We apply techniques in natural language processing, computational linguistics, and machine-learning to investigate papers in hep-th and four related sections of the arXiv: hep-ph, hep-lat, gr-qc, and math-ph. All of the titles of papers in each of these sections, from the inception of the arXiv until the end of 2017, are extracted and treated as a corpus which we use to train the neural network Word2Vec. A comparative study of common n-grams, linear syntactical identities, word cloud and word similarities is carried out. We find notable scientific and sociological differences between the fields. In conjunction with support vector machines, we also show that the syntactic structure of the titles in different sub-fields of high energy and mathematical physics are sufficiently different that a neural network can perform a binary classification of formal versus phenomenological sections with 87.1% accuracy, and can perform a finer five-fold classification across all sections with 65.1% accuracy.
In view of the European Strategy for Particle Physics process, the French HEP community has organized a national process of collecting written contributions and has pursued a series of workshops culminating with a national symposium held in Paris on January 20-21, 2025 that involved over 280 scientists https://indico.in2p3.fr/event/34662/. The present document summarises the main conclusions of this bottom-up approach centred on the physics and technology motivations.
In the context of strongly coupled thermal QCD-like theories, the bulk viscosity($\zeta$)-to-shear viscosity($\eta$) ratio using the type IIA-theory dual of thermal QCD-like theories was shown to vary like $\frac{1}{3} - c_s^2$ (arXiv:1807.04713) ($c_s$ being the speed of sound), and the same ($\frac{\zeta}{\eta}$) at weak coupling using kinetic theory and finite temperature field theory, was shown and is known to vary like $\left(\frac{1}{3} - c_s^2\right)^2$ (arXiv:1807.04713). The novelties of the results of this paper are that we not only show for the first time from ${\cal M}$ theory that at intermediate coupling, with the inclusion of the ${\cal O}(R^4)$ corrections, the result obtained for $\frac{\zeta}{\eta}$ interpolates between the strong and weak coupling results in a way consistent with lattice computations of $SU(3)$ Gluodynamics (arXiv:0710.3717 [hep-lat]) within statistical errors (and within the temperature range permissible by our ${\cal M}$-theory uplift), but also observe that this behavior is related to the existence of Contact 3-Structures that exist only at intermediate coupling effected by the intermediate-$N$"MQGP"limit of (arXiv:2211.13186[hep-th]). We also obtain an explicit dependence of $\frac{\zeta}{\eta}$ on (fractional powers of) the temperature-dependent/running gauge coupling (and its temperature derivative), and verify that the weak-coupling result dominates at large temperatures. We further conjecture that the aforementioned fractional-power-dependence of $\frac{\zeta}{\eta}$ on the gauge coupling is related to the lack of ``$N$-connectedness'' in the parameter space of Contact 3-Structures (as shown in arXiv:2211.13186[hep-th]).
Researchers working in lattice field theory constitute an established community since the early 1990s, and around the same time the online open-access e-print repository arXiv was created. The fact that this field has a specific arXiv section, hep-lat, which is comprehensively used, provides a unique opportunity for a statistical study of its evolution over the last three decades. We present data for the number of entries, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$E$$\end{document}, published papers, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$P$$\end{document}, and citations, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$C$$\end{document}, in total and separated by nations. We compare them to six other arXiv sections (hep-ph, hep-th, gr-qc, nucl-th, quant-ph, cond-mat) and to two socio-economic indices of the nations involved: the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the Education Index (EI). We present rankings, which are based either on the Hirsch Index H, or on the linear combination \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Sigma = E + P + 0.05C$$\end{document}. We consider both extensive and intensive national statistics, i.e., absolute and relative to the population or to the GDP.
We benefit from the lattice QCD determination by the HPQCD of the Standard Model (SM) form factors for the B¯s→Ds\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {\overline{B}}_s\to {D}_s $$\end{document} [Phys. Rev. D101 (2020) 074513] and the SM and tensor ones for the B¯s→Ds∗\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {\overline{B}}_s\to {D}_s^{\ast } $$\end{document} (arXiv:2304.03137 [hep-lat]) semileptonic decays, and the heavy quark effective theory (HQET) relations for the analogous B → D(*) decays obtained by F.U. Bernlochner et al. in Phys. Rev. D95 (2017) 115008, to extract the leading and sub-leading Isgur-Wise functions for the B¯s→Ds∗\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {\overline{B}}_s\to {D}_s^{\left(\ast \right)} $$\end{document} decays. Further use of the HQET relations allows us to evaluate the corresponding scalar, pseudoscalar and tensor form factors needed for a phenomenological study of new physics (NP) effects on the B¯s→Ds∗\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {\overline{B}}_s\to {D}_s^{\left(\ast \right)} $$\end{document} semileptonic decay. At present, the experimental values for the ratios RD∗=ΓB¯→D∗τ−ν¯τ/ΓB¯→D∗e−μ−ν¯eμ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {\mathcal{R}}_{D^{\left(\ast \right)}}=\Gamma \left[\overline{B}\to {D}^{\left(\ast \right)}{\tau}^{-}{\overline{\nu}}_{\tau}\left]/\Gamma \right[\overline{B}\to {D}^{\left(\ast \right)}{e}^{-}\left({\mu}^{-}\right){\overline{\nu}}_{e\left(\mu \right)}\right] $$\end{document} are the best signal in favor of lepton flavor universality violation (LFUV) seen in charged current (CC) b → c decays. In this work we conduct a study of NP effects on the B¯s→Ds∗τ−ν¯τ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {\overline{B}}_s\to {D}_s^{\left(\ast \right)}{\tau}^{-}{\overline{\nu}}_{\tau } $$\end{document} semileptonic decays by comparing tau spin, angular and spin-angular asymmetry distributions obtained within the SM and three different NP scenarios. As expected from SU(3) light-flavor symmetry, we get results close to the ones found in a similar analysis of the B¯→D∗\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \overline{B}\to {D}^{\left(\ast \right)} $$\end{document} case. The measurement of the B¯s→Ds∗ℓν¯ℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {\overline{B}}_s\to {D}_s^{\left(\ast \right)}\ell {\overline{\nu}}_{\ell } $$\end{document} semileptonic decays, which is within reach of present experiments, could then be of relevance in helping to establish or rule out LFUV in CC b → c transitions.
Fourier acceleration is a technique used in Hybrid Monte Carlo simulations to decrease the autocorrelation between subsequent field configurations in the generated ensemble. It has been shown, in the perturbative limit, to eliminate the problem of critical slowing down in a $\phi^4$ theory (arXiv:1812.05281 [hep-lat]). As a result, there are several techniques that are being explored to generalize Fourier acceleration to work with non-Abelian gauge theories like QCD (arXiv:2112.04556 [hep-lat], arXiv:2108.05486 [hep-lat]). It is hoped that these methods will prove effective at overcoming the problem of critical slowing down, even in the non-perturbative limit. In our work, we show that Fourier acceleration can be applied effectively to a linear sigma model in the symmetry broken phase, leading to reduced autocorrelation and faster thermalization. We present an algorithm for estimating the optimal Fourier acceleration masses dynamically, based on the lattice data. In the future, we hope to explore the effectiveness of these techniques in the strongly-interacting case. Since our $\phi^4$ theory is a linear chiral effective theory for QCD, this could be interesting for those who are seeking to generalize Fourier acceleration to QCD.
Mục tiêu: Mô tả hình ảnh động mạch vành bằng chụp cắt lớp vi tính. Xác định giá trị chụp cắt lớp vi tính 640 lát cắt ở những trường hợp có chụp mạch số hóa xóa nền (DSA) trong chẩn đoán bệnh lý mạch vành. Lưu ý: chỉ 42 thường hơp có đối chiếu DSA. Thiết kế nghiên cứu: Mô tả cắt ngang, 310 trường hợp chụp mạch vành bằng máy cắt lớp vi tính đa lớp cắt Toshiba Aquilion One tại bệnh viện đa khoa quốc tế Vinmec Đà Nẵng từ ngày 1.1.2019 đến 30.8.2021, Trong đó 42 trường hợp đối chiếu với chụp mạch vành bằng ống thông với máy xoá nền kỹ thuật số (chụp động mạch vành qua da) sau đó. Kết quả: Độ tuổi trung bình khoảng 59,5±12,5; nam gần gấp 3 lần nữ; nhịp tim trung bình khoảng 68,28±18,67 lần/phút. Vôi hóa động mạch vành chủ yếu ở mức độ nhẹ, phân bố trên tất cả các nhánh động mạch. Động mạch liên thất trước chiếm tỉ lệ vôi hóa nhiều nhất trên 50% và cũng là nhánh có nhiều vị trí hẹp nhất. Vị trí hẹp hay gặp nhất ở các nhánh động mạch vành là ở đoạn gần và mức độ hẹp nhẹ hay gặp nhất. Giá trị đánh giá hẹp các nhánh động mạch vành giữa chụp cắt lớp vi tính và chụp động mạch vành qua da. Kết luận: Hình ảnh động mạch vành bằng chụp cắt lớp vi tính:- Vôi hóa động mạch vành chủ yếu ở mức độ nhẹ, phân bố trên tất cả các nhánh động mạch. - Động mạch liên thất trước chiếm tỉ lệ vôi hóa nhiều nhất > 50% và cũng là nhánh có nhiều vị trí hẹp nhất. - Vị trí hẹp hay gặp nhất ở các nhánh động mạch vành là ở đoạn gần và mức độ hẹp nhẹ hay gặp nhất. Giá trị chụp động mạch vành bằng cắt lớp vi tính và chụp động mạch vành qua da: - Đánh giá hình ảnh bình thường, bất thường đường đi, biến thể giải phẫu cũng như vị trí và mức độ hẹp. Giá trị đánh giá mức độ hẹp động mạch vành giữa chụp cắt lớp vi tính và chụp động mạch vành qua da: có độ nhạy, độ đặc hiệu và độ chính xác cao.
We benefit from the lattice QCD determination by the HPQCD of the Standard Model (SM) form factors for the $\bar B_s\to D_s$ [Phys. Rev. D 101, 074513 (2020)] and the SM and tensor ones for the $\bar B_s\to D_s^{*}$ (arXiv:2304.03137 [hep-lat]) semileptonic decays, and the heavy quark effective theory (HQET) relations for the analogous $B\to D^{(*)}$ decays obtained by F.U. Bernlochner et al. in Phys. Rev. D 95, 115008 (2017), to extract the leading and sub-leading Isgur-Wise functions for the $\bar B_s\to D_s^{(*)}$ decays. Further use of the HQET relations allows us to evaluate the corresponding scalar, pseudoscalar and tensor form factors needed for a phenomenological study of new physics (NP) effects on the $\bar B_s\to D_s^{(*)}$ semileptonic decay. At present, the experimental values for the ratios ${\cal R}_{D^{(*)}}=\Gamma[\bar B\to D^{(*)}\tau^-\bar\nu_\tau]/\Gamma[\bar B\to D^{(*)}e^-(\mu^-)\bar\nu_{e(\mu)}]$ are the best signal in favor of lepton flavor universality violation (LFUV) seen in charged current (CC) $b\to c$ decays. In this work we conduct a study of NP effects on the $\bar B_s\to D_s^{(*)}\tau^-\bar\nu_\tau$ semileptonic decays by comparing tau spin, angular and spin-angular asymmetry distributions obtained within the SM and three different NP scenarios. As expected from SU(3) light-flavor symmetry, we get results close to the ones found in a similar analysis of the $\bar B\to D^{(*)}$ case. The measurement of the $\bar B_s\to D_s^{(*)}\ell\bar\nu_\ell$ semileptonic decays, which is within reach of present experiments, could then be of relevance in helping to establish or rule out LFUV in CC $b\to c$ transitions.