Hasil untuk "Technical hydraulics"

Andrey Kryukov, Hristo Beloev, Dmitry Seredkin et al.

Power supply for traction substations (TSs) of AC railways has traditionally been provided by 110–220 kV overhead transmission lines (OHL). These OHLs can be damaged during strong winds and ice formation. Furthermore, these lines generate significant electromagnetic fields (EMFs), which adversely affect maintenance personnel, the public, and the environment. Mitigating the resulting damages requires the establishment of protection zones, necessitating significant land allocation. Enhancing the reliability of power supply to traction substations and reducing EMF levels can be achieved through the use of gas-insulated lines (GIL), whose application in the power industry of many countries is continuously increasing. The aim of the research presented in this article was to develop computer models for determining the EMF of a GIL supplying a group of traction substations, taking into account actual traction loads characterized by non-sinusoidal waveforms and asymmetry. To solve this problem, an approach implemented in the Fazonord AC-DC software package, based on the use of phase coordinates, was applied. This allowed for the correct accounting of the skin effect and proximity effect in the massive current-carrying parts of the GIL, as well as the influence of asymmetry and harmonic distortions. The simulation results showed that the use of GIL brings the voltage unbalance factors at the 110 kV busbars of the traction substations within the permissible range, with the maximum values of these coefficients not exceeding 2%. The results of the harmonic distortion assessment demonstrated a significant reduction in harmonic distortion factors in the 110 kV network for the GIL compared to the OHL. The performed electromagnetic field calculations confirmed that the GIL generates magnetic field strengths one order of magnitude lower than those of the OHL. The obtained results lead to the conclusion that the use of gas-insulated lines for powering traction substations is highly effective, ensuring increased reliability, improved power quality, and a reduced negative impact of EMF on personnel, the public, the environment, and electronic equipment.

Rugină Andrei Mihai, Motovilnic Iana

A dam is a hydrotechnical structure facilitating water storage, supply, or electricity generation. At the same time, it plays a crucial role in protecting downstream communities from flooding. Despite the many benefits of a dam, it can pose a risk to downstream settlements in the event of an accident. Both globally and nationally, numerous dams are approaching or have already exceeded their designed lifespan, thus presenting an increased risk concerning structural stability. Considering their continuous degradation and the increased rainfall caused by climate change, it becomes essential to analyze various dam failure scenarios and develop emergency response plans to minimize the loss of human life and material damage. This study focuses on analyzing the Mihăileni Dam in Romania. The effect of this dam’s failure is simulated using the HEC-Ras software version 6.5, based on a 2D hydraulic model, utilizing high-resolution digital terrain model, as well as up to date hydrological data. The study examines the changes in the flood wave along the river, its propagation time, and the number of affected communities and houses following the accident. The results of the simulation are presented, including flood extent boundaries, depth and velocity raster, which can be used to generate detailed maps showing the flood wave’s impact. These maps serve as the basis for developing an emergency action plan in the event of a dam failure and are a crucial tool for intervention teams in emergency situations. The studied dam failure scenario was adopted in accordance with the existing methodology and legislation in Romania, ensuring the accuracy and relevance of the simulation within the local context.

Matteo Cardaioli, Luca Marangoni, Giada Martini et al.

The increasing complexity and volume of financial transactions pose significant challenges to traditional fraud detection systems. This technical report investigates and compares the efficacy of classical, quantum, and quantum-hybrid machine learning models for the binary classification of fraudulent financial activities. As of our methodology, first, we develop a comprehensive behavioural feature engineering framework to transform raw transactional data into a rich, descriptive feature set. Second, we implement and evaluate a range of models on the IBM Anti-Money Laundering (AML) dataset. The classical baseline models include Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, and XGBoost. These are compared against three hybrid classic quantum algorithms architectures: a Quantum Support Vector Machine (QSVM), a Variational Quantum Classifier (VQC), and a Hybrid Quantum Neural Network (HQNN). Furthermore, we propose Fraud Detection for Quantum Computing (FD4QC), a practical, API-driven system architecture designed for real-world deployment, featuring a classical-first, quantum-enhanced philosophy with robust fallback mechanisms. Our results demonstrate that classical tree-based models, particularly \textit{Random Forest}, significantly outperform the quantum counterparts in the current setup, achieving high accuracy (\(97.34\%\)) and F-measure (\(86.95\%\)). Among the quantum models, \textbf{QSVM} shows the most promise, delivering high precision (\(77.15\%\)) and a low false-positive rate (\(1.36\%\)), albeit with lower recall and significant computational overhead. This report provides a benchmark for a real-world financial application, highlights the current limitations of quantum machine learning in this domain, and outlines promising directions for future research.

João Paulo Biazotto, Daniel Feitosa, Paris Avgeriou et al.

Managing technical debt (TD) is essential for maintaining long-term software projects. Nonetheless, the time and cost involved in technical debt management (TDM) are often high, which may lead practitioners to omit TDM tasks. The adoption of tools, and particularly the usage of automated solutions, can potentially reduce the time, cost, and effort involved. However, the adoption of tools remains low, indicating the need for further research on TDM automation. To address this problem, this study aims at understanding which TDM activities practitioners are discussing with respect to automation in TDM, what tools they report for automating TDM, and the challenges they face that require automation solutions. To this end, we conducted a mining software repositories (MSR) study on three websites of Stack Exchange (Stack Overflow, Project Management, and Software Engineering) and collected 216 discussions, which were analyzed using both thematic synthesis and descriptive statistics. We found that identification and measurement are the most cited activities. Furthermore, 51 tools were reported as potential alternatives for TDM automation. Finally, a set of nine main challenges were identified and clustered into two main categories: challenges driving TDM automation and challenges related to tool usage. These findings highlight that tools for automating TDM are being discussed and used; however, several significant barriers persist, such as tool errors and poor explainability, hindering the adoption of these tools. Moreover, further research is needed to investigate the automation of other TDM activities such as TD prioritization.

Jakub Kryś, Yashvardhan Sharma, Janet Egan

Advances in low-communication training algorithms are enabling a shift from centralised model training to compute setups that are either distributed across multiple clusters or decentralised via community-driven contributions. This paper distinguishes these two scenarios - distributed and decentralised training - which are little understood and often conflated in policy discourse. We discuss how they could impact technical AI governance through an increased risk of compute structuring, capability proliferation, and the erosion of detectability and shutdownability. While these trends foreshadow a possible new paradigm that could challenge key assumptions of compute governance, we emphasise that certain policy levers, like export controls, remain relevant. We also acknowledge potential benefits of decentralised AI, including privacy-preserving training runs that could unlock access to more data, and mitigating harmful power concentration. Our goal is to support more precise policymaking around compute, capability proliferation, and decentralised AI development.

Andrea Rodas-Moran

Las amebas testadas, protistas unicelulares con cubiertas protectoras denominadas testa, tienen un importante rol en los ecosistemas acuáticos y son indicadores sensibles de cambios ambientales. A pesar de su relevancia, su estudio en regiones neotropicales ha sido escasamente abordado. Este estudio consistió en una revisión bibliográfica de publicaciones de amebas testadas en ecosistemas lacustres de Centroamérica desde 1950 hasta la actualidad, utilizando diversas bases de datos académicas. Se clasificaron todos los artículos encontrados según tipo de publicación, año de publicación, afiliación de los autores y lagos estudiados además de extraer una lista de las especies de amebas testadas identificadas en cada país. Se encontraron cuatro artículos científicos, con una suma de 65 especies de amebas testadas distribuidas en tres países (Guatemala, El Salvador y Costa Rica). Esta limitada cantidad de investigaciones contrasta con la diversidad de especies identificadas, lo que evidencia la necesidad de investigaciones en la región y el desarrollo de capacidades de investigación a nivel local. Se recomienda el fortalecimiento de la investigación en Centroamérica para profundizar en la biodiversidad regional y su función ecológica, esenciales para la conservación de los ecosistemas lacustres.

Krzysztof Barbusiński, Paweł Kwaśnicki, Anna Gronba-Chyła et al.

This work focused on the verification of the electrical parameters and the durability of side connectors installed in glass–glass photovoltaic modules. Ensuring the safe use of photovoltaic modules is achieved, among others, by using electrical connectors connecting the PV cell circuit inside the laminate with an external electric cable. In most of the cases for standard PV modules, the electrical connector in the form of a junction box is attached from the back side of the PV module. The junction box is glued to the module surface with silicone where the busbars were previously brought out of the laminate through specially prepared holes. An alternative method is to place connectors on the edge of the module, laminating part of it. In such a case, the specially prepared “wings” of the connector are tightly and permanently connected using laminating foil, between two glass panes protecting against an electrical breakdown. Additionally, this approach eliminates the process of preparing holes on the back side of the module, which is especially complicated and time-consuming in the case of glass–glass modules. Moreover, side connectors are desirable in BIPV applications because they allow for a more flexible design of installations on façades and walls of buildings. A series of samples were prepared in the form of PV G-G modules with side connectors, which were then subjected to testing the connectors for the influence of environmental conditions. All samples were characterized before and after the effect of environmental conditions according to PN-EN-61215-2 standards. Insulation resistance tests were performed in dry and wet conditions, ensuring full contact of the tested sample with water. For all modules, before being placed in the climatic chamber, the resistance values were far above the minimum value required by the standards, allowing the module to be safely used. For the dry tests, the resistance values were in the range of GΩ, while for the wet tests, the obtained values were in the range of MΩ. In further work, the modules were subjected to environmental influences in accordance with MQT-11, MQT-12, and MQT-13 and then subjected to electrical measurements again. A simulation of the impact of changing climatic conditions on the module test showed that the insulation resistance value is reduced by an order of magnitude for both the dry and wet tests. Additionally, one can observe visual changes where the lamination foil is in contact with the connector. The measurements carried out in this work show the potential of side connectors and their advantage over rear junction boxes, but also the technological challenges that need to be overcome.

Yangyang Guo, Ziwei Xu, Xilie Xu et al.

This technical report introduces our top-ranked solution that employs two approaches, \ie suffix injection and projected gradient descent (PGD) , to address the TiFA workshop MLLM attack challenge. Specifically, we first append the text from an incorrectly labeled option (pseudo-labeled) to the original query as a suffix. Using this modified query, our second approach applies the PGD method to add imperceptible perturbations to the image. Combining these two techniques enables successful attacks on the LLaVA 1.5 model.

Lorenz Graf-Vlachy, Stefan Wagner

Background: The "Technical Debt Dataset" (TDD) is a comprehensive dataset on technical debt (TD) in the main branches of more than 30 Java projects. However, some TD items produced by SonarQube are not included for many commits, for instance because the commits failed to compile. This has limited previous studies using the dataset. Aims and Method: In this paper, we provide an addition to the dataset that includes an analysis of 278,320 commits of all branches in a superset of 37 projects using Teamscale. We then demonstrate the utility of the dataset by exploring the relationship between developer personality by replicating a prior study. Results: The new dataset allows us to use a larger sample than prior work could, and we analyze the personality of 111 developers and 5,497 of their commits. The relationships we find between developer personality and the introduction and removal of TD differ from those found in prior work. Conclusions: We offer a dataset that may enable future studies into the topic of TD and we provide additional insights on how developer personality relates to TD.

Ronaldo de Andrade Campos, F. S. D. Souza, Vinícius Romeiro da Silva et al.

The hybrid Hydraulics and Pneumatics Module (HDP) at the Process Laboratory of the 1Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro - campus Duque de Caxias, was presented. Before the presentation of the module above to students of technical courses at IFRJ – campus Duque de Caxias, there was the restoration of several parts belonging to the module that are essential for carrying out work activities. The exhibition was aimed at students at the institution studying chemistry, plastics, oil and gas; and information technology and open to the external public in general with an approach to both functional and operational aspects, informing the handling and conditions necessary to carry out the proposed activities. In the preparation stage of the training, its scope included everything from the project to the execution of the activities, as well as knowledge of safety standards relevant to the good use of all parts of the equipment. It is important to highlight that the module includes activities related to various disciplines of technical courses such as automation, hydraulics, metrology, and electrical, which is of great importance in the training profile of students in the various technical courses on campus.

Moyale George Khatete, J. Raude, P. Home

A majority of public irrigation schemes worldwide have continuously performed below their potential, and there is a need to investigate key components  of irrigation scheme performance and provide study-based recommendations to enhance their optimal productivity. The Ahero Irrigation Scheme in  Kenya is one such scheme, and this study is meant to evaluate the scheme’s technical, management, environmental, and socio-economic performance,  which are crucial to the overall performance of an irrigation scheme. The technical factor considers the system hydraulics; management considers the  maintenance of infrastructure and the organizational set-ups in the scheme to ensure effective service delivery; the environmental factor evaluates  scheme operations against adverse environmental impacts; and the socioeconomic factor evaluates income by farmers from the sale of rice and credit  access to enhance their farm operations. Models have been applied to evaluate the most significant parameters affecting the performance of schemes  and to help plan out which factor is to be addressed first. This study aimed to evaluate the technical, managerial, socioeconomic, and environmental  performance of the Ahero Irrigation Scheme in Kenya using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model. The indicators used under the technical  parameter include adequacy, equity, efficiency, and dependability. Questionnaires were used to obtain information on farmer satisfaction with irrigation  water delivery amounts and timing and any extra feedback to improve the technical performance of the scheme. For the managerial parameter, the  indicators include the effectiveness of infrastructure, land renovation ratio, and training. The number of functional structures was counted, and a ratio of  functional to total structures was calculated to determine the effectiveness of infrastructure. The land renovation was calculated as a ratio of the area  under irrigation to the total gazetted land of the irrigation scheme. Questionnaires were used to gather feedback on extension services, if any, advanced to farmers. Random sampling was used to select farmers distributed across the scheme, with a confidence level of 95%. For the environmental  parameter, the indicators used include the drainage ratio, the river water ratio, and the groundwater ratio. On the technical parameter, the canal’s  conveyance efficiency was found to be 60% (fair); adequacy in the upper, mid, and lower streams of the scheme was 0.99 (very good), 0.82 (good), and  0.74 (poor), respectively; equity was 0.57 (poor); the coefficient of variance for dependability for the April-July season was 5.3 (good), while for the  reference year 2020, it was 16.23 (poor). The findings for the scheme’s hydraulic performance generally indicated that water distribution and utilization in the scheme were inefficient. Farmers also complained about inconsistencies in water delivery owing to the scheme’s reliance on pumping irrigation  water, which is affected whenever there are power outages. On the managerial parameter, the effectiveness of infrastructure was found to be 89%, while  the irrigation ratio was established at 62%. It was also noted that training farmers was not done regularly. On the socio-economic parameter, it was noted  that credit was given to farmers based on their capacity to pay it back. Notable also was the fact that the income of farmers was poor, which was  the result of an unavailable market for harvested rice. On the environmental parameter, the river water ratio was found to be 1, since the irrigation  scheme had no other source of water other than river water. Based on the overall AHP analysis, the technical parameter (51%) should be given more  priority, followed by the socio-economic parameter (32%), the management parameter (11%), and the environmental parameter (6%).

Mohammad Sadegh Sheikhaei, Yuan Tian

Software and systems traceability is essential for downstream tasks such as data-driven software analysis and intelligent tool development. However, despite the increasing attention to mining and understanding technical debt in software systems, specific tools for supporting the track of technical debts are rarely available. In this work, we propose the first programming language-independent tracking tool for self-admitted technical debt (SATD) -- a sub-optimal solution that is explicitly annotated by developers in software systems. Our approach takes a git repository as input and returns a list of SATDs with their evolution actions (created, deleted, updated) at the commit-level. Our approach also returns a line number indicating the latest starting position of the corresponding SATD in the system. Our SATD tracking approach first identifies an initial set of raw SATDs (which only have created and deleted actions) by detecting and tracking SATDs in commits' hunks, leveraging a state-of-the-art language-independent SATD detection approach. Then it calculates a context-based matching score between pairs of deleted and created raw SATDs in the same commits to identify SATD update actions. The results of our preliminary study on Apache Tomcat and Apache Ant show that our tracking tool can achieve a F1 score of 92.8% and 96.7% respectively.

Gregory Wilder, Riley Miyamoto, Samuel Watson et al.

Technical debt describes situations where developers write less-than-optimal code to meet project milestones. However, this debt accumulation often results in future developer effort to live with or fix these quality issues. To better manage this debt, developers may document their sub-optimal code as comments in the code (i.e., self-admitted technical debt or SATD). While prior research has investigated the occurrence and characteristics of SATD, this research has primarily focused on non-mobile systems. With millions of mobile applications (apps) in multiple genres available for end-users, there is a lack of research on sub-optimal code developers intentionally implement in mobile apps. In this study, we examine the occurrence and characteristics of SATD in 15,614 open-source Android apps. Our findings show that even though such apps contain occurrences of SATD, the volume per app (a median of 4) is lower than in non-mobile systems, with most debt categorized as Code Debt. Additionally, we identify typical elements in an app that are prone to intentional sub-optimal implementations. We envision our findings supporting researchers and tool vendors with building tools and techniques to support app developers with app maintenance.

Benedikt Dornauer, Michael Felderer, Johannes Weinzerl et al.

Technical debt is often the result of Short Run decisions made during code development, which can lead to long-term maintenance costs and risks. Hence, evaluating the progression of a project and understanding related code quality aspects is essential. Fortunately, the prioritization process for addressing technical debt can be expedited with code analysis tools like the established SonarQube. Unfortunately, we experienced some limitations with this tool and have had some requirements from the industry that were not yet addressed. Through this experience report and the analysis of scientific papers, this work contributes: (1) a reassessment of technical debt within the industry, (2) considers the benefits of employing SonarQube as well as its limitations when evaluating and prioritizing technical debt, (3) introduces a novel tool named SoHist which addresses these limitations and offers additional features for the assessment and prioritization of technical debt, and (4) exemplifies the usage of this tool in two industrial settings in the ITEA3 SmartDelta project.

Camille Jorge, Amélie Chardac, Alexis Poncet et al.

Viscous flows are laminar and deterministic. Robust linear laws accurately predict their streamlines in structures as complex as blood vessels, porous media and pipe networks. However, biological and synthetic active fluids defy these fundamental laws. Irrespective of their microscopic origin, confined active flows are intrinsically bistable, and therefore non-linear. As a consequence, their emergent patterns in channel networks are out of reach of available theories, and lack quantitative experiments. Here, we lay out the basic laws of active hydraulics. We show that active hydraulic flows are non-deterministic and yield degenerate streamline patterns ruled by frustration at nodes with an odd coordination number. More precisely, colloidal-roller experiments in trivalent networks reveal how active-hydraulic flows realize dynamical spin ices. The resulting streamline patterns split into two distinct classes of self-similar loops, which reflect the fractionalization of topological defects at the subchannel scales. Informed by our measurements, we formulate the laws of active hydraulics as a double spin model. A series of mappings on loop O(n) models then allow us to exactly predict the geometry of the degenerate streamlines. We expect our fundamental understanding to provide robust design rules for active microfluidic devices, and to offer unanticipated avenues to understand the motion of living cells and organisms in complex habitats.

George Meramveliotakis, Sotirios Karellas, George Kosmadakis

The aim of this work is to evaluate three methodologies regarding semi-empirical scroll compressor modeling for different refrigerants and conduct a comparative analysis of their results and accuracy. The first step is to improve a semi-empirical model for scroll compressors based on established techniques, and further enhance the physical background of some of its sub-processes leading to more accurate predictions. Focus is then given on the compressor operation when changing the refrigerant, proposing three methods in total. The first method refers to the standard model, requiring an optimization process for the calibration of all the model parameters. The second method relies on a reference refrigerant, and also uses optimization procedures, but for the fine-tuning of a small subset of the parameters. The third method is more generalized, without the need of any optimization process for the parameters identification, when fluid change occurs, leading to a very fast approach. Το evaluate the accuracy and verify the applicability of each method also related to the necessary computational time, two scroll compressors each with three different refrigerants are considered (HFCs and HFOs and their blends). The model is evaluated with the available manufacturer data, using R134a as reference refrigerant. The results show that the first method predicts the key indicators with a very high accuracy, with the maximum discrepancy of 2.06%, 4.17% and 3.18 K for the mass flow rate, electric power and discharge temperature respectively. The accuracy of the other two methods is dropping, but within acceptable levels in most of the cases. Therefore, in cases that reduced accuracy can be accepted, the third method is preferred for compressor performance prediction when changing the refrigerant, which provides results at a small fraction of time compared with the other two methods, once the parameters are calibrated for a reference case.

Junling He, Qingzhi Hou, Jijian Lian et al.

This research describes the dynamic behavior of an isolated slug driven by pressurized air in a voided line with an end orifice. A three-dimensional (3D) computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) model is used to simulate the rapid propulsion and impact at the orifice for given slug length and driving air pressure, and is validated against experimental data. New mechanisms are observed: (i) the driving air pressure at the slug tail decreases with the slug motion; (ii) when the slug arrives at the orifice, the air fraction is almost one hundred percent in the most upstream part of the pipe, then it attenuates rapidly until an invariant eighty percent is achieved with a constant mass shedding rate; (iii) the velocity distribution in the radial direction of the cross-section at the midpoint of the slug length evolves from uniform to trapezoidal and then to logarithmic during slug movement; (iv) the initial vertical slug front changes its shape due to air intrusion at the top of the slug front; (v) the slug’s acceleration decreases first and then increases under the combined effects of its decreasing mass, nonlinear attenuation of the driving pressure, and increasing skin friction; (vi) the slug length has a constant rate of decrease.

Andy Williams Alonzo Vásquez

Se analizaron los porcentajes de remoción entre un prototipo de grava y suelo y otro con pet y suelo, donde se demuestra que la diferencia no supera el 5%, por lo que sustituir el material de grava por pet puede convertirse en una opción más para el tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas sin afectar el rendimiento que permita la reducción de contaminantes. El sistema consta de un tratamiento primario y 2 prototipos como tratamiento secundario, en una profundidad de 1,5 metros la eficiencia de remoción fue de 95 % en los parámetros de: solidos suspendidos totales, color, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno a cinco días y demanda química de oxígeno. La reducción de dichos contaminantes llegó a una concentración menor a la establecida en el Acuerdo Gubernativo 236-2006 “Reglamento de las descargas y reuso de aguas residuales y de la disposición de lodos”. Sin embargo, parámetros como el nitrógeno, fósforo total y coliformes fecales reducidas en 4 ciclos logaritmos no superan el 85 % de remoción en ambos prototipos, y por lo tanto, no cumplen con la legislación guatemalteca mencionada.

Amilcar Bernardino Racancoj Alonzo

El uso de tecnologías amigables al medio ambiente y la relación del sulfato de aluminio con daños a la salud mental han dirigido el interés hacia la investigación de polielectrolitos naturales, por lo que esta investigación analiza la eficiencia de la molienda producida por la semilla Prunus pérsica S “Salcajá” como coagulante natural para la remoción de turbiedad y color aparente en agua potable. El diseño experimental consideró un modelo de bloques completos al azar con 6 bloques con distintos niveles de turbiedad y color aparente en 4 tratamientos: 0 mg/l, 30, 70 y 140 mg/l. La prueba de jarras evaluó la eficiencia del coagulante natural midiendo los parámetros de pH, turbiedad y color aparente. El análisis de varianza de dos factores evidenció que, en el rango de turbiedades de 3 a 623 UNT y de color aparente de 40 a 2250 UPt-Co los tratamientos no son estadísticamente significativos. La prueba post hoc bajo el criterio de Tukey demostró que el mejor resultado de remoción se da en el tratamiento de 30 mg/l con un 64.99 % de remoción en turbiedad y en color un 43.30%. El análisis de varianza para los niveles de turbiedad y color aparente iniciales arrojó que sí existe diferencia significativa entre bloques y mediante la prueba post hoc se demostró que la mejor remoción de turbiedad se encuentra en el bloque de 623 UNT con una eficiencia del 84.35% y en color aparente en el bloque de 1,656 UPt-Co con una eficiencia de 56.82%.

Mehmet Melih Koşucu, Mehmet Cüneyd Demirel

Applying pressure management reduces lost water and excessive hydraulic pressures in water distribution networks (WDNs). There are currently four different types of pressure management in the literature, i.e. fixed outlet, time modulated, flow modulated, and remote node modulated. The primary device used in pressure management is the pressure reducing valve (PRV) that dynamically controls the outlet pressure by moving up and down its main valve element. In this study, we firstly introduce the dynamic PRV model with four different pressure management types to the source code of EPANET v3.1 software and assess the effect of different valve opening schemes on pressure graphs and leakage quantities. The results showed that dynamic PRV significantly reduces lost water amounts and excessive hydraulic pressures in the WDN when valve opening is continuously adjusted. Our smart PM extension implemented into EPANET v3.1 software is publicly available in Zenodo repositories (https://zenodo.org/record/6243078). HIGHLIGHTS The dynamic PRV model is introduced to EPANET 3.; Four different PM schemes are incorporated into EPANET 3.; The newly introduced EPANET 3 code is rigorously tested in the hydraulic model of two water distribution networks.;