Hasil untuk "Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform"

S. I. Shlyafer

The emergency medical care is an important form of medical care of population which is applied outside medical organization, in in-patient and out-patient conditions. In the Russian Federation, over the last decade, modernization of functioning of emergency medical care in in-patient settings is in process, on the basis of organization of such new structural units as in-patient emergency medical care departments. The purpose of the study is to analyze indicators of performance of emergency medical care in in-patient conditions in the Russian Federation in 20142023. The normative legal documents approving organization of emergency medical care in in-patient conditions were studied. The analysis of indicators of performance of emergency medical care in in-patient conditions was was implemented according to the data of the Federal statistical observation form №30 in 20142023. The content analysis, analytical and statistical methods were applied. As a result of modernization of emergency medical care in in-patient conditions over last 10 years, an increase of indicators of provision of emergency medical care beds was established from 2.84 to 6.25 per 1 million of population, the rate of hospitalizations to emergency medical care beds from 0.8 to 2.51 per 1000 of population, bed turnover from 262 to 332 days, decrease in average duration of patient's stay in a bed from 1.05 to 0.63 days, average bed occupancy per year from 277 to 207 days.

E. V. Bryzgalina, A. B. Zudin

Nowadays, AI technologies are an integral part of modern science. The processes of broad implementation of AI technologies into research activities became a challenge to ethical foundations of science functioning as social institution, capable not only to change established characteristics of research processes, but also to cause risks of wide propagation of academic fraud. The AI tools have a number of advantages determining scales increase and expansion of areas of their application in processes of receiving and presenting scientific results. The article outlines directions of AI application in research activities. The various positions regarding capabilities of AI technologies at different stages of scientific search. The key ethical risks and areas of ethical reflection on AI tools of scientific research in the field of bio-medicine are emphasized. The formats of putting and solving problems of ethics of science on external and internal contour, including consideration of specifics of biomedical research involving humans are analyzed. The tasks of reflection on processes of research transformation under AI influence and development of guidelines of proper application of AI technologies are substantiated. The tasks of maintaining quality of scientific research and compliance with established ethical standards of science are considered

Rafał Stobiecki

Dian Megah Sari, Musyrifah Musyrifah, Andi Seppewali et al.

Kelompok Usaha Maloppo merupakan usaha mikro yang bergerak dalam produksi minyak kelapa murni di Kabupaten Majene, Sulawesi Barat. Meskipun produk yang dihasilkan telah memiliki sertifikat halal dan berpotensi besar di pasaran, proses produksi masih menggunakan metode tradisional sehingga menyebabkan suhu pemanasan tidak stabil, kualitas produk tidak konsisten, dan masa simpan singkat. Selain itu, pemasaran masih terbatas pada pasar tradisional tanpa memanfaatkan media digital. Program pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan proses produksi serta memperkuat kapasitas pemasaran melalui penerapan teknologi tepat guna dan strategi digital. Kegiatan dilaksanakan melalui beberapa tahap, yaitu sosialisasi, pelatihan, penerapan teknologi, pendampingan, dan keberlanjutan program. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan evaporator berbasis IoT mampu meningkatkan konsistensi produk, membuat minyak lebih jernih dan beraroma segar, serta memperpanjang masa simpan hingga dua bulan. Kapasitas produksi juga meningkat sekitar 40%. Dari sisi pemasaran, penerapan digital marketing memungkinkan mitra memanfaatkan media sosial seperti Facebook, WhatsApp Business, dan TikTok untuk promosi dengan konten yang lebih menarik. Perubahan ini memperluas jangkauan pasar dan meningkatkan interaksi dengan konsumen. Dengan demikian, integrasi teknologi tepat guna dan strategi digital marketing berkontribusi signifikan terhadap pemberdayaan UMKM lokal dan peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat.

Wajid Bhatti, R. Yasmin

The progressive movement has always been measured a radical movement in Pakistan. While a protuberant part of the progressive movement was the chapter of social reforms and progress. Progressive literary facilities which have played a vital role in community progress are always overlooked. The most significant offerings of the Progressive Writers Movement to Urdu literature in the indo Pakistan was that it absorbed on social difficulties and reforms. These issues were seldom deliberated so extremely in Urdu literature earlier. The fresh kind of literature that arose from the Progressive Movement presentations that Urdu writers had happening giving consideration to real social problems. These included the oppression of labours and growers by capitalists and feudal lords who strengthened British imperial rule, the side-lining of women in South Asian society, and the limitations of outdated family systems. The Progressive Movement also extended the space of Urdu poetry. It autonomous poetry from old, out-dated banalities and presented modern concepts, images, and constructions. Poets used rhyme in new and active ways. A look at the history of the movement displays that it went over many changes. In Pakistan, it was enfeebled because of political and philosophical reasons. However, its influence to Urdu prose and literature cannot be deprived of. The constant misuse of labours, minorities, and women today shows that history has not done and that class fight still happens.

O. V. Moskalets

The article examines one of the most relevant topics of Egyptian society — the issue of women’s education. From a historical point of view, the author analyzes the evolution of women’s education in Egypt, starting from the 19th century and ending with modern realities in the field of women’s education. In this context, important issues of the Arab-Muslim world are raised, such as the emancipation of women, the influence of religious factors on access to women’s education, gender inequality and women’s rights to education and work. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Egypt underwent significant changes in attitudes towards women’s education. With the beginning of reforms during the reign of Muhammad Ali, special attention was paid to education, including women’s education. Prominent Arab thinkers and educators of the time, such as T. Hussein and Q. Amin, actively advocated for women’s rights to education. They argued that it is impossible to build a strong and prosperous society without the participation of educated women who are able to make a significant contribution to the development of their country. Despite certain achievements, the current problems faced by Egypt in the social and educational spheres remain relevant. Women’s education continues to face obstacles, such as the high rate of illiteracy among women, especially in rural areas, where traditional views on the role of women in society continue to dominate. Gender inequality in education, where girls often receive fewer educational opportunities compared to boys. There are other social factors, such as strong demographic pressures and economic problems that affect women’s access to education. In conditions of poverty, families often prefer to send boys to school and girls to work or to the household. This creates a vicious circle where women’s lack of education leads to a low standard of living and limited opportunities for future generations. Nevertheless, the Egyptian government is aware that access to education for women is one of the key factors for the socio-economic development of the country. In recent years, the authorities have taken a number of steps aimed at improving the educational system and empowering women. This includes programs to increase literacy among women, the creation of special initiatives to support girls in schools, and the fight against gender stereotypes. Thus, the issue of educating women in Egypt remains an important and multifaceted topic that requires attention and an integrated approach.

Krzysztof Malinowski

Celem artykułu jest przeanalizowanie okoliczności ewolucji stanowiska kanclerza Scholza w sprawie pomocy wojskowej dla Ukrainy – głównie na podstawie dokumentów parlamentarnych (protokoły, uchwały i in.) i rządowych oraz doniesień prasowych. Analiza dotyczy okresu od początku agresji Rosji na Ukrainę (24.02.2022) do chwili podjęcia kluczowej decyzji o przekazaniu niemieckiej broni pancernej w styczniu 2023 roku. Zakończyło to formowanie zrębów stanowiska rządu Niemiec wobec wojny na Ukrainie. W związku z tym zmalała presja wewnątrzkoalicyjna na kanclerza Scholza ze strony Zielonych i FDP. Osłabła także krytyka ze strony sojuszników, a dzięki uzgodnieniu wspólnego podejścia do prze- kazania broni pancernej z administracją prezydenta Bidena, stosunki z USA umocniły się.

Abdon de Paula, Judite Gonçalves de Freitas

In the last few decades, the European Union (EU) has developed a comprehensive approach to natural disaster management, with a particular focus on civil protection laws and international cooperation. The EU acknowledges the importance of proactive measures to minimize the impact of potential crises, namely in the context of climate change, in response of the increasing complexity and frequency of climate-induced disasters. This study analyses and discusses EU humanitarian legislation that aims to promote disaster resilience in member states. It starts with an overview of the EU’s legal framework, continuing with an analysis of the different types of secondary legislation in the Union, distinguishing their purposes and respective attributes, and then delves into the already established bases for preventing and mitigating the impacts of natural disasters and the frequency of such risks. Finally, a critical reflection is made on the strengths and limitations of the legal basis established by the EU.

Beatrice Rossotti

O presente artigo tem como intuito trazer alguns apontamentos que temos desenvolvido ao analisarmos fotografias de mulheres negras da segunda metade do século XIX, produzidas nas regiões da Bahia e Rio de Janeiro, e utilizá-las como fontes históricas para analisarmos como os modos de vestir dessas mulheres eram registrados nas imagens. A nossa hipótese é de que as roupas e joias presentes nas fotografias partiam da construção cotidiana de uma performance, que era desenvolvida pelas mulheres negras nas práticas socioeconômicas do seu dia a dia. Sendo assim, para este escrito buscamos apresentar como a ideia do “vestir-se” cotidiano integrava uma performance que fazia das mulheres negras agentes que intervinham no modo como seriam registradas e consumidas, por meio das fotos que circulavam.

Rafail Hasanov

The understanding that national security can be achieved by ensuring reliable security for each of its components objectively leads to the conclusion that it can be analyzed as a socio-political phenomenon from the point of view of the degree of satisfaction of the needs of a large social group as youth. The problem of the relationship between youth policy and national security is a long-standing tool for preserving the national spirit, as well as external expansion, cultural dialogue, and undermining national value systems. Young generations are not just a reserve for the reproduction of any society but have long been active subjects of its multifaceted development. If we approach the question of who determines the scale and content of the changes taking place in society somewhat abstractly, then we cannot help but notice that they occur primarily among young people. History has repeatedly demonstrated the ability of younger generations to influence the course of social conflicts, the effectiveness of political campaigns, and even the outcome of political elections. Often, youth intervention in political life leads to radical changes. When the national economic and political elite cannot provide youth with the minimum possible conditions for an effective start in life and cannot direct the activities of youth within traditional institutional frameworks, youth become a kind of catalyst for hidden crises. The development of these crises often leads to the destruction of old institutions and structures and a sharp increase in threats to national security. Purpose–study of social problems of modern youth and their solutions from the point of view of the national security of Azerbaijan. Methodology-study of the significance of social problems of youth for the national security of the country using a systematic approach, statistical analysis, and survey methods. Scientific novelty-study of the proposed mega typical social problems for the thunderous dialects of countries and the search for ways to solve them.

N. V. Baryshnikova, O. Kuznetsova

Introduction. The historiography of social transformations in the 1990s and early 2000s in Russia should be divided into several stages. The result of each is the transition from active criticism and analysis of the impact of reforms on the social sphere of society to attempts to study methods and directions for changing social policy at federal and regional levels. The relevance of the problem is based on the lack of a comprehensive study of social transformations in the Southern Urals, which is the purpose of the study. Materials and Methods. To achieve this goal, comparative-historical and problem-chronological methods were used, as well as the principles of objectivity, consistency and historicism were applied, allowing to reveal the problem in its logical factual sequence, based on documentary sources. The archival funds of the Southern Urals region and the Federal Archives were involved (archival department of the administration of Chelyabinsk (F. 2 – Administration of the city of Chelyabinsk), State Archive of the Russian Federation (F. 10026 - Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR), State Archive of the Orenburg Region (F. 1014 – Orenburg Regional Council of People’s Deputies), United State Archive of the Chelyabinsk Region (F. R-2740 – Chelyabinsk Regional Council of People’s Deputies), Russian State archive of socio-political history (F. 661 – Democratic Party of Russia; F. 664 – Agrarian Party of Russia), Central State Historical Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan (F. 1684 – Ministry of Labor and Employment of the Republic of Bashkortostan; F. R-169 – Ministry of Social protection of the population of the Republic of Bashkortostan), Documentation Center of the Modern History of the Orenburg Region (F. 371 – Orenburg Regional Committee of the CPSU; F. 8016 – Orenburg Regional Committee of the Trade Union of Workers of Power Plants and the Electrical Industry; F. 8038 – Orenburg Regional Council of Trade Unions). In addition, programs and projects of social transformations in the region were analyzed. Analysis. The article analyzes the main trends in social policy changes in connection with the transition to market economy. The dynamics is considered on the example of the regions in the Southern Urals (Orenburg, Chelyabinsk regions and Bashkiria). The reasons for the transition from universal to targeted social assistance are revealed. By the example of demographic changes (births and deaths ratio), decrease in industrial production, lowering standard of living at the beginning of market reforms, the range of measures taken at the regional and federal levels to relieve social tension in society is determined: opening funds, creating a social assistance service, training personnel. Results. The article draws conclusions about the main reason for the failure of many social transformations – the lack of financial support for the new social policy. In the conditions of the growing economic crisis and the increase in the number of the population below the poverty line, the attempt of the state to delegate the decision on financing and providing selective social support to the regions did not entail effective results. An attempt to switch to targeted assistance and the creation of regional funds for social support of the population made it possible to somewhat reduce social tension in the country. It did not solve all social problems of society, creating a dichotomy of the problem: a constant increase in the number of poor people and a simultaneous reduction or unstable financing of social policy.

L. D. Gurtskoy, A. B. Zudin, A. I. Vvedenskiy

The article considers issues of health management of employees at workplace in conditions of globalization and digitalization of society, causing need to revise the labor relations. Under impact of global trends in field of digital technologies, transformation occurs concerning working environment and labor safety measures, contributing to development of new forms of interaction between employee and employer and employment models as well. The ongoing changes in society and global changes in labor market require to investigate new labor conditions, formation of system of knowledge about directions and perspectives for development of labor relations and human resources management. Nowadays, because of spreading of COVID-19 morbidity, increased attention is paid to health of employees and measures targeted to preventing morbidity are intensified. The need to work in new conditions dictates topical issues for scientific research in coming years: development of theory of new labor economy, investigation changes in paradigm of quality of labor life, well-being at workplace in conditions of digitalization of economy and formation of new employment model, digital generation of workers and new challenges in human resources management.The purpose of the study is to explore issues of health management of employees at workplace in conditions of globalization and digitalization. The implemented study permitted to conclude that problems of socio-psychological nature occurring in labor sphere in conditions of active transition to digital economy are complicated by increasing instability of labor relations and occurrence of new social economic and psychological risks at workplace that negatively effect on health and well-being of employees.

Andrés Antillano, Chelina Sepúlveda

In this paper, we want to show how the act of killing, considered one of the crimes that offends collective morality to a greater degree, can nevertheless be considered a justified act of a moral nature by a group of subjects serving a sentence for murder. We propose the notion of “moral order” to understand the regime of justifications, practical rules that govern deadly violence, and underlying value conceptions that emerge from the narratives of our interviewees. This moral order, which would thrive in conditions of exclusion, would be sustained by social networks that tolerate, reinforce, and regulate the moral codes associated with criminal violence.

Joseph J. Amon

Juliana Vinuto, Dominique Duprez

The paper aims to discuss how the dual educational-sanctionary objective, based on the United Nations’ Doctrine for Child Protection, is implemented in three different institutions focused on sanctioning adolescents in conflict with the law. By comparing one Brazilian institution against two French ones, we were able to observe different possibilities to operationalize the principle that understands the adolescent as a developing subject, based on different connections between security and education. The exposed data suggests a trend to emphasize the sanctioning aspect, in spite of the different configurations observed in each context

Carlos René Rodríguez-Garcés, Geraldo Bladimir Padilla-Fuentes

Introducción: La prevalencia del cáncer es un problema que vas más allá de la preocupación médica, por cuanto involucra aspectos subjetivos y sociales en la vida de quienes lo padecen o están en riesgo. Por esto, es de gran importancia detectarlo tempranamente, especialmente entre mujeres debido a su exposición a los factores de riesgo de cáncer de mama y cérvix. Objetivo: Analizar la abstención femenina en Chile a la Mamografía y Papanicolaou. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un análisis multivariado de regresión logística binomial, de los datos disponibles en el Módulo de Salud de la Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN) en su edición del año 2015. Resultados: Se expone una generalizada abstención a la acción preventiva entre mujeres, aun cuando la prevalencia de ambos tipos de cáncer es alta. Los motivos personales aparecen como los más comunes para omitir Mamografía y/o Papanicolaou, especialmente la subvaloración de su importancia. Los factores que aumentan la probabilidad de abstención son la baja escolaridad, la ausencia de afiliación médica y la presencia de pareja. Conclusiones: Se plantea la necesidad de aumentar igualmente la cobertura del servicio preventivo, focalizar los recursos hacia la población vulnerable y mejorar las estrategias de incentivo hacia estos exámenes.

Julio Calderón Cockburn

El artículo aborda la relación entre la crisis civilizatoria y las crisis urbanas que las ciudades han experimentado en las últimas décadas. En Occidente se pasó de la crisis urbana, ubicada en el sistema económico social y la legitimidad política, a la “desaparición de las ciudades”, en la cual la comunidad ha dejado de estar fundada en la proximidad o la densidad demográfica local. En América Latina, la crisis urbana del siglo XX en Europa y Estados Unidos resulta más bien la situación normal de sus ciudades, y la crisis civilizatoria ha empeorado esta situación, caracterizada por la informalidad y la carencia de viviendas adecuadas.

Maria Alejandra Puerta-Domínguez, Isabella Manzur-Villalobos, Ana Isabel Llera-Ladera et al.

Introduction: Stroke are a set of pathologies which affect the blood vessels that supply the blood to the brain causing an alteration of the function of a certain region. The group of pathologies are popularly known as embolisms or strokes and are suddenly manifested. These disorders have in common their abrupt presentation and usually affect older people; although, they can also be presented in youth. Objective: To introduce to health professionals the implications and consequences that should be taken in the habitual dental practice and at the time of using treatments such as fixed prosthetic rehabilitation or the placement of dental implants in patients with heart disease, in order to avoid accidents and prevent postoperative hemorrhages. Results: Satisfactory esthetic and functional results were obtained in the surgical and oral rehabilitation treatments carried out to the patient. Conclusions: Due to the risk of stroke, the patients are usually subjected to antiplatelet therapy, whose side effect is the tendency to bleed. Therefore, it is important to carry out a multidisciplinary management with the specialist doctor when using surgical treatments in this type of patients in order to avoid complications and obtain adequate results.

Rebecca Roberts

Local non-governmental organisations in Lebanon’s Bourj al-Barajneh camp face challenges in responding to the complex needs of three different refugee groups.

Rodrigo Díaz Cruz

El conjunto de los ensayos forma parte de lo que genéricamente se ha denominado estudios del performance. Como una de las notas constitutivas del performance es la creación de la presencia, los trabajos se orientan a dilucidar este fenómeno, pero se ocupa particularmente de la presencia de lo Unheimliche, término alemán discutido entre otros por Freud que alude a lo familiar que deviene extraño, y que ha sido traducido como lo ominoso o lo siniestro. De aquí la aparición en los textos ya de la extrañeza y presencia del gitano en el flamenco como emblema de lo español; ya de lo monstruoso o cierta concepción del texto en las pastorelas purépechas; o bien lo Unheimliche en el teatro, en las máquinas, en las imágenes e iconoclasia.