Hasil untuk "Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings"

Peng Wang, Peng Wu, Jun Wang et al.

Virtual Reality (VR) has been rapidly recognized and implemented in construction engineering education and training (CEET) in recent years due to its benefits of providing an engaging and immersive environment. The objective of this review is to critically collect and analyze the VR applications in CEET, aiming at all VR-related journal papers published from 1997 to 2017. The review follows a three-stage analysis on VR technologies, applications and future directions through a systematic analysis. It is found that the VR technologies adopted for CEET evolve over time, from desktop-based VR, immersive VR, 3D game-based VR, to Building Information Modelling (BIM)-enabled VR. A sibling technology, Augmented Reality (AR), for CEET adoptions has also emerged in recent years. These technologies have been applied in architecture and design visualization, construction health and safety training, equipment and operational task training, as well as structural analysis. Future research directions, including the integration of VR with emerging education paradigms and visualization technologies, have also been provided. The findings are useful for both researchers and educators to usefully integrate VR in their education and training programs to improve the training performance.

Shengjie Ling, D. Kaplan, M. Buehler

Ira Ceka, Saurabh Pujar, Shyam Ramji et al.

With the advent of large language models (LLMs), software engineering agents (SWE agents) have emerged as a powerful paradigm for automating a range of software tasks -- from code generation and repair to test case synthesis. These agents operate autonomously by interpreting user input and responding to environmental feedback. While various agent architectures have demonstrated strong empirical performance, the internal decision-making worfklows that drive their behavior remain poorly understood. Deeper insight into these workflows hold promise for improving both agent reliability and efficiency. In this work, we present the first systematic study of SWE agent behavior through the lens of execution traces. Our contributions are as follows: (1) we propose the first taxonomy of decision-making pathways across five representative agents; (2) using this taxonomy, we identify three core components essential to agent success -- bug localization, patch generation, and reproduction test generation -- and study each in depth; (3) we study the impact of test generation on successful patch production; and analyze strategies that can lead to successful test generation; (4) we further conduct the first large-scale code clone analysis comparing agent-generated and developer-written patches and provide a qualitative study revealing structural and stylistic differences in patch content. Together, these findings offer novel insights into agent design and open avenues for building agents that are both more effective and more aligned with human development practices.

Xiang-Jing Kong, Guang-Rui Si, Tao He et al.

As the focus evolves from structure discovery/characterization (what it is) to property/performance exploration (what it is for), the pursuit of stable functional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has been ongoing in terms of both fundamental research and industrial implementation. Under the guidance of crystal engineering principles, a plethora of research has developed pyrazolate MOFs (metal pyrazaolate frameworks, MPFs) featuring strong coordination M-N bonding. This attribution helps them retain their structures and functions under the alkaline conditions required for practical use. Based on poly-topic pyrazolate ligands, various classic MOFs, such as Co(bdp), Fe2(BDP)3, Ni8L6, PCN-601, and BUT-55, to name a few, have revealed fascinating architectures, intriguing properties, and record-breaking performances in applications during the past decade. This review will present the full scope of MPFs to date: (1) the superiority and significance of constructing MPFs through the crystal engineering approach, (2) synthetic strategies adopted in building and/or modifying MPFs, (3) structural features and stability of the MPF community, and (4) potential applications in energy and environmental related fields. The future opportunities of MPFs are also discussed for designing the next-generation of smart materials. Overall, this review attempts to provide insights and guidelines for the customization of pyrazolate-based MOFs for specific purposes, which would also promote the development of stable functional porous materials for addressing societal challenges.

M. Lourenço, Amílcar Arantes, António Aguiar Costa

Adopting building information modeling (BIM) within the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry presents an opportunity to tackle persistent challenges, such as chronic productivity deficits and emerging imperatives like sustainability. However, BIM implementation (BIMI) across European Union (EU) countries diverges due to different contexts and the complexity of BIM. This study aims to identify the main barriers to BIMI and recommend effective mitigation measures in Portugal, a late-adopting EU country. Initially, 28 BIMI barriers were identified through a literature review. Experts in a Delphi survey then selected 15 critical barriers. An interpretive structural modeling (ISM) model was developed with input from a focus group to clarify the hierarchical relationships among barriers, and an impact matrix cross-reference multiplication applied to a classification (MICMAC) analysis was performed to evaluate the barriers’ driving and dependence powers. The resulting main barriers to BIMI include a lack of evaluation mechanisms, ignorance of BIM benefits, a shortage of skilled professionals, limited experience and cooperation, resistance to change, and inadequate top management support. Finally, experts in a second focus group developed mitigation measures to address the main barriers while ensuring the measures affect the entire barrier system. These findings will assist researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in late-adopter EU countries in addressing these barriers effectively.

Ranjit Kaur, Benesi John Mwambegele, Ashish George Abraham et al.

Farid Shahsavar

Healthcare facilities are among the most resource-intensive buildings, yet they must operate continuously and remain functional during emergencies. This paper presents a holistic approach to green hospital architecture that synthesizes sustainable design principles, energy-efficient smart technologies, green building certification systems, and seismic resilience strategies. A literature review of recent research and case studies is conducted to identify how these domains intersect in hospital design. Key sustainable architecture principles (energy efficiency, resource conservation, indoor environmental quality, etc.) are discussed alongside smart building systems for energy management and patient comfort. Green building certification benchmarks such as LEED are examined as frameworks to guide hospital sustainability and performance. In parallel, strategies for seismic resilience – including structural innovations and “earthquake architecture” integrating engineering and aesthetics – are analyzed given the critical importance of hospitals remaining operational after disasters. The synthesis reveals that designing a truly sustainable hospital requires an integrated approach: one that meets rigorous environmental standards, leverages intelligent systems and materials, and ensures structural safety and resilience. This integrated paradigm can yield hospitals that are not only environmentally friendly and energy efficient, but also smart, safe, and adaptive in the face of climate and seismic challenges. The paper concludes with a conceptual model and recommendations for architects and engineers to collaboratively implement sustainable, smart, certified, and resilient design in future healthcare projects.

Lina Hider Ali, Farouk Omar. Hamdoon, Hussein Qumar et al.

These days, researchers have focused on improving the mechanical performance of composite laminates owing to a broad range of their applications in fields like aerospace, military, civil, marine, etc. In this regard, efforts have been made to improve the mechanical and electrical properties of composite laminates by using nanoparticles. For developing high-performance composite laminates, the dispersion of nanoparticles in the composite laminates is significantly important; however, it remains a challenge. This review study focuses on strategies that have been adopted for developing appropriate chemical and physical methods to achieve controlled dispersion of nanoparticles in composite laminates. The effect of nanoparticles on mechanical properties such as tensile and impact strength, compression, and fracture toughness have been discussed thoroughly in this study. Further, this study proves that the addition of conductive nanoparticles to the composite laminates can change their dielectric properties and make them sensors for damage failures during applied loading.  

H. Elkadi, Y. Mahgoub, Inji Keawy

The paper discusses the challenges of co-creating a 21st-century engineering, architecture, and urbanism curriculum in Egypt, emphasising the need for collaboration between the government, industry, and higher education providers. The paper aims to overcome barriers in the Government-University-Industry (GUI) nexus to align and enhance the engineering sector's contribution to Egypt's economic prosperity. The study identifies cultural, educational, and structural factors influencing innovation in Egypt and addresses gaps at the national, university, and program levels. The paper highlights the similarities of innovation landscape with the UK. The authors identified, poor communication and alignment between national goals, industrial strategy, and academic research that hinder engineering innovation in Egypt. The research highlights the inflexibility and lack of clarity in the current engineering curriculum, contrasting the evolving demands and advancements in engineering technology. The paper also refers to the UK Apprenticeship Education Programme as a possible model for improving industrial collaboration and discusses its relevance to Egypt's technical education initiatives.

Wasiska Iyati, Ayu Nur Izzati Hilmy, Rika Nur Fitriani et al.

In hot humid cities, the local microclimate can be moderated by the green open spaces. Differences in the characteristics of its hardscape and softscape elements can result in different thermal environmental conditions. As one of the green open spaces, the street median park can provide vegetation to reduce the air temperature of the region's microclimate. This paper analyzes the thermal characteristics of three street median parks in Malang, which are represent the green street medians in hot humid country of Indonesia. A thermal imaging camera was used to compare the hardscape and softscape surface temperature difference of the three parks. The thermal image results show that stone and paving materials have the highest surface temperatures. Stone as the higher surface temperature is shown in three green streets median. Coral stone has the highest surface temperature at 43.6 °C in Ijen and 42.03 °C in Veteran. Paving also has the highest surface temperature at 43.17 °C in Kunang-kunang. Grass or earth with trees has the lowest surface temperature at 28.53°C in Ijen, 27.93 °C in Kunang-kunang, and 29.17°C in Veteran Street median park. The difference in daytime surface temperature between hardscape and softscape reaches 12.86 °C in Veteran, 15.07 °C in Ijen, 15.24 °C in Kunang-kunang.

Dominikus Aditya Fitriyanto, Afif Fajar Zakariya

The end of the COVID-19 pandemic marks the beginning of a new era in many disciplines, including education. Campus life is starting to flourish, and there has been a significant increase in the use of public spaces, but this has not been accompanied by the renewal and improvement of the campus public spaces that students frequently use for studying and other activities. Many of the street furniture was in poor condition, uncomfortable to use, or could not serve the users. This study aims to define the ideal public space from the perspective of Generation Z students as the users. To collect data, a closed questionnaire is distributed to students from various adjacent faculties. The information is then quantitatively processed to obtain the preferences of street furniture through several parameters, including shape, color, and material. According to the analysis, the best campus street furniture has a circular or face-to-face shape, is geometrically balanced, uses bright, natural colors, and has natural expression. Other improvements include adding more furniture, adding power or electricity, and adding shading. The conclusions of this conversation can act as an outline of guidelines for administrators and stakeholders on campus when planning public spaces and the elements that constitute them up to fulfill the needs of users.

Mark G Stewart

Explosive blasts from accidental or malevolent sources constitute an extreme event resulting in abnormal loads on buildings and other structures. A reinforced concrete (RC) multistorey building is assumed to be attacked by a terrorist vehicle-borne improvised device. Structural reliabilities are calculated for each RC column in the multistorey building exposed directly to the blast event. The probability of progressive collapse for the building is then estimated using system reliability analysis comprising of ground floor columns exposed to the explosive blast. The RC columns are designed according to United States blast-resistant design standard based on (i) threat dependent and (ii) alternate path design methods. The effects of threat dependent and alternate path design methods on column sizing, column reliability, and building collapse probability are investigated by conservatively assuming that collapse occurs if one or more columns fail. The robustness is also dependent on the location of the explosive. It was also found that a threat-dependent design appears to be more effective than the alternate path method in reducing building collapse risks.

Nguyen Dang Khoa, Nguyen Lu Phuong, Ken Takahashi et al.

Abstract Particles longer than 5 μm and with a length/diameter ratio >3 are defined as fibers. Asbestos or other fibers are still identified in residential environments due to the emission from asbestos‐used building materials. The respiratory system is the primary route of asbestos exposure; under a longer residence time, asbestos‐related adverse health effects are inevitable. Currently, asbestos fibers have been replaced with man‐made vitreous fibers (MMVFs); however, studies have revealed some similar biological effects of MMVFs with asbestos. Therefore, MMVFs‐induced diseases need to be determined by analyzing their deposition characteristics and foci in human respiratory tracts. In this study, we used computational fluid dynamics method to investigate fibers' airflow and deposition patterns in two realistic human respiratory models. Two drag models were used to predict the deposition of uniform 1 μm (asbestos) and 3.66 μm (carbon fiber‐CF) diameter, 15–300 μm long fibers. Two drag models provided comparable results with the experimental data. Comparatively, asbestos deposition was independent of fiber length, while CF deposition increased proportionally to fiber length. The highest level of local deposition was detected in the anterior nasal cavity. The results obtained from this study can extend current knowledge of human vitreous fiber exposure‐related lung diseases.

Makoto Ohsaki, Jun Fujiwara, Tomoshi Miyamura et al.

Abstract A ductile fracture model is implemented to an elastoplastic constitutive model of steel material for large‐scale finite element analysis of steel frames. The stress modified critical strain model is extended to simulate the structural response after initiation of ductile fracture. The yield stress, Young's modulus, as well as the stress are reduced using the fracture variable. Positive definiteness of the material tangent stiffness matrix is always maintained, and the unbalanced loads are carried over to the succeeding step to analyze the responses in the range of degrading strength using an implicit finite element analysis. It is shown using a notched rod model and a double notched plate that the proposed model can simulate steep stiffness degradation due to strain localization after ductile fracture. Applicability to a large‐scale finite element analysis is investigated using a component frame of moment frame subjected to cyclic forced deformation.

M. O’Shea, Jimmy Murphy

The advent of wireless sensors and internet of things connectivity combined with increased open source cloud based digital sharing among the architecture, engineering, and construction industry has helped expand the range of applications for building information modelling. As the rate of adoption of BIM as a standard practice for planning, designing, and constructing new infrastructure increases, the research focus is moving towards other applications. Utilizing BIM in innovative ways such as for building energy performance, carbon capture, and asset management are now being explored. An area which receives less focus is the application of BIM on existing structures. This study explores the potential for implementing BIM on an existing structure for asset management and structural health monitoring. A method of integrating sensors to enhance the visualisation of structural health monitoring through BIM is developed. The study describes how monitoring data can be integrated within the BIM of an offshore lighthouse.

Si-Ming Chen, Huailing Gao, Yin Zhu et al.

Biomimetic designs based on micro/nanoscale manipulation and scalable fabrication are expected to develop new-style strong, tough structural materials. Although the mimicking of nacre-like ‘brick-and-mortar’ structure is well studied, many highly ordered natural architectures comprising 1D micro/nanoscale building blocks still elude imitation owing to the scarcity of efficient manipulation techniques for micro/nanostructural control in practical bulk counterparts. Herein, inspired by natural twisted plywood structures with fascinating damage tolerance, biomimetic bulk materials that closely resemble natural hierarchical structures and toughening mechanisms are successfully fabricated through a programmed and scalable bottom-up assembly strategy. By accurately engineering the arrangement of 1D mineral micro/nanofibers in biopolymer matrix on the multiscale, the resultant composites display optimal mechanical performance, superior to many natural, biomimetic and engineering materials. The design strategy allows for precise micro/nanostructural control at the macroscopic 3D level and can be easily extended to other materials systems, opening up an avenue for many more micro/nanofiber-based biomimetic designs.

Serhii Ivanov-Kostetskyi, I. Gumennyk, I. Voronkova

Contemporary innovative 3D technologies and machinery to apply them in the 21st century have been dynamically developing and cover increasingly more aspects in the area of architecture when making buildings and structures for various purposes. In the recent years, in various parts of the world much focus has been made on the kind of 3D technologies such as printing real-life architectural structures on printers using the method of phased production by the digital three-dimensional model designed in advance for the architectural project. The paper considers various technologies and technical means, their advantages and flaws, and analyzes key areas of applying 3D printers in the process of implementing various architectural structures. The prospects are identified for the development of the highly efficient technology to construct buildings and structures. The functioning principles of 3D printers are described. We covered the developments of construction and architectural organizations in making structures with the help of 3D print. Key challenges have been identified in the practical application of 3D print when building the architectural structures; the ways to improve the technology in the future are presented. The authors analyzed the available technological solutions for 3D print in the process of constructing real architectural structures; presented the relevant data on technical parameters of the contemporary three-dimensional printers; the problems for the development of the technology have been conceptualized, as well as the choice of optimal materials and engineering structures with regard for peculiarities of selected methods of layer-wise extrusion or making buildings parts with their further assembling into the final structure. The paper presents a summary of basic notions in the 3D print area, it mentions key software programs that could help implement all stages of the architectural structures making process when constructing them. The authors suggested a list of traditional construction materials to create architectural projects such as mineral heavy weight concrete with the polymer disperse fiber and chemical additives to regulate the terms for hardening astringency, and the promising other materials to produce buildings such as structural glass, various kinds of plastics, ceramic alloys (produced through selective laser sintering), and salt as a basic material to make complex restoration works in the reconstruction process. The outcome of the undertaken theoretical and applied research is presented by the authors in the findings concluding about key benefits from using 3D printers in creating real architectural facilities for various functions, and the choice of an optimal 3D print method on the specific brand of manufacturing machinery with the most efficient software. The authors identified the application areas of the most optimal, economically and structurally justified construction materials fitting the selected technology to build an architectural structure on a 3D printer. The approach can help create relatively inexpensive, aesthetically and functionally interesting architectural facilities for various purposes. In the process of their construction, they entail minimum costs in terms of labor and material resources. It offers broad perspectives to apply 3D printers in the world’s architectural practices.

Guofeng Ma, Jianyao Jia, Jiyong Ding et al.

The adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM) will definitely improve the efficiency and quality of the AEC (architecture, engineering and construction) industry. However, many factors need to be improved before BIM adoption. Based on the interaction between institutions and technology, factors affecting BIM adoption in AEC organizations, within the context of China, are identified and analyzed. Firstly, 21 factors are identified by literature research. Then, an interpretive structural model (ISM) technique is used to establish a hierarchical structure, and matrix impacts cross-reference multiplication applied to a classification (MICMAC) is used for factor classification. The results indicate that corporate/project leadership and software functionality are the two fundamental factors. What’s more, the dynamic mechanism has gradually changed from top-down to a combination of top-down and bottom-up.

Kengo Kawasaki, Tetsu Aoki, Mine Sudo et al.

Abstract Most houses in Japan have the floor‐length windows to take the natural light into the room. Reflected solar radiation and Re‐radiation from the ground (Reflection) enter through the window and increase the cooling load, therefore reducing reflection to the building is necessary. We focused that reflection is greatly affected by the ground surface, its heat flux may vary depending on the height from the ground. This study presented the thermal influence by the vertical distribution of reflection on the building in various climate areas and considered the solar shading method based on that distribution. The calculation results using Sol‐Air Temperature showed that the incident heat flux of reflection increased on the lower part of the building surface, and the vertical distribution of reflection existed in various areas. We propose to shield up to the lower half part of the building as a solar shading method considering the vertical distribution of reflection. This method could be able to shield most of reflection and incorporate natural light from the top half of the window to ensure room brightness and view, that is expected to be effective in improving indoor comfort and reducing the load of cooling and lighting.

Kinga Zinowiec-Cieplik

Shaping open areas in the functional and spatial structure of a city is the subject of research and analyses aimed at determining the quality of life and environmental parameters in a city and formulating conclusions regarding the spatial development planning and city landscape. The study points to problems with the transformation of open areas in a city. The urban ecosystem regeneration is linked with the urban environment parameters and social integration improvement. The modern urban design is based on a functional structure forming an inseparable whole with the natural system, including green and blue infrastructure. The analysis of contemporary models of shaping open spaces in cities indicates that the principles of regenerative design are applied. The regenerative design of open areas leads to the development of guidelines specifying new standards for shaping the functional and spatial structure related to the natural system of a city. Contemporary spatial planning should take into account the functional and qualitative parameters as well as the effectiveness of green areas. The implementation should be optimized in connection with the services contributing to the integration of the local community.