Marleen Martens, Jan Bastiaens, Koen Deforce
et al.
During a rescue excavation in the (former) outskirts of the Roman small town or vicus of Elewijt (community of Zemst, Belgium), a deposit of copper alloy bowls was discovered containing plant remains preserved through contact with copper oxides originating from the corrosion of the artefacts. The most recent vessel was produced in the 3rd c. CE. An inscription on the bottom of one of the bowls mentions three names, possibly members of a family who deposited the vessels. The relevance of this ensemble for the understanding of private ritual practice in Roman Gallia is first evaluated by reflecting on the use of these copper alloy vessels prior to the deposition. Second, the botanical remains are analysed to investigate whether they were simply packaging material or whether the plants were intentionally selected as a decorative or spiritual component of the deposition, possibly in the form of a garland or a crown. The proposed interpretation of the group is not entirely conclusive but undoubtedly thought-provoking.
The 2nd most abundant biopolymer after cellulose is lignin, which has a very complex structure and its biological degradation required an enzymatic consortium of different lignin degrading enzymes like Lignin peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14), Manganese peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.13), Versatile peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.16), Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) etc. This enzyme required hydrogen peroxide for its action which is supplied by auxillary enzyme like aryl alcohol oxidase. Aryl alcohol oxidase belongs to glucose methanol choline (GMC) superfamily and has FAD as the cofactor. The structural aspects of the enzyme are compared using PeAAO and MtAAOas model. The mechanistic and substrate chemistry of aryl alcohol oxidase as alcohol or aldehyde oxidase is discussed in detail. The enhance activity as alcohol oxidase of ‘aryl alcohol oxidase’ using electron donating substrate, which is opposite when its aldehyde oxidase activity is considered. The application of the enzyme as an efficient dye degrading enzyme for wastewater treatment biologically, or in paper-pulp bio-bleaching, or drug design make it a hot topic of research for various industrial purpose and commercialization. Other mentionable application of the enzyme, is in the production of flavours and fragrances like vanillin, benzaldehyde, trans-2-hexanal, trans-2-cis-6-nonadienal, piperonal, perillaldehydeetc. The role of the enzyme in the synthesis of bio-based precursors like HMF, FFCA or FDCA is also discussed. HIGHLIGHTS Aryl alcohol oxidase (E C 1.1.3.7) plays a significant role in lignin degradation by supplying hydrogen peroxide to lignin degrading enzymes. It acts upon both alcoholic and aldehydic substrates and convert them to corresponding aldehyde or acids. It is secreted by white-rot and brown-rot fungi, mostly and it is a member of GMC oxidoreductase superfamily. In the enzymatic consortium for lignin degradation biologically, aryl alcohol oxidase plays the role as a versatile auxiliary enzyme. The enzyme seems, to have very wide scale industrial applications in flavors or fragrance industry or drug design or synthesis of bio-based precursor like HMF, FDCA, and FFCA etc. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Archaeological evidence shows the transformation of Sens and Troyes during Late Antiquity. The urban area shrank in the second half of the 3rd century AD and both cities had a city wall by the middle of the 4th century AD. The fortifications do not seem to constitute a clear urban limit in the 4th century AD, the distribution of finds suggesting the coexistence of extra muros settlements developing along roads exiting the city wall.Small finds from Sens suggest a strong presence of the militia intra muros, which could explain the presence of extra muros districts in the 4th and early 5th centuries AD.
Early Modern Italian manuals for memorization present memory as deeply embodied, especially through the memory palace technique. Here, physical sensation, emotion, navigational skills, and personal experience, are all functional to intellectual learning. This article individuates these embodied tools through the analysis of three memorization manuals from 16th century Italy – a time, place, and religious context, in which the body could still be involved in mnemnonics: Dolce’s Dialogo del modo di accrescere e conservar la memoria (1562), Della Porta’s L’Arte del Ricordare (1566), and Gesualdo’s Plutosofia (1592).
In these manuals, it is especially the loci, the architectures of the memory palace, which show sensory participation. Fundamental for place-navigation skills, these embodied techniques are a theoretical challenge for the manuals’ authors, tied to the period’s view of memory as a fundamentally abstract process. Their various approaches are reviewed, and organized along a spectrum, from claiming to denying the contribution of the described practices to a theory of memory and knowledge.
Research objectives: This article raises the question of the authorship of the work “Jami al-tawarikh”, written in Kasimov at the beginning of the 17th century. The author of this work is Kadyr Ali-bek, an associate of the Kasimov Khan Uraz-Muhammad.
Research materials: The main source behind this study is the Kazan and St. Petersburg lists of “Jami al-tawarikh”, as well as a study dedicated to this work and the personality of Kadyr Ali-bek.
Results and novelty of the research: An analysis of the text, “Jami al-tawarikh”, and scientific works about Uraz-Muhammad Khan, the Kasimov Khan, has led to the idea that the work’s author may not be Kadyr Ali-bek. This assumption is based on a different reading of the text in places where authorship is mentioned. In addition, the present version arose from the insertion of text in the work’s various parts. The language is heterogeneous, parts of the composition differ in terms of the presence of borrowings, and we see different levels of the Tatar language. As well, considering the personality of Kadyr Ali-bek, and his role under the Kasimov Khan, it can be assumed that the author of “Jami al-tawarikh” was another person, and Kadyr Ali-bek was a copyist.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Civilization
Wydawany materiał jest efektem działań Jana Zamoyskiego jako wysłannika królewskiego w starostwie samborskim. Dzieli się na dwie części. W pierwszej, spisanej po łacinie i zaczerpniętej przez twórcę Inwentarza… zapewne z wcześniejszych, niezachowanych obecnie źródeł, opisano poszczególne typy należności (capita — kar i opłat administracyjnych) z uzasadnieniem ich pobierania (causae). Druga część, zapisana już po polsku, jest praktycznym uzupełnieniem poprzedniej: wyliczono w niej, ile w danej wsi pobrano opłat, a ile jeszcze zostało do wyegzekwowania. Informacje te wskazują na specyficzne obyczaje prawne panujące w drugiej połowie XVI w., w których odnaleźć można wątki lokalne, ale i elementy obyczajowego prawa wołoskiego, ruskiego i polskiego.
Archaeology, History (General) and history of Europe
The article raises the question of the role and significance of ancient Chinese writing for the preservation and development of the Chinese language, the study of which is impossible without analyzing the monuments of writing and culture of China — Jiaguwen (writing on turtle shells and animal bones, XIV-XI centuries BC). The article raises the question of the need to search for new auxiliary research methods for such valuable and significant written monuments. The authors proposed and considered a statistical method for studying signs (keys / hieroglyphs) on turtle shells, thanks to which the possibility of a sufficiently accurate determination of the surface of the shell by digital photometry data was demonstrated. Thanks to this method, the number of characters (ancient keys / hieroglyphs) was determined in a number of complex areas. This method could be additional, primarily for visual research by specialists in various fields of science. The research of the ancient written language plays a vital role in understanding human history and enriching human civilization.
Victoria Basualdo, María Alejandra Esponda, Silvia Nassif
Este artículo analiza procesos de investigación y judicialización de casos de responsabilidad empresarial en delitos de lesa humanidad durante la última dictadura en Argentina (1976-1983). En particular, estudia cuatro casos de empresas agroindustriales: dos ingenios azucareros ubicados en las provincias de Tucumán (ingenios La Fronterita y Concepción) y otro en Jujuy (ingenio Ledesma), y una empresa yerbatera y de producción de té en la provincia de Corrientes (Las Marías). El artículo subraya que todos estos casos incluyen no solo trabajo fabril sino también rural, caracterizado por una mayor precarización de las relaciones laborales y una mayor explotación. Se enfatizan las potencialidades de estos estudios, pero también los obstáculos y limitaciones de estos procesos de Memoria, Verdad y Justicia debido al fuerte poder empresarial y las dificultades de la organización obrera y sindical.
History of Civilization, History (General) and history of Europe
Tovuzchay II necropolis is located on the left higher bank of the Tovuzchay River in the Tovuz district in the west of Azerbaijan Republic. Archaeological excavations in the necropolis were conducted in 4 stages between 2014 and 2018. 135 graves and and a place of worship were found in Tovuzchay II necropolis. The burials discovered in the necropolis were of two types: stone-covered and soil burials. These burials where archaeological materials and human burials are the same, differ only in structure and the top cover. The burial pits were dug in an oval, quadrangular forms. One of the interesting facts is that the place of worship in the necropolis was also discovered, and this area was probably the place where religious rituals were held. Only in 34 burials of the necropolis were human skeletons discovered. Rich archaeological material – pottery vessels, metal items for domestic use, jewellery, weaponry, beads made of different materials and other artefacts were found in the burials. According to the authors, the necropolis belongs to the culture Late Bronze-Early Iron culture (second half of the 2nd millennium-early 1st millennium BC).
Modern science leaves the specific nature of temporality unclear, despite the generally accepted notions of the unity and diversity of the forms of time. In contrast to the nature of space, the history of the development of views on the nature of time is neither evolutionary nor revolutionary. As a result, the focal point of the person biological and cognitive unity is regarded only as an auxiliary tool for constructing a computable world. Considering that the activity of consciousness was and remains the condition for the synthesis of Time, the way out of the current situation is in a constructive transition from the ontological claims of science to the study of epistemology of temporality, from the question “what is time” to the question “why is it possible to move”. Using the exampleof little-known data from the Armenian history of science about Esai Krymetsy, 15th century medieval astronomist, authors reconstruct the primary cognitive mechanisms of secularization and desacralization of the nature of time.
Purpose The economic system of competitive capitalism strives toward liquid markets wherein the cost for transacting is minimized. Liquidity is mostly addressed in association with abstract markets (e.g. the securities market), but also consumer markets are determined by liquidity concerns. The purpose of this paper is to examine the shopping mall concept, developed by the architect and social reformer Victor Gruen during the early 1950s, as a form of production of capitalist space, intended to reduce transaction costs. As an auxiliary benefit, Gruen envisioned the shopping mall as a cultural and civic center in the midst of the satellite town of suburbia, the new site of urban expansion during the post-war boom decades. Design/methodology/approach The paper reviews secondary literature on the historical development of the shopping mall as a consumer space. In addition, relevant economic and social science literature is referenced. Findings The architecture, design, ornamentation and day-to-day management of the shopping mall were premised on a consumerist way of life, ultimately serving as an all-too-visual index of the triumph of competitive capitalism in the cold war era. However, Gruen’s accomplishments were gradually compromised by the interest of money-minded developers and construction industry actors, and the shopping mall arguably never fulfilled the social and cultural function that Gruen anticipated. Regardless of such outcomes, the production of capitalist space as scripted by Gruen is still determining everyday life in consumer society, making Gruen a key figure, albeit only limitedly recognized, in the history of late modern society and in the capitalist economy. Originality/value The paper emphasizes the role of Victor Gruen in the post-Second World War period, being one of the most influential practitioners and social reformers in the era. Furthermore, the paper stresses how market liquidity is a key concern in Gruen’s project to create a communal space for the American suburban population in the era of the expanding welfare state.
Interlinguistics was created in order to help establish standards for auxiliary languages. However, over the course of its hundred-year history it has come to be understood in ever broader ways, generally as an interdisciplinary branch of science including various aspects of communication, including language planning and standardization, multilingualism, language policy, translation, sociolinguistics as well as the history and literature of planned languages. This expanded concept makes it possible for different scholars, researchers, associations and organizations to treat interlinguistics from extremely diverse points of view and for specialists in different sub-fields to work together. On the one hand, there is a clear lack of agreement concerning the subject matter of interlinguistics as can be seen, for example, in Wikipedia entries. On the other hand a broad understanding opens up new horizons for interlinguistics and makes deeper specialization in individual areas possible. It is therefore possible to see the future of interlinguistics in a positive light: there are still many interesting fields to discover whether through a reanalysis of historical documents or following the latest wave in internet-supported language construction and the activity of polyglots or observing the birth of new scientific specializations and sub-branches such as Slavic interlinguistics.
Manufacturing has a history almost as long as the humankind, but as materials get more and more complex due to material science technology, manufacturing them becomes increasingly difficult. Using processes in combination has been a common practice. Similarly, using a simple process to aid a more complex process has often been employed. However, more advanced technologies have been developed to manufacture difficult-to-manufacture materials, as well as advanced auxiliary techniques to aid the main manufacturing process. In most of these processes, the aim is to improve the manufacturability of the part. Initial considerations to improve manufacturability were focused on being able to produce the part in ways aligning with the design. For example, in hot forging, it was not possible to achieve the right product without the aid of the secondary process (heating). As the manufacturing field evolved, needs of the industry changed to improving part quality and lowering manufacturing costs. Modern methods of assisting main manufacturing processes focus on ensuring (1) an extended use of the tool quantified by lower tool wear and higher tool life, (2) improved machine capabilities quantified by lower maintenance times and higher automation, (3) improved final product quality quantified by dimensional accuracy and surface, subsurface, and bulk material quality, and (4) increased sustainability of the process quantified by lower resource use such as machine power and lubrication. In this study, an overview of the use of assistance in manufacturing processes is provided. The review is focused on more modern techniques such as laser, electrical, magnetic field, and ultrasonic assistance, more modern materials that are difficult-to-manufacture such as hardened steels and titanium and nickel-based alloys, and on machining processes that are more imminent for the critical industries such as automotive, aerospace, energy production, and biomedical industries.