, Ida Bagus Gde Nova Winarta
et al.
With the advancement of technology, a newly adopted form of literary work was found, known as a movie game. It is one of the game genres that resembles real movies that provide choices to the players who can actively determine the story, ending, and characters' action. In literary work, a character is one of the intrinsic elements that can be interestingly analyzed from the psychological perspective, including Ego Defense Mechanisms. This study focuses on how the protagonist in a movie game entitled The Walking Dead: Michonne faced her anxiety through her ego defense mechanisms. It aims to identify the types of ego defense mechanisms and how they can help the protagonist cope with her anxiety. The discussion was based on psychoanalysis theory, namely Ego Defense Mechanisms proposed by Sigmund Freud. This study elaborated the description of the protagonist's actions when she faced anxiety through a qualitative method. The analysis revealed that the protagonist adopted the four types of Ego Defense Mechanisms: repression, sublimation, rationalization, and aggression. It was found that aggression was the most frequently adopted mechanism, followed by sublimation, rationalization, and the least was repression. This finding indicated that the protagonist chose aggression to release resentment or dissatisfaction, especially when facing objects or other characters that create anxiety or frustration. It implies that the persistence of aggression, sublimation, rationalization, and repression could reflect the presence of continual threats in the environment from which people should survive.
German sentences with man and Italian sentences with si impersonale or si passivante are often presented as equivalent in contrastive grammars. However, this functional equation proves to be problematic when Italian students refer with man to their own role as authors, such as in: “Darauf wird man aber im folgenden Kapitel eingehen”. Evidently, man cannot refer to the speaker role, while in the same context the Italian si is well suitable. Starting from this interference error, the paper examines the possible range of reference of the two pronouns. It turns out that the most common reading of man and si in both languages is the generic one, which can be paraphrased as “everyone”. Systematic divergences, on the other hand, occur in the particular reading, i. e. when referring to single unspecified subjects. While the German man characterizes the subject as anonymous and does never include listeners or speakers (e. g: Gestern hat man bei uns eingebrochen; man ≈ ‘jemand’, ‘somebody’), the Italian si, according to the verb class (transitive, unergative, unaccusative, etc.), can or must be read as speaker-exclusive (Mi si è raccontato che ...; si ≈ ‘qualcuno’, ‘someone’) or as speaker-inclusive (Ieri si è andati al ristorante; si ≈ ‘noi’, ‘we’). The speaker-inclusive reading also occurs when si is used in academic texts as a substitute for the established form of speaker (author) reference by means of the 1st person plural (noi, ‘we’). In addition to man and si, other forms of indeterminate subjects are examined, namely the non-anaphoric uses of German “sie (pl.)” (Sie haben schon wieder die Preise erhöht.) and of the Italian 3rd person plural null subject (Ti hanno cercato.) as well as the so-called impersonal passive form in German (Es wird gemurmelt.).
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar
A partir da noção de biografema, definida por Roland Barthes, este texto pretende investigar o modo como o amor se apresenta na obra da escritora portuguesa Maria Gabriela Llansol. Trata-se de um amor que não se separa do corpo, alargando os seus domínios sem, contudo, se deter nos lugares de possessão dos afetos. Uma vida a escrever o amor, diariamente, o amor a ampliar os limites da vida.
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Literature (General)
Gholamreza Mastali Parsa, Ahmad Sobhani Dargah, habib safarzadeh
Adjective is one of the categories of Persian language that has different types and is discussed from different points of views. Demonstrative, interrogative and exclamatory adjectives are three types of non-rhetorical adjectives that have undergone some structural and functional changes from the past to the present. These adjective categories have remained with the same structures or functions of the past or have undergone more or fewer changes over time. The investigation of these three adjective categories along with an historical account of the literary works could be revealing for readers. The present study, drawing on various types of literary texts, mainly the masterpieces of their own periods, on the one hand analyzes the structures and functions of the three adjectives categories, and on the other hand, makes it possible for the readers to figure out the differences and similarities from one period to the other. Since a deep analysis of the three grammatical categories requires a wide literary corpus, the researchers decided to broaden their corpus and examine various types of texts.
This paper aims to explore whether individual speakers can change their language at the phonological level across their lifespan, especially after the critical period, by conducting a longitudinal study on U.S. President Barack Obama at three time points in his middle years: 1995 (age 34), 2008 (age 47), and 2014 (age 53). The two phonological variants -ing/-in and the /aw/ vowel were investigated. Our data were collected from three formal TV interviews with Barack Obama, available on YouTube. We transcribed the first 14– 17 minutes of each interview as our research samples. A quantitative analysis was conducted on word-final -ing/-in and the F1 and F2 of /aw/ by employing Multivariate Analysis and a Fisher’s Exact Test. As Obama identifies with being an African American, he is expected to use the alveolar variant at a higher rate than the velar nasal. However, according to our results for -ing/-in , Obama shows almost no change in our data. This could be accounted for by his occupations, including that of lecturer and president, requiring the use of the standard language as well as by the stability of the variables -ing/-in themselves. However, in contrast to previous findings that -ing tends to be favoured in nouns, while -in is preferred in verbs (Wagner 2012b), our research showed no such preference, possibly because of the relatively formal speech style. As for Obama’s /aw/ vowel, the data reveal a dramatic change in both lowering and fronting from age 34 to 47, while no difference is found between the ages of 47 and 53. Geographical relocation and social mobility could account for this linguistic change. To conclude, these patterns indicate the possibilities of individuals changing their language across their lifespan; and several motivating factors, such as geographical and social class mobility, style of speech, and accommodation, tend to affect the courses of the change.
The paper below intends to present and evaluate the theories of vagueness in the language of criminal law as exemplified in legal definitions. In the theory aimed to facilitate the task of interpretation of laws and statutes, in practice legal definitions they may be vague themselves, a phenomenon which either jeopardizes the stability of law and order, or makes law more flexible and compliant with the changing status quo. How one approaches the matter would depend upon a variety of factors. Among them we will find the branch of law or the type of the legal system. As far as criminal law is concerned, vague expressions are to be avoided. However, some legal systems “stigmatize” them more than others. In the American legal system the “void-for-vagueness” doctrine best illustrates the negative attitude of law enforcement institutions towards vague and unclear language. In the Polish law, on the other hand, it is not so explicitly criticized. Leaving room for free interpretation, vague language may prove a useful tool if literal interpretation defies the so-called “common-sense” understanding (very often referred to in works dedicated to law interpretation). Once a review of both legal systems is made, the author tries to arrive at a definite conclusion whether we should treat vagueness in the language of criminal provisions as something sought-for or rather undesirable.
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Comparative law. International uniform law
Das vorliegende Themenheft versammelt Beiträge, in denen der aktuelle Forschungsstand im Bereich der deutsch-polnischen und polnisch-deutschen Phraseologie und Parömiologie präsentiert wird. Die Idee zu diesem Themenheft ergab sich aus dem großen Interesse, dessen sich kontrastive Untersuchungen im Bereich der Phraseologie und Parömiologie erfreuen. Die Leistungen und Forschungsergebnisse der polnischen Germanistik sind daher nicht zu übersehen, zumal hier große Verdienste im Bereich der Phraseographie, Phraseodidaktik und der Untersuchung von semantischen Feldern in der Phraseologie aus kontrastiver Perspektive zu verzeichnen sind.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar
Learner Autonomy has become one of the main aims of foreign language learning since Henri Holec’s highly influential publication Autonomy and foreign language learning (1981) in which he highlighted the fact that learners take over responsibility for all aspects of their own learning. Since the internet has become a more interactive and collaborative medium (Web 2.0) which, in contrast to its 1.0 predecessor, allows users to generate their own content or mash-up information, the importance of the so-called participatory web (see e.g. Lee et al., 2008: 501-521) for developing learner autonomy has been emphasised. However, many teachers and learners feel overwhelmed by the sheer endless number of education technology tools available, the opportunities they offer as well as the diversity in technology and autonomy research. This paper aims at discussing the role of technology in the context of learner autonomy by investigating the use of different technologies in literature projects. Suzanne Collins’s The Hunger Games, the first part of The Hunger Game’s trilogy, set in the fictional dystopian world of Panem, will be taken as an example of how successfully to employ technology in language learning to support learner autonomy.
This paper analyzes the non-standard use of the apostrophe in
modern German texts. Traditionally, it is assumed that the apostrophe has a
purely phonographic function in German, even though the first examples of
non-phonographic apostrophes date back to the 17th century. Still today, spellings
with non-phonographic apostrophes, such as die Pizza’s, are considered
as mistakes or misspellings. However, the in-depth analysis of these spellings
reveals that the vast majority of non-phonographic apostrophes are not used at
haphazard. They rather indicate information about the morphological structure
of words: they either mark the right border of their left context, the left border
of their right context or the morphological border as such.
The article illustrates problems which were encountered by students of the first and second year of English Philology, who had been given a task of translating from Polish into English a passage from a Supreme Court act, concerning the European Arrest Warrant execution. The author who is an active lawyer – working as a prosecutor of the District Prosecutor’s Office – analyzes almost twenty legal phrases coming from the original text and, comparing them with the official version of translation, examines the students’ versions (108 translations altogether) which are then accompanied by descriptions and comments on the mistakes made. The analyzed examples show the uniqueness of the legal language and its pitfalls as well as lexical and syntactic dilemmas which create linguistic traps for a Polish translator who is preoccupied with translation of legal texts from Polish into English or vice versa. Moreover, the discussed cases indicate the need for a highly professional training of philology students, especially in the area of ESP (English for Special Purposes).
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Comparative law. International uniform law
People in most cultures would probably agree that politeness is needed during their interaction. However there may be differing opinions as to when they should be polite. In tourism industry, tourism service providers’ act as hosts and tourists act as guests. Typically hosts will try to act politely and use appropriate politeness norms when serving guests to ensure their satisfaction. The research findings show that the tourism service providers in Central Java use various unggah-ungguh ‘politeness norms’ when serving English speaking tourists and Indonesian speaking tourists. Besides that, there are some violations made by the tourism service providers in using unggah-ungguh ‘politeness norms’. The research findings also show that there are similar and different perspectives on unggah-ungguh ‘politeness norms’ between English speaking tourists with Western culture backgrounds and Indonesian speaking tourists with Indonesian culture backgrounds towards the politeness norms used by the tourism service providers in Central Java. The findings imply the needs of energizing unggah-ungguh ‘politeness norms’ which is discovered from well known noble Javanese values used by the tourism service providers for tourism service improvement.
English language, Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar