Hasil untuk "Ural-Altaic languages"

K. Sampanis, Dilara Kaplan

The article compares linguistic nationalism theories in conjunction with the reception of historical linguistic findings (especially those about linguistic families) in instruction books of secondary education in Greece and Turkey. It is suggested that Greek linguistic nationalism can be described as “introvert” in the sense that it repudiates or disregards the genetic association of Greek to the rest of the Indo-European languages whereas Turkish linguistic nationalism is accordingly classified as “extrovert” since it emphasizes the linguistic link of Turkish to the rest of the Turkic language family and seeks to expand this connection to the theoretically dubious (Ural-)Altaic (macro)family. This methodological dichotomy between introvert and extrovert linguistic nationalism is justified by comparing how the linguistic concept of a language family is presented in history and language handbooks in both countries.

D. Tikhonov, Cemal Gürkan, G. Peler et al.

In this study, geographic and linguistic distributions of contemporary and ancient matches with the paternal and maternal lineages of two individuals exhumed from the exemplary Pazyryk culture burial site of Ak-Alakha-1 mound 1 were investigated. Using the shared paternal and maternal haplotypes observed in both ancient individuals, extensive database and literature searches were conducted revealing numerous full matches among contemporary Eurasians, majority of whom speak Altaic Languages. Despite the current focus on the two Pazyryk individuals, a rare glimpse into the ancient migrations was gained through the discovery of paternal and maternal haplotype matches across an immense geography that spans from Yakutia to Turkey. In addition to a vast array of archaeological findings in such Scythian “frozen graves” across Central Asia, accumulating archaeogenetic data are expected to shed light on the anthropology of these otherwise mysterious people.

Mustafa

In Turkic, which has a well-developed word-making system, some words are made not only with affixes but also with the processed forms of lexical units. These lexical units may be words that complement the meaning or they may be in the position of auxiliary verbs. They can be processed as a result of various phonological processes such as elision, consonant assimilation and lose their characteristic of being lexical units and become elements that are used effectively in word construction. Lexicalization refers to the situation in which elements of a language enter the dictionary for various reasons. This situation is realized in various ways. This linguistic phenomenon, which can be seen in some sub-dialects and dialects of Turkic, is also seen in the dialects of Khiva and Urganch, which are among the Oghuz dialects spoken in Khwarezm. As far as can be determined, the lexicalization process takes place in these dialects through the fusion of the functioning words with the main element as a result of grammaticalization, the merger of auxiliary elements with the main element through becoming base, and the gerundium suffix -(X)p. The process of becoming base occurs when the auxiliary elements used after the main verb al- and the auxiliary verb et- are included in the main element as a result of various phonological processes. Additionally, in these dialects, the postpositions bilen and +din (< dey) are also functional words that are active in the lexicalization process. This study examines how lexicalized structures, which are handled in various ways in the historical and contemporary Oghuz varieties, are seen in Khiva and Urganch Oghuz dialects spoken in Khwarezm.

Eda Kalmre

This article explores scary stories about evil clowns and men abducting children in white vans, which are known internationally and have recently spread among Estonian children and young people. In some cases, these narratives have transcended legend, prompting several criminal investigations in Estonia in recent years regarding alleged crimes committed by these nefarious characters. Communication among children, teenagers and young adults occurs both online and offline, i.e., by word of mouth. These age groups also engage in ostensive practices, where several forms of ostension can occur simultaneously. It is often quite challenging to discern between a mere prank, a little lie, a spontaneous experience of fear, or immersion in the story. In the cases from Harku parish, Põlva, and Viljandi, we observe how the playful social dynamics and belief systems typical of children’s and youth culture enter the public sphere through social media, transforming a criminal legend into a real criminal case. In the public sphere, the children’s stories create a different sense of danger (moral panic) and acquire a different meaning by portraying the surrounding world as dangerous and criminal. This change of context imbues the incident or legend with broader social significance and critique. The internet has intensified the seriousness of these evil character stories, providing a rich digital content that mixes various genres and activities, making them more immediate and impactful than the horror stories of the pre-internet era.

Hamidullah Bashqaban, Abdul Fatah Rasooly

The Uzbek language belongs to the eastern branch of Turkic languages. Turkic languages are part of the Ural-Altaic language family. The history of orthography and ancient literature of the Uzbek language goes back to the "Orkhon Yinisey" stone in orthography ions. These petroglyphs were obtained from the beach of the Orkhon Seas in Mangolia, Yenisey (Anasay-Mother valley) in southern Siberia, Talas in Kyrgyzstan, and other areas such as Eastern Turkistan, Central Asia, Caucasus, Volga beach and parts of Europe area. These historical sites contain Turkish-Ronics writings. In the stone in orthography ions of "Orkhon Yinisey", some of which include eulogies and hymns describing Turkish kings, are carved on the tombstones of Turkish kings and princes. The orthography of the Uzbek language of Uzbekistan has always changed from the previous state. However, the Uzbek orthography in Afghanistan has never changed since the 12th century until now; they use the Arabic-Uzbek orthography. In this research, library resources are used.

Mare Kitsnik, Inna Kristal

Eesti keele kui teise keele algtaseme õppijaile valmistab kuulamine sageli raskusi ja tekitab stressi. Kuulamisoskuse arenemiseks on vaja kuulata palju huvitavaid ja jõukohaseid tekste, mida eesti keele A-taseme õppijaile napib. Artiklis vaadeldakse, kuidas arendusuuringu käigus püüti luua täiskasvanud A1-taseme õppijaile kuulamisoskust arendav kogumik, mis ei põhjustaks õppijaile stressi, vaid tekitaks palju rõõmu. Kogumikus on 12 teemat, mis sisaldavad 79 teksti, 82 ülesannet ja 322 õppeotstarbelist pilti. Materjali koostamisel on silmas peetud huvitavust (elulisust, tänapäevasust, emotsionaalsust) ja jõukohasust. Kogumikku on katsetatud A1-taseme õpperühmadega, kellele oli kuulamine jõukohane ja väga huvitav, tekitas vähe stressi ning pakkus palju rõõmu. *** Listening – stress or joy? Compilation of Estonian A1-level listening material for adult learners For beginners of Estonian as a second language, developing listening skills often causes difficulties and stress. In order to learn listening skills, it is necessary to listen to a lot of interesting and relevant texts, which is lacking for A-level learners of Estonian. The listening tasks prepared for the listening texts enhance the development of listening skills. The article examines a development study during which a listening skill development collection was created for adult A1 level learners, the aim of which was to reduce the listening anxiety of beginner Estonian learners and increase the joy of listening. In the first stage of the development study, the initial version of the collection was created, with an eye toward the modernity, vitality, interest and affordability of the material. In the second stage, the created material was tested with two A1-level study groups (n = 14). During the experiment, feedback was collected both from the learners and from the research diary of one of the teachers. Based on the received feedback, the material was supplemented. The finished collection contains 12 topics, which contain 79 texts, 82 tasks and 322 images for educational purposes. The collection was also analyzed with a language analyzer, and the results showed that the collection corresponds to the A1 level. For the learners who tested the material, listening was very interesting, caused little stress and brought a lot of joy.

Anu Treikelder

This article presents a study of the use of Estonian elliptical interrogatives formed with kuidas nii (‘how so’) in literary texts of the Estonian-French parallel corpus, focusing on their discourse functions. Kuidas nii interrogatives are analysed as surprise questions, expressing the speaker’s surprise with regard to an unexpected situation verbalised in the prior turn and the speaker’s request for an explanation. In combination with the particle nii (‘so’), the wh-word kuidas (‘how’) has always a why-like use. These interrogatives are analysed as mixed speech acts featuring both exclamative and interrogative properties that appear to different degrees depending on the context. The two main discourse functions identified in the corpus foreground one of these components: clarification request with a high asking force and denial/disagreement with a more prominent exclamative component related to the speaker’s attitude. The study of translations reveals a great affinity between French comment ça and kuidas nii. Kokkuvõte. Anu Treikelder: Kuidas nii, kalapulki?! Ühest üllatusküsimusest eesti keeles. Selles artiklis uuritakse elliptiliste kuidas nii-küsimuste kasutust Eesti-prantsuse paralleelkorpuse kirjanduslikes tekstides, keskendudes nende diskursiivsetele funktsioonidele. Kuidas nii-küsimusi vaadeldakse kui üllatusküsimusi, mis väljendavad kõneleja üllatust kaaskõneleja eelnevas voorus esitatu või tema kõneakti suhtes ja kõneleja soovi saada selgitusi ootuspäratu olukorra kohta. Koos partikliga nii on küsisõnal alati põhjuslik, küsisõnaga miks sarnane tähendus. Kuidas nii-küsimusi käsitletakse artiklis kui „segatüüpi“ kõneakte, millel on nii küsimuse kui hüüatuse tunnused, mida vastavalt kontekstile rohkem või vähem rõhutatakse. Korpusenäidete põhjal võib eristada kuidas nii-küsimuste kahte põhilist funktsiooni: selgituse küsimine (mille puhul küsiv komponent on esiplaanil) ja eitamine või mittenõustumine (mille puhul rõhk on pigem kõneleja hoiakut väljendaval hüüatuslikul komponendil). Prantsuskeelsete vastete uurimine näitas, et küsifraasil comment ça/cela on kuidas nii-küsimusega väga sarnased kasutused.

Metin Bilgin

The approach presented in this study is about the calculation of the similarities among languages by using the new feature template to be obtained from the syntactic analysis phase. Studies were conducted on 6 different language sets from two different language families in order to show the calculability of similarity of languages with the help of the recommended new feature template. In the first study, triplet-pattern template which is obtained from the syntactic analysis of Turkey, Kazakh, and Uyghur Turkish languages from Turkic languages families belonging to the Ural-Altaic linguistic family, could be formed automatically through developed software, and also similarity analysis of the desired languages could be made thanks to a different module developed within the same software. Consequently, not only similar structural relations of the languages from the same language family but also structural differences among the languages can also be revealed. Even if the first aim is to determine the similarities among languages when developing an approach, the real aim of the desired structure is to form a system independent from the language. In order to show that the formed system has a structure independent from the language, another study was carried out. In the second study, the similarities among the languages were determined by using treebanks of English, Swedish and Norwegian from the Germen language family. When the language family is Turkic and the metrics are Jaccard, Dice, and Similarity Matching, the highest similarity is Turkish-Uyghur, and the values of the metrics are 25.21%, 40.27%, and 50.42%, respectively. When the language family is Germen, the highest similarity is Norwegian-Swedish, and the values of the metrics are 37.15%, 54.17%, and 74.3, respectively.

Ali Gök

Along with Turkey, there are languages of Azerbaijan in the South Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia that comes from the same Ural-Altaic language family and these languages are all related to each other. Together with this language union, the process of Cooperation Summits of Turkic-Speaking Countries was started in 1992 in order to ensure cultural unity and decipher economic and political problems, in particular, by coming together. This process was transformed into the Turkic Council in 2009 and the foundation of organizational integration was laid. However, the expectation in the relations between these states is not just a common language or historical or cultural integration, but a common political and economic dec. At this point, a full organizational integration could only happen with the Organization of Turkic States in 2021. The most important development affecting the process leading to the organizational integration in question is the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War. The conclusion of this war in favor of Azerbaijan, together with the Organization of Turkic States, has opened the door to a major step towards Turkic integration. Even though the subject of this study is the Organization of Turkic States also the main purpose of the study is how the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War affected this organizational integration.

I. Khomchenkova

This paper describes the discourse functions of the 3rd singular possessive marker in Hill Mari. Many previous works indicated that POSS.3SG markers in the Uralic languages express the semantics of definiteness; contrastive uses were also mentioned for Mari and Permic languages. Indeed, in Hill Mari, POSS.3SG primarily marks contrast (selection from a set) rather than definiteness. The acceptability of this marker depends on the status of NPs in the information structure. It can mark a topic, and it also has a contrastive use — both in topic and in focus. This use is typical of specific NPs. However, if this NP is a contrastive topic or, less often, a contrastive focus, the possessive marker is also possible in non-specific NPs. Using Hawkins’ terms: in definite contexts (anaphoric use, associative anaphoric use, immediate situation use, larger situation use), it is felicitous only in a (contrastive) topic, but not in focus. The influence of the information structure is only absent in the context of the selection from a set. It is the idea of the selection from a set that unites the functions of the POSS.3SG marker in its discourse uses. At the NP level, this is the choice of a referent from a set of participants. Contrastive topic and focus are also analyzed as a selection from several alternatives. As for the topic shift, a new topic is similarly selected from a variety of possible options in discourse, activated in the minds of the speaker and the hearer, and when marking the protagonist, the choice occurs from the set of all protagonists acting in various fragments of the discourse. Thus, the same marker encodes similar semantics in Hill Mari at the levels of NP, local, and global discourse structure.

I. Fedotova

This paper looks at the relationship between Khanty dialects from the perspective of the “language vs dialect” problem, applying the method of lexicostatistics to new archival and field data. Dialectal classification of Khanty is still a debatable issue with no reached consensus among researchers. The borders between dialectal groups within the Khanty language are mostly drawn by the phonetic and morphological criteria. Scholars traditionally separate Khanty dialect continuum into two dialectal groups: Northern (Western) and Eastern Khanty. However, recently many Khanty sources have become available to researchers, ranging from the unpublished 18th century archives to the printed dictionaries and digital field corpora. Having applied the method of lexicostatistics to this new material, the article shows that the Eastern group is not homogenous. As a result, the study identifies three contemporary Khanty languages: Northern Khanty, Vakh Khanty, and Surgut Khanty. Also, the article observes the correlation between these three groups and traditional ones that are distinguished by phonological and grammatical criteria (Eastern, Northern and dead Southern Khanty). Also, 13 new basic vocabulary lists based on the sources from the 18th to 21st centuries are published, which makes it possible to trace evolution of the dialects. Etymological notes and references, as well as proto-form reconstructions, are provided along the lists, which makes the supplementary material a miniversion of an etymological dictionary of Khanty dialects.

Y. Normanskaya, I. Fedotova

This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of proximity between the dialects within Khanty and Mansi languages, which form the Ob-Ugric group within the Uralic languages. Even though they are thought to be closely related, research has shown the discrepancy between the phonological and lexicostatistical distance between Khanty varieties vs. Mansi varieties. In the article, innovations in phonology, morphology and basic vocabulary are brought together and compared. New data from archives (18th century) and latest fieldwork shed the light on chronology of phonetic, morphological and lexical changes. Using comparative method, it is shown that in the late 18th century Mansi dialects were still not very distant from each other. Moreover, phonetic differences which hindered mutual understanding between speakers of eastern and northern dialects in the 20th century became distinctive not earlier than 250 years ago. On the contrary, Khanty dialects were as distant as separate languages back in the late 18th century. Judging by glottochronological calculations, the time of divergence of contemporary Kazym and Vakh Khanty can be dated back as early as the beginning of the first millennium AD. These Khanty varieties have more differences than any Slavic and even Turkic (except Chuvash) languages between each other. Therefore, they should be counted as different languages, not dialects. Overall, from the extensive analysis of phonetics, morphology and basic vocabulary, it is proved that Mansi varieties were still dialects (until all but one became extinct) and Khanty varieties were separate languages when they were first recorded in the late 1700s.

Nikita Muravyev

This study features an alignment system in Kazym Khanty. Several facts including accusative marking of personal pronouns, verbal agreement with S/A and a strong tendency towards the clause-initial position of S/A suggest treating Kazym Khanty alignment as accusative. Meanwhile field and text data on the distribution of the active and passive voice as well as subject and subject-object agreement forms reveal several hierarchical coding effects. These include sensitivity of active/passive distinction to animacy and referentiality of the core participants and definiteness requirement of both participants for subject-object agreement. In sum, these facts suggest that Kazym Khanty can be considered an intermediate case of an alignment system combining certain surface properties of an accusative alignment with underlying hierarchical distribution patterns resembling some hierarchical coding systems of Algonquian and TibetoBurman languages.

Igor E. Kim, N. B. Koshkareva, I. V. Silantev

This paper is devoted to the linguistic works by Alexander Evgenievich Anikin, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, on the occasion of his 70th anniversary. Alexander Anikin, a versatile philologist, has made a significant contribution to Russian, particularly dialectal and Ural-Altaic etymology. The linguistic tradition that Alexander Anikin adheres to is associated with the names of famous etymologists of the Russian language, Max Vasmer and Oleg N. Trubachev. The scientific path of Alexander Anikin as an etymologist includes several stages. The starting point was his interest in Balto-Slavic language contacts and borrowings. Then, Alexander Anikin turned to the study of the language contacts in terms of the vocabulary of the languages of the peoples of Siberia and the Far East and Siberian dialects of the Russian language. Currently, the researcher is working on the Russian Etymological Dictionary. This dictionary is an ambitious project that involves searching for etymons for the maximum possible number of Russian words described in etymological, historical, and dialect dictionaries and studies. The Russian Etymological Dictionary differs from many other etymological dictionaries of the Russian language. It covers the dialectal (including Siberian), outdated, and ancient words lost in modern Russian. Also, the paper considers the principles of selecting the linguistic material and the structure of dictionary entries and characterizes the range of languages, which Alexander Anikin analyzes in the context of etymology.

Maria Cheremisinova

The topic of this paper is comparative and attenuative polysemy in Finno-Ugric languages. In some Finno-Ugric languages comparative markers have attenuative meaning (‘a little bit, slightly’) as well. This paper focuses on three markers exhibiting such a polysemy: -ges in Beserman (Permic), -šək in Kazym Khanty (Ugric) and -rak in Hill Mari (Mari). These markers can be used in comparative constructions, have attenuative function and can be attached to the markers of negation. The markers can be used crosscategorically, therefore I also describe compatibility of the markers in different functions. In comparative constructions, all of the markers can be attached to adjectives and adverbs, while in Beserman it is also possible for the marker -ges to be combined with verbs, nouns and pronouns. However, in Kazym Khanty the marker -šək has attenuative meaning even in comparative constructions. In attenuative function, the markers in all three languages can attach to adjectives, adverbs, postpositions (or relational nouns), while in Beserman and Hill Mari verbs can be modified by the markers as well. Finally, comparative-attenuative markers in all of the languages can be attached to the markers of negation. In this function, the most common context allowing the use of the marker is the context meaning ‘not yet’: it appears in all of the described languages. In Kazym Khanty the marker -šək can also express the meaning of emphatic negation (‘no way’) when making a reference to future or present.

Yuri Koryakov

This article examines the changes in the ethno-linguistic territory of the Mansi (Voguls) in the Cis-Urals and in the Tura basin during the 17th—20th centuries. In most of these lands, the Mansi and Mansi languages disappeared no later than the early / middle 19th century. But the assimilation and displacement of the Mansi took place a little differently and at different speeds in different parts. The purpose of this article is to bring together and systematize information about the distribution of the Mansi and Mansi languages in the western and southern parts of their range during the 17th—20th centuries. Both primary sources of the 17th—19th centuries and the works of researchers of the 19th—21st centuries were used as material for the study. Particular attention is paid to census data, as well as data on yasak payers of the 17th century. The result of the work is a detailed reconstruction of the geographical distribution and demographics of the Mansi in this region after the 17th century. All toponyms mentioned in earlier works were georeferenced, and diachronic correlation of objects from different time layers was made. For convenience of presentation, the territory under consideration is divided into several sub-areas. Special attention was paid to the time of the disappearance of the Mansi languages in each sub-area and more accurate georeferencing of the known Mansi dictionaries of the 18th—19th centuries. The collected and systematized information is illustrated by detailed ethno-linguistic maps, which make it possible to compare the situation with the Mansi and the Mansi language in different centuries. Such an analysis, based on the areal principle and accompanied by detailed maps, is being done for the first time. The results of the work, including maps, can be used by specialists of various profiles, incl. linguists studying Mansi dialectology and toponymy, ethnographers and historians

D. Zhornik

This article is aimed at investigating the passive voice as one of the means of marking information structure. The data we use come from our own fieldwork among the Upper Lozva Mansi in 2017—2019 conducted in villages of Ushma and Treskolje of the Ivdel district of the Sverdlovsk oblast, Russian Federation. The data gathered during field trips was assembled into a small corpus of the Northern Mansi language, and we extracted all examples of passive voice found in this corpus. In the article, we briefly summarize the views of our predecessors on the role of the passive voice in Ob-Ugric languages and afterwards we describe the general outline of information structure in Mansi by briefly depicting the use of subject and object conjugations, the passive voice and case marking. We separately analyze the passive voice constructions formed from intransitive, transitive and bitransitive verbs. We conclude that passive voice is, as stated in previous studies, used for promoting the most topical constituent to the subject position. However, we also suppose that there are some other factors that contribute to the choice of voice in Mansi, e. g. animacy and referential properties of the constituent in question. We describe cases in which the most animate or the most definite (and not the most topical) constituent is being promoted to the subject position. We also suppose that not only these factors may separately affect the choice of voice, but also that the sum of these parameters might be crucial. We suggest that it is necessary to create a formal model which would include all the above-mentioned parameters and adequately describe the choice of voice in Mansi and in Ob-Ugric.

D. Kuzmin

The article discusses a number of issues related to the history of the settlement of south Karelia in the period before the coloni-zation of its territory by modern Karelians. Archaeological evidence suggests that the region of study became inhabited about 9 thousand years ago, and the archaeological cultures emerged here gradually replaced each other throughout this time, up to the era of the Middle Ages. At the same time, researchers cannot determine exactly which languages were spoken by the local populations of the paleo-European archaeological cultures of Fennoscandia, which had been replaced by the ancestors of modern Sami. Thus, the earliest of reliably identifiable strata in the languages and toponymy of the peoples of modern Karelia is of (pre-)Sami origin. Traces of this layer are best preserved in toponymy, as well as in borrowed vocabulary in the Karelian, Vepsian and Russian lan-guages. The Baltic-Finnish population of southern Karelia is also quite ancient, and it originated from the medieval Vepsians, who from the 10th century A. D. began the gradual settlement of the southern parts of Karelia. From the 13th century, the territory of Ka-relia began to be actively colonized by ancient Karelians, whose historic homeland was in the northwestern Ladoga area. Over time, the Ladoga Karelians assimilated both the autochthonous Sami population of Karelia, and most of the Veps who moved here from the Svir river area.

Tahir AŞİROV, Gurbangeldi MUHAMMEDOV

The beginning of 20th century, had been Historicized as a period of discussion and negotiation of different cultural problems in Turkmen Lands. The discussions in published works at the given period, appeared as considerable thoughts, views and offers among writings and publications about one of the most important and main problems of Turkmen culture, which indited upon the language topic. Which gives us the opportunity to be informed about researches and writings, published in different places upon Turkmen language. It is possible to see that discussions upon Turkmen language has separate place. Still, it is likely to see warnings and suggestions of traditional writer to the modernist one. Besides, discussions of modernist thinkers among themselves are also remarkable in these compositions. There is especial place of Kumush Ali Boriyev (Boruogly), who’ve been criticized and who is criticized in this dispute adventure. Additionally, writings of thinker have important role in understanding genius of Turkmen language of that time. However, in this article, we are going to try to explain views of thinker which he published on the journal “Turkmen Culture” in 1931 entitled “Turkmen language” which included a statement: “The work of ‘Learning Turkmen language from the scientific approach’ starts”