Hasil untuk "South Asia. Southeast Asia. East Asia"

Hugh McColl, F. Racimo, L. Vinner et al.

Ancient migrations in Southeast Asia The past movements and peopling of Southeast Asia have been poorly represented in ancient DNA studies (see the Perspective by Bellwood). Lipson et al. generated sequences from people inhabiting Southeast Asia from about 1700 to 4100 years ago. Screening of more than a hundred individuals from five sites yielded ancient DNA from 18 individuals. Comparisons with present-day populations suggest two waves of mixing between resident populations. The first mix was between local hunter-gatherers and incoming farmers associated with the Neolithic spreading from South China. A second event resulted in an additional pulse of genetic material from China to Southeast Asia associated with a Bronze Age migration. McColl et al. sequenced 26 ancient genomes from Southeast Asia and Japan spanning from the late Neolithic to the Iron Age. They found that present-day populations are the result of mixing among four ancient populations, including multiple waves of genetic material from more northern East Asian populations. Science, this issue p. 92, p. 88; see also p. 31 Ancient genomes reveal four layers of human migration into Southeast Asia. The human occupation history of Southeast Asia (SEA) remains heavily debated. Current evidence suggests that SEA was occupied by Hòabìnhian hunter-gatherers until ~4000 years ago, when farming economies developed and expanded, restricting foraging groups to remote habitats. Some argue that agricultural development was indigenous; others favor the “two-layer” hypothesis that posits a southward expansion of farmers giving rise to present-day Southeast Asian genetic diversity. By sequencing 26 ancient human genomes (25 from SEA, 1 Japanese Jōmon), we show that neither interpretation fits the complexity of Southeast Asian history: Both Hòabìnhian hunter-gatherers and East Asian farmers contributed to current Southeast Asian diversity, with further migrations affecting island SEA and Vietnam. Our results help resolve one of the long-standing controversies in Southeast Asian prehistory.

J. Southon, M. Kashgarian, M. Fontugne et al.

Nimesha Wijamuni, Sohier Elneil, Peter Phiri et al.

Abstract Background Violence against women and girls (VAWG) remains a critical public health challenge globally and in Asia, where it is rooted in entrenched socio-cultural, economic, and legal inequities. Despite increasing awareness, the drivers of VAWG in Asian contexts remain poorly consolidated across disciplines. Objective To systematically identify and report the socio-cultural, economic, and legal determinants of VAWG in Asia. Methods An evidence synthesis protocol was systematic developed and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420241046281). Comprehensive searches were conducted across PubMed, Science Direct, and the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group Specialised Register for English-language peer-reviewed articles published between April 1980 and April 2025. The analysis was conducted using contextual and thematic approaches. Results From 16,473 records screened, 34 studies met inclusion criteria. Studies spanned South, Southeast, and East Asia, and included diverse methodologies. Thematic analysis revealed five dominant themes: socio-cultural determinants, economic constraints, legal and institutional weaknesses, regional and demographic variations, and emerging forms of violence. The total population represented across the studies was 193,429 women and girls. Conclusion VAWG in Asia is perpetuated by intersecting systems of gender inequality, economic deprivation, and weak legal enforcement. The evidence supports the need for multisectoral, culturally sensitive interventions to address the structural roots of violence, given the high prevalence observed across multiple subgroups, the documented physical and mental health consequences, and emerging signals from intervention studies. Future research should prioritise underrepresented regions and emerging modalities of violence, such as cyber abuse.

Wei Minn, Phong Phan, Vikas K. Malviya et al.

Android banking applications have revolutionized financial management by allowing users to perform various financial activities through mobile devices. However, this convenience has attracted cybercriminals who exploit security vulnerabilities to access sensitive financial data. FjordPhantom, a malware identified by our industry collaborator, uses virtualization and hooking to bypass the detection of malicious accessibility services, allowing it to conduct keylogging, screen scraping, and unauthorized data access. This malware primarily affects banking and finance apps across East and Southeast Asia region where our industry partner's clients are primarily based in. It requires users to be deceived into installing a secondary malicious component and activating a malicious accessibility service. In our study, we conducted an empirical study on the susceptibility of banking apps in the region to FjordPhantom, analyzed the effectiveness of protective measures currently implemented in those apps, and discussed ways to detect and prevent such attacks by identifying and mitigating the vulnerabilities exploited by this malware.

Zhixiang Lu, Chong Zhang, Yulong Li et al.

The vision of an inclusive World Wide Web is impeded by a severe linguistic divide, particularly for communities in low-resource regions of Southeast Asia. While large language models (LLMs) offer a potential solution for translation, their deployment in data-poor contexts faces a dual challenge: the scarcity of high-quality, culturally relevant data and the prohibitive energy costs of training on massive, noisy web corpora. To resolve the tension between digital inclusion and environmental sustainability, we introduce Sustainable Agent-Guided Expert-tuning (SAGE). This framework pioneers an energy-aware paradigm that prioritizes the "right data" over "big data". Instead of carbon-intensive training on unfiltered datasets, SAGE employs a reinforcement learning (RL) agent, optimized via Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), to autonomously curate a compact training set. The agent utilizes a semantic reward signal derived from a small, expert-constructed set of community dialogues to filter out noise and cultural misalignment. We then efficiently fine-tune open-source LLMs on this curated data using Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA). We applied SAGE to translation tasks between English and seven low-resource languages (LRLs) in Southeast Asia. Our approach establishes new state-of-the-art performance on BLEU-4 and COMET-22 metrics, effectively capturing local linguistic nuances. Crucially, SAGE surpasses baselines trained on full datasets while reducing data usage by 97.1% and training energy consumption by 95.2%. By delivering high-performance models with a minimal environmental footprint, SAGE offers a scalable and responsible pathway to bridge the digital divide in the Global South.

Panuthep Tasawong, Jian Gang Ngui, Alham Fikri Aji et al.

Culturally aware safeguards are crucial for AI alignment in real-world settings, where safety extends beyond common sense and encompasses diverse local values, norms, and region-specific regulations. However, building large-scale, culturally grounded datasets is challenging due to limited resources and a scarcity of native annotators. Consequently, many safeguard models rely on machine translation of English datasets, often missing regional and cultural nuances. We present a novel agentic data-generation framework to scalably create authentic, region-specific safety datasets for Southeast Asia (SEA). On this foundation, we introduce the SEA-Guard family, the first multilingual safeguard models grounded in SEA cultural contexts. Evaluated across multiple benchmarks and cultural variants, SEA-Guard consistently outperforms existing safeguards at detecting regionally sensitive or harmful content while maintaining strong general safety performance.

Pengfei Yue, Xingran Zhao, Juntao Chen et al.

Multilingual document and scene text understanding plays an important role in applications such as search, finance, and public services. However, most existing benchmarks focus on high-resource languages and fail to evaluate models in realistic multilingual environments. In Southeast Asia, the diversity of languages, complex writing systems, and highly varied document types make this challenge even greater. We introduce SEA-Vision, a benchmark that jointly evaluates Document Parsing and Text-Centric Visual Question Answering (TEC-VQA) across 11 Southeast Asian languages. SEA-Vision contains 15,234 document parsing pages from nine representative document types, annotated with hierarchical page-, block-, and line-level labels. It also provides 7,496 TEC-VQA question-answer pairs that probe text recognition, numerical calculation, comparative analysis, logical reasoning, and spatial understanding. To make such multilingual, multi-task annotation feasible, we design a hybrid pipeline for Document Parsing and TEC-VQA. It combines automated filtering and scoring with MLLM-assisted labeling and lightweight native-speaker verification, greatly reducing manual labeling while maintaining high quality. We evaluate several leading multimodal models and observe pronounced performance degradation on low-resource Southeast Asian languages, highlighting substantial remaining gaps in multilingual document and scene text understanding. We believe SEA-Vision will help drive global progress in document and scene text understanding.

Z. Iqbal, Shamsuddin Shahid, K. Ahmed et al.

Abstract Global climate models (GCMs) of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) has designed with new socioeconomic pathway scenarios to incorporate the socioeconomic changes along with greenhouse gas emissions to project future climate. Performance of 35 GCMs of CMIP6 was evaluated in this study in replicating APHRODITE rainfall in the Mainland South-East Asia (MSEA) for the period 1975–2014. Compromised programming (CP) based on four spatial statistical metrics were used for the ranking of the GCMs and Jenk's natural break classification was employed to find the most suitable subset of GCMs for MSEA. The results showed that majority of CMIP6 GCMs can capture the rainfall climatological of MSEA. The performance of the GCMs was different in terms of different metrics. Integration of all metrics using CP showed MRI-ESM2-0, EC-Earth3 and EC-Earth3-Veg as the most suitable subset of GCMs for rainfall projections in MSEA. The performance assessment of the selected GCMs revealed their ability to simulate the annual mean rainfall climatology in the central and southern region of MSEA with a bias less than 25%. Relatively higher biases (−25 to −75%) were noticed in the western coastal region of Myanmar where observed rainfall is the highest. The identified CMIP6 GCMs can be employed for climate change projections and impact assessments in MSEA after correcting the associated biases.

C. Negri, M. Ricci, M. Zilio et al.

Abstract Rapid economic growth in Asia and especially in China, will lead to a huge increase of food waste (FW) production that is expected to increase by 278–416 million tonnes. Among various waste management practices, anaerobic digestion (AD) is a useful method to transform food waste, producing renewable energy/biofuel and bio-fertilizers. This review aims to investigate some of the key factors in proposing FW for anaerobic digestion, with particular reference to China and South East Asian countries. Food waste shows variable chemical composition and a high content of biodegradable material (carbohydrates, protein and lipid). This composition led to consistent biogas production that was reported, as average for Chinese FW, of 480 ± 88 LCH4 kg−1 VS (n = 42). Since these data are higher than those reported for energy crops (246 ± 36 LCH4 kg−1 VS), this makes FW a good candidate to substitute for energy crops, avoiding food-energy conflicts. FW co-digestion with different substrates improved total bio-methane production (on average), from 268 ± 199 mL g−1 VS to 406 ± 137 mL g−1 VS. Food waste pretreatment, also, seems to be very useful in increasing total biogas production. Physical and thermal treatments were the best, increasing biogas production by 40% and 30%, respectively. Techno-economic evaluation seems to indicate the feasibility of substituting EC with FW for producing biogas and reducing total biomass costs. To achieve this, separate collection sources need to be put into place, assuring high FW quality to promote a Circular Economy approach in FW management.

Masaki Nakabayashi, Hisayuki Oshima

In-person networks based on imperial legacies, immigrants, and general trading companies that share a common language and culture can help expand trade in differentiated goods. However, little is known regarding how such networks can facilitate deals for differentiated goods. To investigate the role played by general trading companies in this context, we study how major trading companies navigated a sensitive transaction—the procurement of distillation facilities for oil shale in Manchuria—in imperial Japan during the first age of globalization. Our archival research revealed that trading companies logistically supported Japanese buyer engineers when they met in person with engineers associated with Western suppliers, and visited plants in the West with the aim of acquiring tacit knowledge beyond the scope of written specifications. The role played by Japanese trading companies in this context involved promoting knowledge spillover from the West by providing logistic support for such in-person meetings.

Hong Tham Pham, Manh Hung Tran, Thuy-Van Mai Hoang et al.

Abstract Evidence on the prevalence of HLA-B*58:01 genotyping and its association with allopurinol-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) is lacking, especially in low-resource settings. We addressed these gaps by conducting comprehensive and race/ethnic origin-specific evaluations. We conducted a systematic search from inception to 31 December 2022 using databases (PubMed, Embase, and medRxiv), Google (for Vietnamese articles), and manual searching. We included original studies that investigated the association between HLA-B*58:01 genotyping and allopurinol-induced SCARs. We excluded studies on: (1) animals; (2) pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics; (3) genetic markers or genetic testing methods; (4) single group; and (5) cost-effectiveness of screening. Risk of bias was assessed using Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. We used random-effects model to report the summary estimates and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) in the meta-analysis. We included 13,719 patients from 24 case–control studies. The prevalences of HLA-B*58:01 genotyping (overall 5.8%; 95% CI 2.9% to 11.5%; I2 = 98%) varied by races (Asian [7.7%; 95% CI 3.4% to 16.8%; I2 = 98%] and White in Eastern/Western Europe [2.3%; 95% CI 1.2% to 4.3%; I2 = 86%]) and ethnic origins (East and Central Asia [5.5%; 95% CI 1.5% to 17.8%; I2 = 98%] and South and Southeast Asia [12.9%; 95% CI 9.5% to 17.3%; I2 = 79%]). HLA-B*58:01 genotyping was associated with substantially increasing risk of allopurinol-induced SCARs (odds ratio 117.6; 95% CI 70.3 to 196.8; I2 = 45%) regardless of the subgroups. We found a higher prevalence of HLA-B*58:01 genotyping in some Asian populations compared with the Whites. There is evidence to confirm a strong association between this allele and allopurinol-induced SCARs.

Al-Baraa Abdulrahman Al-Mekhlafi, Noreen Kanwal, Mohammed Nasser Alhajj et al.

Safety culture plays a vital role in creating safer work environments, making its understanding important. This paper comprehensively analyzes safety culture research trends through a bibliometric study using the Scopus database. This study provided a full insight by analyzing 7058 papers published between 1978 and 2023, employing the PRISMA method and VOSviewer 1.6.19 for bibliometric mapping. The USA, England, China, and Australia are the leading contributors, with Johns Hopkins University being the most active institution. Approximately 75% of publications are co-authored, indicating strong collaboration in this field. Guldenmund (2000) is the most referenced work in safety culture research. Based on the results, this work identifies significant geographical gaps, particularly in Oceania, South America, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Africa, as well as underexplored sectors such as transportation, logistics, energy, sports, education, and construction. The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted research in this area, particularly healthcare, while potentially diverting attention from other critical sectors. This study contributes a fresh perspective on the trends of safety culture research, offering valuable insights for scholars and practitioners. Additionally, it highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing the unique challenges faced by safety culture across diverse industries and regions.

Altay Kerimkulov, Talgat Uskenbayev, Tomiris Sarina et al.

BackgroundGastric cancer is a serious health issue both globally and in Kazakhstan. Worldwide, gastric cancer ranks fifth in incidence, with the highest rates reported in East Asia, the Andes of South America, and Eastern Europe, while the lowest rates are reported in North America, Northern Europe, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Over 70% of the cases occur in resource-limited countries. In Kazakhstan, gastric cancer ranks third in morbidity and second in mortality, representing a serious clinical and social problem. Annually, 1600 deaths from malignant gastric neoplasms are registered. Peritoneal metastasis is considered one of the most severe complications of gastric cancer and has long been regarded as its terminal stage. The average life expectancy of patients with peritoneal metastasis is only 3-6 months, reflecting a high mortality rate and the limited efficacy of current treatments. ObjectiveWe hypothesize that the prophylactic use of pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) may reduce the incidence of peritoneal metastasis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence of peritoneal metastasis following prophylactic PIPAC in patients with gastric cancer. The primary goal of this research is to evaluate whether adding prophylactic PIPAC to standard treatment before neoadjuvant chemotherapy can reduce the incidence of peritoneal metastasis in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. MethodsThis study is a single-center nonrandomized controlled trial with a planned enrollment of 160 patients. All participants will be included in one of the 2 groups: intervention group (PIPAC + perioperative chemotherapy + gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy) or control group (perioperative chemotherapy + gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy). The primary end point is the incidence of peritoneal metastasis, and the secondary end points are overall survival, recurrence-free survival, treatment-related adverse events, and personal satisfaction. ResultsAs of September 2025, this study is funded and recruiting; 102 participants have already been enrolled. Recruitment is planned to be performed between January 2025 and December 2026. No interim analyses have been performed; primary results are planned for Q1 2027. The manuscript is expected to be published by Q4 2027. ConclusionsCompared to standard chemotherapy, PIPAC has been reported to significantly improve survival rates in patients with peritoneal metastasis of gastric origin. We suggest that the neoadjuvant use of PIPAC may reduce the incidence of peritoneal metastasis and improve long-term survival outcomes. The results of our study will provide key information on the practicality and viability of PIPAC as a prophylactic technique for preventing the progression of gastric cancer. Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT06784765; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06784765 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)PRR1-10.2196/78053

Yunyan Lu, Yu Mao, Weiguo Liu et al.

BackgroundTo evaluate the spatiotemporal variation in ischemic stroke attributed to particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) on global, regional, and national scales from 1990 to 2021 is essential for mitigating air pollution and controlling ischemic stroke.MethodsThe death and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were extracted from the Global Burden and Disease Study (GBD) 2021. We utilized joinpoint regression and decomposition analysis to assess PM2.5 exposure and pinpoint high-risk areas.ResultsIn 2021, PM2.5 caused approximately 0.90 million mortality and 18.29 million DALYs due to ischemic stroke worldwide. The age-standardized rates (ASRs) of ischemic stroke linked to ambient PM2.5 slightly declined, while those associated with household PM2.5 significantly decreased over the past 32 years. The burden of ischemic stroke attributable to ambient and household PM2.5 exhibited considerable heterogeneity across 204 countries. Household PM2.5 significantly affected ischemic stroke burdens in low Socio-demographic indices (SDI) regions, whereas ambient PM2.5 had a greater impact in middle, high-middle, and high SDI regions. In the regions with an SDI below 0.7, including Southern Sub-Saharan Africa and East, South, and Southeast Asia, there was a positive correlation between SDI and ASRs linked with ambient PM2.5. Notably, in the 65–95 age group, the age-specific rates associated with ambient PM2.5 showed a substantial decline among females, while the rates for males remained relatively stable.ConclusionOur results presented that PM2.5 significantly affects global ischemic stroke burden, particularly among the male population and in low SDI regions. It highlighted the urgency of integrating PM2.5 reduction strategies with ischemic stroke prevention programs.

Yi Zhou, Ru Chen, Jing Deng et al.

Objective The working-age population (WAP) refers to individuals aged 15–64, who are the main drivers of production. Among the various factors affecting their productivity, hearing loss plays a significant role. However, epidemiological data on hearing loss in the WAP remain limited. The study analyses the global, regional and national situation of hearing loss in the WAP and predicts the disease burden up to 2040.Setting This study was based on data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study, covering 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021.Participants The study population included all individuals aged 15–64 years, consistent with the United Nations definition of the WAP and adopted in the GBD 2021 study.Design Data on the prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) due to hearing loss among the WAP were extracted from the GBD database. The disease burden was represented using both absolute numbers and age-standardised rates (ASRs). Trends were analysed with the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC). Subgroup analyses on sociodemographic index (SDI), gender, disease severity and causes were performed, and projections for 2040 were estimated using the Nordpred model.Results Globally, from 1990 to 2021, the number of hearing loss cases in the WAP increased from 558.08 million to 1.04 billion, and the number of YLDs rose from 14.45 million to 26.55 million. In 2021, the prevalence in the WAP was 19 607.24 per 100 000, with YLDs at 501.81 per 100 000. The EAPC shows an upward trend: the change in age-standardised prevalence is 0.11 (95% uncertainty interval (UI 0.10, 0.12), and the change in age-standardised YLDs is 0.10 (95% UI 0.08, 0.11). High SDI regions have the lowest burden of hearing loss globally. At the regional level, as SDI increases, the age-standardised prevalence and YLDs of hearing loss show a downward trend. In contrast, the burden is higher in Oceania, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia. The top three countries in terms of prevalence and YLDs are Madagascar, Malawi and Kenya. By 2040, the global prevalence and YLDs of hearing loss in the WAP are projected to be 1.31 billion and 33.30 million, respectively, with ASRs of 19 890.33 and 512.27 per 100 000 population.Conclusions The burden of hearing loss in the WAP is gradually increasing, with differences in prevalence and YLDs across regions, countries and SDI levels. Continued attention is needed for this vulnerable group’s hearing loss, along with the implementation of effective measures to reduce future burdens.

Sampoorna Poria, Xiaolei Huang

Rapid developments of large language models have revolutionized many NLP tasks for English data. Unfortunately, the models and their evaluations for low-resource languages are being overlooked, especially for languages in South Asia. Although there are more than 650 languages in South Asia, many of them either have very limited computational resources or are missing from existing language models. Thus, a concrete question to be answered is: Can we assess the current stage and challenges to inform our NLP community and facilitate model developments for South Asian languages? In this survey, we have comprehensively examined current efforts and challenges of NLP models for South Asian languages by retrieving studies since 2020, with a focus on transformer-based models, such as BERT, T5, & GPT. We present advances and gaps across 3 essential aspects: data, models, & tasks, such as available data sources, fine-tuning strategies, & domain applications. Our findings highlight substantial issues, including missing data in critical domains (e.g., health), code-mixing, and lack of standardized evaluation benchmarks. Our survey aims to raise awareness within the NLP community for more targeted data curation, unify benchmarks tailored to cultural and linguistic nuances of South Asia, and encourage an equitable representation of South Asian languages. The complete list of resources is available at: https://github.com/trust-nlp/LM4SouthAsia-Survey.

Wuttikorn Ponwitayarat, Raymond Ng, Jann Railey Montalan et al.

Sentence embeddings are essential for NLP tasks such as semantic search, re-ranking, and textual similarity. Although multilingual benchmarks like MMTEB broaden coverage, Southeast Asia (SEA) datasets are scarce and often machine-translated, missing native linguistic properties. With nearly 700 million speakers, the SEA region lacks a region-specific embedding benchmark. We introduce SEA-BED, the first large-scale SEA embedding benchmark with 169 datasets across 9 tasks and 10 languages, where 71% are formulated by humans, not machine generation or translation. We address three research questions: (1) which SEA languages and tasks are challenging, (2) whether SEA languages show unique performance gaps globally, and (3) how human vs. machine translations affect evaluation. We evaluate 17 embedding models across six studies, analyzing task and language challenges, cross-benchmark comparisons, and translation trade-offs. Results show sharp ranking shifts, inconsistent model performance among SEA languages, and the importance of human-curated datasets for low-resource languages like Burmese.

Runhua Zhang, Ruyuan Wan, Jiaqi Li et al.

Feminist HCI has been rapidly developing in East Asian contexts in recent years. The region's unique cultural and political backgrounds have contributed valuable, situated knowledge, revealing topics such as localized digital feminism practices, or women's complex navigation among social expectations. However, the very factors that ground these perspectives also create significant survival challenges for researchers in East Asia. These include a scarcity of dedicated funding, the stigma of being perceived as less valuable than productivity-oriented technologies, and the lack of senior researchers and established, resilient communities. Grounded in these challenges and our prior collective practices, we propose this meet-up with two focused goals: (1) to provide a legitimized channel for Feminist HCI researchers to connect and build community, and (2) to facilitate an action-oriented dialogue on how to legitimize, develop, and sustain Feminist HCI in the East Asian context. The website for this meet-up is: https://feminist-hci.github.io/

Kartini Ilias, K. Cornish, A. S. Kummar et al.

Background: This paper aimed to review the literature on the factors associated with parenting stress and resilience among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the South East Asia (SEA) region. Methods: An extensive search of articles in multiple online databases (PsycNET, ProQuest, PudMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) resulted in 28 papers that met the inclusion criteria (i.e., conducted in the SEA region, specific to ASD only, published in a peer-reviewed journal, full text in English). Studies found were conducted in the following countries: Brunei, n = 1; Indonesia, n = 2; Malaysia, n = 12; Philippines, n = 5; Singapore, n = 5, Thailand, n = 2; and Vietnam, n = 1, but none from Cambodia, East Timor, Laos, and Myanmar were identified. Results: Across the studies, six main factors were found to be associated with parenting stress: social support, severity of autism symptoms, financial difficulty, parents' perception and understanding toward ASD, parents' anxiety and worries about their child's future, and religious beliefs. These six factors could also be categorized as either a source of parenting stress or a coping strategy/resilience mechanism that may attenuate parenting stress. Conclusion: The findings suggest that greater support services in Western countries may underlie the cultural differences observed in the SEA region. Limitations in the current review were identified. The limited number of studies yielded from the search suggests a need for expanded research on ASD and parenting stress, coping, and resilience in the SEA region especially in Cambodia, East Timor, Laos, and Myanmar. The identified stress and resilience factors may serve as sociocultural markers for clinicians, psychologists, and other professionals to consider when supporting parents of children with ASD.

Vu Thuy Trang

The major powers are becoming more interested in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) due to its strategic location. They believe that increasing their presence in the area helps to achieve a number of national goals, particularly enhancing their influence in the Asia-Pacific region as a whole as well as in the countries of mainland Southeast Asia. The article examines the US and China’s approaches to the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) in light of their rivalry. This analysis additionally demonstrates that every power has a unique way for creating integration mechanisms in order to draw the GMS nations under its influence. The paper also focuses on the evaluation of Russia's capabilities. The author points out that given China's and the United States' long-standing presence in the area, Russia, which has a number of interests there, must take the proper measures to establish its place and role in the region.