Hasil untuk "Sewage collection and disposal systems. Sewerage"

Rishav Sen, Yunuo Zhang, Fangqi Liu et al.

Vehicle-to-building (V2B) systems integrate physical infrastructures, such as smart buildings and electric vehicles (EVs) connected to chargers at the building, with digital control mechanisms to manage energy use. By utilizing EVs as flexible energy reservoirs, buildings can dynamically charge and discharge them to optimize energy use and cut costs under time-variable pricing and demand charge policies. This setup leads to the V2B optimization problem, where buildings coordinate EV charging and discharging to minimize total electricity costs while meeting users' charging requirements. However, the V2B optimization problem is challenging because of: (1) fluctuating electricity pricing, which includes both energy charges ($/kWh) and demand charges ($/kW); (2) long planning horizons (typically over 30 days); (3) heterogeneous chargers with varying charging rates, controllability, and directionality (i.e., unidirectional or bidirectional); and (4) user-specific battery levels at departure to ensure user requirements are met. In contrast to existing approaches that often model this setting as a single-shot combinatorial optimization problem, we highlight critical limitations in prior work and instead model the V2B optimization problem as a Markov decision process (MDP), i.e., a stochastic control process. Solving the resulting MDP is challenging due to the large state and action spaces. To address the challenges of the large state space, we leverage online search, and we counter the action space by using domain-specific heuristics to prune unpromising actions. We validate our approach in collaboration with Nissan Advanced Technology Center - Silicon Valley. Using data from their EV testbed, we show that the proposed framework significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods.

BI Fengli, ZHANG Lingyun, LIU Bo et al.

【目的】文章采用在线固相萃取(online SPE)装置与超高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(UPLC-TUV)连接，建立了一种能同时测定原水和饮用水中3种氯酚类化合物(2, 4-二氯酚、2, 4, 6-三氯酚和五氯酚)的快速检测方法。【方法】样品经过滤膜简单过滤处理后，只需取5 mL样品即可直接上机检测。通过online SPE自动切换六通阀的方式，实现2根在线固相萃取柱Oasis HLB Direct Connect HP(20μm, 2.1 mm×30 mm)依次对样品进行富集和净化，采用ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3色谱柱(1.7μm, 2.1 mm×50 mm)进行分离，以0.05%乙酸水和9∶1的乙腈/甲醇溶液作为online SPE和液相梯度洗脱溶剂，采用紫外检测器进行定量分析。【结果】3种氯酚类分离效果良好，同时在0.50～10.00μg/L质量浓度内具有良好的线性关系，相关系数(r)大于0.998,方法测定下限为0.40～0.56μg/L,满足我国水源水和生活饮用水相关标准限值要求。将目标分析物在不同浓度水平下加标，超纯水、原水和饮用水(出厂水、管网水)的加标回收率为80.4%～117%(n=6),相对标准偏差为0.6%～9.9%(n=6)。【结论】该检测方法灵敏度、准确度和精密度较高，符合国家标准要求。此外，相对于传统的固相萃取方法而言，该方法预处理和仪器分析时长在15 min以内，且固相萃取柱可重复使用，具有检测用时短、成本低以及环境更友好等特点，适用于原水和饮用水中3种氯酚类化合物的快速检测。

Agostinho Ferreira, Fabrícia Nunes de Jesus, Gisele Cristina Gonçalves et al.

Inadequate management of waste cooking oil constitutes a relevant environmental problem in Brazilian municipalities, causing contamination of water resources, overload of sanitation systems, and degradation of urban soils. This study characterized and compared cooking oil disposal patterns in João Monlevade and surrounding municipalities between 2023 and 2025. An observational descriptive design with two independent cross-sectional assessments was employed, totaling 230 respondents in 2023 and 318 in 2025, with non-probabilistic convenience sampling. In João Monlevade, aggregated inadequate disposal (sewage, soil, and garbage) decreased from 43.8% to 25.2%. Lack of knowledge about collection points decreased from 66.1% to 23.0% in João Monlevade, while in other cities it reduced from 60.0% to 37.3%. Lack of information about collection points was identified as the main barrier to adequate disposal, mentioned by 62.5% of respondents who dispose incorrectly. The study provides a situational diagnosis that can support the formulation of public policies for urban solid waste management in medium-sized municipalities.

Aya L. Khalil, Faris H. Al-Ani, Abdul Hameed M. J. AL-Obaidy

Abstract The increase in wastewater collection and treatment systems has shown the need for adequate treatment and final disposal of the resulting sludge. Heat treatment through pyrolysis is an alternative, as it promotes the valorization of these wastes by converting them into biochar. Biochar is a multifunctional material that can serve as an adsorbent for many types of pollutants, including removing heavy metals. This study’s main aim is to produce, characterize, and evaluate the remedial potential of biochar resulting from the pyrolysis of sewage sludge (SS) in water polluted with lead. Pre-prepared sludge-derived biochar without any activation and biochar derived from SS activated with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) was prepared using a pre-chemical modification method by mixing a specified amount of H3PO4 with SS. The batch adsorption tests were used to verify the parameters of the adsorbent concentration, solution pH, contact time, and initial concentration. The adsorbent was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometer methods. The adsorption capacity was determined using the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The surface area of biochar increased from 35.769 m2/g for non-activated biochar to 136.04 m2/g for activated biochar with H3PO4. Biochar removed 87.36% of the lead. The activated biochar’s granular shape improved lead removal from the solution. This research has significant implications for removing lead from water using inexpensive sludge-based adsorbents.

Helena Khoury Moussa, Georges Challita, Houssem Badreddine et al.

Advances in technology have provided fresh generations of stiff polypropylene block copolymers for gravity sewerage applications. The aim of this study is to further enhance the stiffness of these materials through the incorporation of inorganic fillers. In this study, three talc filled PP and one glass fiber filled PP composites were characterized in order to be used as a middle layer in a three-layer sewage pipe. The obtained results showed an increase of approximately more than 100% and 250% in tensile and flexural moduli by the use of 30%--50___wt% talc-filled PP and 30___wt.% glass fiber-filled PP, respectively. This high increase in the rigidity of the material would allow manufacturing pipes with improving ring stiffness. Composites filled with 30___wt% talc or glass fiber showed good filler-matrix interaction and good filler distribution and dispersion. However, reduced filler-matrix interaction was observed in the case of the composite filled with 50___wt% talc. In addition, the use of Differential Scanning Calorimetry analysis revealed that the addition of fillers enhanced the crystallization temperature of the polypropylene matrix. Furthermore, Thermogravimetric Analysis showed that the high modulus PP grade retained its thermal stability in the various composites.

Elaheh Ilkhas, Laleh Roomiani, Ali Akbar Babaei et al.

The purpose of this experimental study was to impact the influencing parameters on the elimination of photocatalytic antibiotic florfenicol from shrimp ponds using Cu-doped ZnO. The research variables included the initial pH (3, 5, 7, 9, 11), the primary concentration of florfenicol (5, 10, 15, 20 mg/L), the photocatalyst dose (0.075, 0.15, 0.3, 0.6 g/L), and reaction time (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 min). Kinetic and isotherm of absorption were performed. Nanoparticle identification tests were reviewed using SEM, XRD, XPS, UV-VIS, and PL spectrum and nano-photocatalyst in optimal conditions. The results showed that copper doping effectively confirmed the optimized dioxide strip structure and SEM images, with pure nanoparticles and Cu-doped ZnO having smooth surfaces. The elements were confirmed by XRD analysis and the chemical composition of nanoparticles via XPS. The results showed that with the increase in pH and the initial concentration of florfenicol, the elimination efficiency decreased. Within 120 minutes, the performance of the photocatalytic process increased (75.2%) and then decreased by increasing the dose of nanoparticles to 0.3 g/L. The absorption kinetics followed the second-degree quasi -high -grade isotherm model. This study could be a reference for practical application of photocatalytic analysis of antibiotics.

Letícia Soares dos Santos, V. Antunes, T. Nepomuceno

Takeshi Sannomiya, Masaki Suehisa, Chika Abe et al.

Xiaobin Yin, Wenbin Xu, Teng Wang et al.

Long-distance sewerage network systems have serious vulnerabilities, specifically pipeline blockage, leakage, sedimentation, mixed connection, and other problems. A vulnerability evaluation system for a sewage network was established in this study with the comprehensive consideration of three aspects: basic attributes of the sewage network, operation and maintenance (O&M) drivers, and structural level. First, we obtained vulnerability indicators for the sewage pipeline network system through data collection and the preliminary selection and screening of indicators. The extent of the importance of each criterion level to the vulnerability was clarified through principal component analysis (PCA), with the basic attribute indicators being the per capita GDP (X3) and the urbanization rate (X5), the O&M-driven indicators being the daily per capita wastewater treatment volume (X7) and the industrial wastewater discharge volume (X8), and the structural-level indicators being the pipe diameter (X13) and the flow capacity (X15). Qingshanhu District, Jiangxi province, was taken as an example for diagnosing and evaluating vulnerability. Using the ranking size of PCA indicators as the evaluation level of the importance for the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) indicators, a hierarchical structure model was established. The evaluation value was obtained by weighting the hierarchical structure model results with the scores of each indicator. The comprehensive evaluation values of basic attributes, operation and maintenance drivers, and structural level were 58.38, 68.67, and 73.17, which corresponded to vulnerability levels of III, II, and II, respectively.

Huimin Chang, Yan Zhao, V. Bisinella et al.

Sewage sludge (SS) management remains a challenge across the world. We quantified the potential climate change impacts of eight conventional technology configurations (TCs) for SS treatment and disposal by considering four different energy exchanges and using a life cycle assessment (LCA) model that employed uncertainty distributions for 104 model parameters. All TCs showed large climate change loads and savings (net values ranging from 123 to 1148 kg CO2-eq/t TS) when the energy exchange was with a fossil-based energy system, whereas loads and savings were approximately three times lower when the energy exchange was with a renewable energy system. Uncertainty associated with the climate change results was more than 100% with fossil-energy exchange and low TS content of SS but was lower for renewable energy. Landfilling had the greatest climate change impact, while thermal drying with incineration had the highest probability of providing better climate change performance than other TCs. The global sensitivity analysis identified nine critical technological parameters. Many of them can be easily measured for relevant SS and technology levels to improve specific estimates of climate change impact. When all scenarios were optimized to the 20% best cases, thermal drying with incineration outperformed the other TCs. This paper contributes to better quantifying the climate change impacts of different technologies used for sludge treatment given changing energy systems and identifies crucial parameters for further technological development.

Sabrina C. Shen, Branden Spitzer, Damian Stefaniuk et al.

Sewage sludge, a biosolid product of wastewater processing, is an often-overlooked source of rich organic waste. Hydrothermal processing (HTP), which uses heat and pressure to convert biomass into various solid, liquid, and gaseous products, has shown promise in converting sewage sludge into new materials with potential application in biofuels, asphalt binders, and bioplastics. In this study we focus on hydrochar, the carbonaceous HTP solid phase, and investigate its use as a bio-based filler in additive manufacturing technologies. We explore the impact of HTP and subsequent thermal activation on chemical and structural properties of sewage sludge and discuss the role of atypical metallic and metalloid dopants in organic material processing. In additive manufacturing composites, although the addition of hydrochar generally decreases mechanical performance, we show that toughness and strain can be recovered with hierarchical microstructures, much like biological materials that achieve outstanding properties by architecting relatively weak building blocks.

Hsin-Lun Li

The multilayer garbage disposal game is an evolution of the garbage disposal game. Each layer represents a social relationship within a system of finitely many individuals and finitely many layers. An agent can redistribute their garbage and offload it onto their social neighbors in each layer at each time step. We study the game from a mathematical perspective rather than applying game theory. We investigate the scenario where all agents choose to average their garbage before offloading an equal proportion of it onto their social neighbors. It turns out that the garbage amounts of all agents in all layers converge to the initial average of all agents across all layers when all social graphs are connected and have order at least three. This implies that the winners are those agents whose initial total garbage exceeds the average total garbage across all agents.

Justin H. Porter, Matthew R. W. Brake

Modern engineering structures exhibit nonlinear vibration behavior as designs are pushed to reduce weight and energy consumption. Of specific interest here, joints in assembled structures introduce friction, hysteresis, and unilateral contact resulting in nonlinear vibration effects. In many cases, it is impractical to remove jointed connections necessitating, the understanding of these behaviors. This work focuses on superharmonic and internal resonances in hysteretic and jointed systems. Superharmonic resonances occur when a nonlinear system is forced at an integer fraction of a natural frequency resulting in a large (locally maximal) response at an integer multiple of the forcing frequency. When a second vibration mode simultaneously responds in resonance at the forcing frequency, the combined phenomena is termed an internal resonance. First, variable phase resonance nonlinear modes (VPRNM) is extended to track superharmonic resonances in multiple degree of freedom systems exhibiting hysteresis. Then a novel reduced order model based on VPRNM (VPRNM ROM) is proposed to reconstruct frequency response curves faster than utilizing the harmonic balance method (HBM). The VPRNM ROM is demonstrated for a 3 degree of freedom system with a 3:1 internal resonance and for the jointed Half Brake-Reuss Beam (HBRB), which exhibits a 7:1 internal resonance. For the HBRB, new experimental results are used to validate the modeling approaches, and a previously developed physics-based friction model is further validated, achieving frequency predictions within 3%. For the considered cases, VPRNM ROM construction is up to 4 times faster than HBM, and the evaluation of the VPRNM ROM is up to 780,000 times faster than HBM. The modeling shows that both tangential slipping and normal direction clapping of the joint play important roles in exciting the superharmonic resonances in the HBRB.

Catherina J. Schenck, T. Y. Chitaka, Hugh Tyrrell et al.

Single-use disposable diapers have a major impact on climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions from landfills, especially those that are unlined, and particularly when such diapers are not well-managed and dumped in water courses and open spaces or burnt. The aim of this study was to explore the current usage and disposal practices of disposable diaper users in Samora Machel, a township in Cape Town, South Africa. The findings were to be used to inform the design and implementation of a pilot diaper collection model to follow. This urban/peri-urban area comprises lower-income, high-density communities in formal basic housing, with many backyarders and informal shacks. The dumping of diapers in open spaces and sewage systems causes severe problems. Therefore, we employed a theoretical socio-ecological system approach to guide the understanding of these complex environmental issues; the data collection methodology entailed a community-based participatory study process. Four hundred and eight (408) questionnaires consisting of quantitative and qualitative answers were codeveloped with members of the community and completed by trained community-based fieldworkers. A community walkabout and two focus groups provided rich data. The results show that complex waste streams such as disposable diapers and the related environmental issues are testing the limits of current management approaches; managing disposable diapers in underserved low-income communities creates a major burden for these already fragile communities. Single solutions will not suffice for these complex problems, so innovative waste management systems need to be codesigned with communities and relevant stakeholders to ensure sustainability, equality, and social justice.

Jochen Stiasny, Baosen Zhang, Spyros Chatzivasileiadis

The dynamic behaviour of a power system can be described by a system of differential-algebraic equations. Time-domain simulations are used to simulate the evolution of these dynamics. They often require the use of small time step sizes and therefore become computationally expensive. To accelerate these simulations, we propose a simulator - PINNSim - that allows to take significantly larger time steps. It is based on Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) for the solution of the dynamics of single components in the power system. To resolve their interaction we employ a scalable root-finding algorithm. We demonstrate PINNSim on a 9-bus system and show the increased time step size compared to a trapezoidal integration rule. We discuss key characteristics of PINNSim and important steps for developing PINNSim into a fully fledged simulator. As such, it could offer the opportunity for significantly increasing time step sizes and thereby accelerating time-domain simulations.

Yuanzheng Li, Xinxin Long, Yang Li et al.

Industrial demand response (IDR) plays an important role in promoting the utilization of renewable energy (RE) in power systems. However, it will lead to power adjustments on the supply side, which is also a non-negligible factor in affecting RE utilization. To comprehensively analyze this impact while enhancing RE utilization, this paper proposes a power demand-supply cooperative response (PDSCR) strategy based on both day-ahead and intraday time scales. The day-ahead PDSCR determines a long-term scheme for responding to the predictable trends in RE supply. However, this long-term scheme may not be suitable when uncertain RE fluctuations occur on an intraday basis. Regarding intraday PDSCR, we formulate a profit-driven cooperation approach to address the issue of RE fluctuations. In this context, unreasonable profit distributions on the demand-supply side would lead to the conflict of interests and diminish the effectiveness of cooperative responses. To mitigate this issue, we derive multi-individual profit distribution marginal solutions (MIPDMSs) based on satisfactory profit distributions, which can also maximize cooperative profits. Case studies are conducted on an modified IEEE 24-bus system and an actual power system in China. The results verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy for enhancing RE utilization, via optimizing the coordination of IDR flexibility with generation resources.

Ruiqi Liu, Meng Hua, Ke Guan et al.

With the emergence of communication services with stringent requirements such as autonomous driving or on-flight Internet, the sixth-generation (6G) wireless network is envisaged to become an enabling technology for future transportation systems. In this paper, two ways of interactions between 6G networks and transportation are extensively investigated. On one hand, the new usage scenarios and capabilities of 6G over existing cellular networks are firstly highlighted. Then, its potential in seamless and ubiquitous connectivity across the heterogeneous space-air-ground transportation systems is demonstrated, where railways, airplanes, high-altitude platforms and satellites are investigated. On the other hand, we reveal that the introduction of 6G guarantees a more intelligent, efficient and secure transportation system. Specifically, technical analysis on how 6G can empower future transportation is provided, based on the latest research and standardization progresses in localization, integrated sensing and communications, and security. The technical challenges and insights for a road ahead are also summarized for possible inspirations on 6G enabled advanced transportation.

M. Planer, J. M. Sierchio, for BAE Systems

We explore the impact of environmental conditions on the competency of machine learning agents and how real-time competency assessments improve the reliability of ML agents. We learn a representation of conditions which impact the strategies and performance of the ML agent enabling determination of actions the agent can make to maintain operator expectations in the case of a convolutional neural network that leverages visual imagery to aid in the obstacle avoidance task of a simulated self-driving vehicle.

Marija Marković, Bri-Mathias Hodge

This paper introduces a new model for highly accurate distribution voltage solutions, coined as a parameterized linear power flow model. The proffered model is grounded on a physical model of linear power flow equations, and uses learning-aided parameterization to increase the fidelity of voltage solutions over a wide range of operating points. To this end, the closed-form analytic solution of the parameterization approach is obtained via a Gaussian Process using a deliberately small input sample and without the need for recomputation. The resulting "self-adjusting" parameter is system-specific and controls how accurate the proposed power flow equations are according to loading conditions. Under a certain value of the resulting parameter, the proposed model can fully recover the linearized formulation of a specialized branch flow model for radial distribution systems, the so-called simplified DistFlow model. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model as well as the improvement in solution accuracy for voltage magnitudes over the simplified DistFlow model and several other linear power flow models, at multiple loading levels. Simulations were carried out on six small- and medium-sized test systems.

Evan Arsenault, Yuheng Wang, Margaret P. Chapman

We aim to analyze the behaviour of a finite-time stochastic system, whose model is not available, in the context of more rare and harmful outcomes. Standard estimators are not effective in making predictions about such outcomes due to their rarity. Instead, we use Extreme Value Theory (EVT), the theory of the long-term behaviour of normalized maxima of random variables. We quantify risk using the upper-semideviation $ρ(Y) = E(\max\{Y - μ,0\})$ of an integrable random variable $Y$ with mean $μ= E(Y)$. $ρ(Y)$ is the risk-aware part of the common mean-upper-semideviation functional $μ+ λρ(Y)$ with $λ\in [0,1]$. To assess more rare and harmful outcomes, we propose an EVT-based estimator for $ρ(Y)$ in a given fraction of the worst cases. We show that our estimator enjoys a closed-form representation in terms of the popular conditional value-at-risk functional. In experiments, we illustrate the extrapolation power of our estimator using a small number of i.i.d. samples ($<$50). Our approach is useful for estimating the risk of finite-time systems when models are inaccessible and data collection is expensive. The numerical complexity does not grow with the size of the state space.