Manfred Brath, Jon Petersen, Stefan A. Buehler
et al.
Abstract Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator (ARTS) is an open source general purpose radiative transfer model used for a wide range of applications from remote sensing to the interaction of climate and radiation. In the past, it was confined to the microwave and infrared spectral range, as ARTS could not simulate the interaction of solar radiation in the atmosphere. Here we close this gap and extend ARTS to the shortwave range. We introduce a solar source that can be used as a collimated beam source and as background source allowing to resolve the finite solar disc. Additionally, we implemented a new clear sky solver that supports collimated beam sources and solar background sources, and updated the ARTS DISORT interface to utilize DISORT's capability for collimated beam sources. This allows consistent line‐by‐line radiative transfer simulations from the microwave to the ultraviolet range with ARTS. We evaluated the shortwave capabilities of ARTS by comparing it with LBLRTM for clear sky simulations. The root mean square deviation between them is 0.70 Wm−2 for the upward flux at top of the atmosphere and 0.66 Wm−2 for the downward flux at the surface. Simulations of a sunrise as seen from space, of satellite observations and of full spectrum all sky radiative flux illustrate the new capabilities. With the new features, ARTS can be used for a wide range of new applications.
Sasha T. Manso González, Rocío C. Gambaro, Analía I. Seoane
et al.
Las células cancerígenas están muy adaptadas y suelen ser resistentes a los agentes antitumorales, lo cual impedimenta una terapia efectiva contra el cáncer. Sin embargo, en estas células se encuentran factores que pueden modificar la respuesta al tratamiento quimioterapéutico. Resultados previos, obtenidos en células tumorales HeLa, demostraron que el ácido fólico (AF) combinado con el carboplatino (CBP) permitía bajar la dosis de CBP utilizada y aumentar la actividad del compuesto platinado. En este sentido, es imprescindible evaluar los efectos de dicho tratamiento en las células sanas. Por este motivo, se analizó el efecto del tratamiento combinado de AF y CBP in vitro sobre la viabilidad celular (ensayo MTT) utilizando sangre periférica de mujeres sanas. Los cultivos se realizaron por 48 horas a 37°C, durante las últimas 24 horas se efectuaron los tratamientos: 1. control negativo (CN); 2. control AF (900 nM); 3. control CBP (40,4 mM); 4. control de manitol (ML 40,4 mM); 5. combinado AF-CBP (900 nM-40,4 mM); 6. combinado AF-ML (900 nM-40,4 mM); 7. control positivo (CP etanol 10%). Los cultivos que recibieron la combinación AF-CBP presentaron una viabilidad similar a la observada para el CN. Por el contrario, en los cultivos que recibieron el tratamiento sólo con CBP la viabilidad disminuyó de manera estadísticamente significativa respecto de dicho control. Estos hallazgos podrían resultar un aporte explorando el uso del AF en protocolos basados en agentes platinados, con el fin de reducir las dosis en el tratamiento de pacientes y la aparición de efectos secundarios.
Deep learning (DL) is ubiquitous in remote sensing analysis with continued evolution in model architectures and advancement of model types. However, DL is still constrained by the need for extensive training datasets, which are costly and time-consuming to produce. One potential solution is adapting training data annotations from different spatial resolutions, though the feasibility of such an application has yet to be tested. In this study, we explore the effects of using forest boundary training data derived from the 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) at 1.5m resolution and the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) at 30m to compare the effects on DL model performance. Our research covers diverse landscapes across 11 counties in Indiana (∼11,636 km2), developing 36 DL models to assess the impact of spatial resolution, model architectures, land cover, and training chip sizes. Our results show that higher-resolution training data yield more accurate models, regardless of imagery resolution, though the performance gap (F1 score) was limited to ∼2.7% even at its most extreme. We also found significant variation in performance based on land cover, with average F1 scores of 0.923 in homogeneous forested areas compared to 0.684 in complex urban settings. Despite similar training times between data sources, chipping 3DEP data took roughly five times longer. We expect that the findings from this study will assist future research in optimizing the development of DL training datasets, selection of source imagery at the proper resolution given training data availability, and application of appropriate model tuning depending on landscape complexity.
The undirected edge geography is a two-player combinatorial game on an undirected rooted graph. The players alternatively perform a move consisting of choosing an edge incident to the root vertex, removing the chosen edge, and marking the other endpoint as a new root vertex. The first player who cannot perform a move is the loser. In this paper, we are interested in the undirected edge geography game on the grid graph $P_m\square P_n$. We completely determine whether the root vertex is a winning position (N-position) or a losing position (P-position). Moreover, we give a winning strategy for the winner.
Complex systems are made up of many interacting components. Network science provides the tools to analyze and understand these interactions. Community detection is a key technique in network science for uncovering the structures that shape the behavior of these networks. This thesis introduces the Adaptive Cut, a novel method that improves clustering methods by employing multi-level cuts in hierarchical dendrograms. Overcoming the limitations of traditional single-level cuts-especially in unbalanced dendrograms-the Adaptive Cut provides a multi-level cut by optimizing a Markov chain Monte Carlo with simulated annealing. In addition, we propose the Balanceness score, an information-theoretic metric that quantifies dendrogram balance and predicts the benefits of multilevel cuts. Evaluations on over 200 real and synthetic networks show significant improvements in partition density and modularity. In the second part, our analysis shows that incorporating network geometry allows redefining administrative boundaries into non-contiguous regions that better reflect social and spatial dynamics. We also discuss the representation of hierarchical data in hyperbolic space through Poincare maps, which can represent tree-like structures in low dimension. In addition, we examine how geography constrains human mobility, an aspect often overlooked in scale-free characterizations of mobility. By incorporating geography via the pair distribution function from condensed matter physics, we separate geographic constraints from mobility choices. Analyzing datasets containing millions of individual movements, we identify a universal power law that spans five orders of magnitude, thereby bridging the divide between distance-based and opportunity-driven models of human mobility.
Chun-Wei Huang, Si Ying Yau, Chiao-Ling Kuo
et al.
Study region: The Choushui River Fan, Taiwan. Study focus: Groundwater overdraft has led to not only groundwater depletion but also environmental disasters, such as subsidence and seawater intrusion in the Choushui River Alluvial Fan, Taiwan. The influence of land subsidence is gradually shifting from the coast to the center of the fan and threatening Taiwan high-speed rail. However, it remains a great challenge to manage and model the groundwater aquifer due to numerous unregulated wells. This study maps and locates private wells using deep learning technologies. We trained and validated convolutional-based deep learning neural networks (DNNs), using street view images. We applied the DNNs to a land subsidence area along the Taiwan high-speed rail, termed the Golden Corridor in Taiwan. The results showed that DNNs can recognize pumping wells with at least 90% accuracy. The testing cases showed their capability to recall all the pumping wells in three road segments along the Golden Corridor. Finally, we spatially estimated potential pumping of a subsidence area using the fine-trained DNNs. New hydrological insights for the region: Given the prevalence of unknown private pumping in the Choushui River Fan, our image data-driven computer vision approach not only eases labor-intensive private well investigations but also advances hydrologic understanding for groundwater modeling. We enhance comprehension of unknown sinks and provide their spatial distribution to improve groundwater modeling.
In this article, we describe the geography of the Teichmüller stack of \cite{LMStacks} and of one of its variants we introduce here, giving some answers to questions as: which points are orbifold points? What are the different local models of special points?... We give a rough description in the general case, and we use the compacity of the cycle spaces to get a much more detailed picture in the Kähler setting.
This article addresses the question: What is expected from frazil ice activity in rivers, taking into account the changing climate? It begins with an overview of what frazil ice is and what is required for the occurrence of frazil ice events, namely a supercooled water column. Methodologies to anticipate frazil ice events in the short term are based on air temperature and water discharge, underlining the significance of these two parameters for any predictive methods. Longer-term approaches, calibrated against past events (hindcasting), are used to anticipate frazil ice activity into the future, with indicators such as frazil ice risk, water temperature and frazil volume. Any of these approaches could conceivably be applied to frazil-prone river stretches. To assess climate impact, each location should be treated separately. River ice dynamics can lead to the formation of a hanging dam, a frequent outcome of frazil ice generation in the early winter, causing flow restriction. Flood modeling and forecasting capabilities have been developed and implemented for operational use. More frequent mid-winter breakups are expected to extend the occurrence of frazil ice events into the winter months – the prediction of these will require climate model output to adequately capture month-to-month variability.
HIGHLIGHTS
Previous modeling endeavors aimed at foreseeing frazil ice generation in rivers are summarized.;
Frazil ice risk, water temperature and frazil ice volume are model outputs.;
Each frazil-prone location should be the subject of its own climate impact study.;
Mid-winter breakups (MWBs) will likely be more frequent in the future, which implies that clogging risks at water intakes will extend well into the winter months.;
River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General), Physical geography
Jing Zhang, Xiaojuan Cheng, Peter W. Fritsch
et al.
Species diversity is high in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains, particularly at the edges characterized by deep ravines and “sky islands”. Studies focused on sky-island species are sparse and the patterns observed in response to both geographic and climatic factors are inconsistent. Here phylogeographic and phylogenetic analyses of <i>Gaultheria nummularioides</i>, a species originating in the late Pliocene with its main distribution in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains, were conducted to reveal the pattern of genetic dynamics in response to physical geography, glacial fluctuations, and monsoons. We found that in this species genetic variation is higher among populations than within populations, with a significant phylogeographic boundary between the central Himalaya and the eastern Himalaya and the Hengduan Mountains. We also found a high incidence of private alleles, possibly associated with strong habitat isolation. The phylogeographic pattern recovered is consistent with populations in glacial refugia that have experienced expansion after glaciation. The divergence times of most haplotypes coincide with the time of the weakening of the Asian monsoon in these regions. Models of geographic range size showed a significant decrease from the Last Interglacial through the Last Glacial Maximum to the Current, and a predicted increase from the Current to the year 2070. Our study provides insights for understanding speciation among sky islands in this region.
Field-based geologic maps, which are among the most valuable tools of communication among geoscientists, can be expensive and time-consuming to produce or manually revise. We have found that some geologic maps faithful to the topographic maps available at the time the geologic maps were made can have discrepancies with modern digital elevation models produced using airborne lidar. For example, a resistant sandstone shown to align with a prominent set of cliffs on the original topographic base map may be noticeably distant from the same cliffs on the modern digital elevation model. We describe a workflow for the registration of legacy geologic map raster images to modern digital elevation models based on non-affine transformation of a legacy digital elevation model serving as a proxy for the analog topographic contours shown on the geologic map. We demonstrate our approach using three 1960s era 7.5′ geologic quadrangle maps and early generation digital elevation models digitized from photogrammetric contours of similar vintage, showing that the method yields improved fidelity between the legacy geologic map and obvious topographic features as depicted on modern lidar digital elevation models, thus improving the long-term utility and value of the geologic map data.
Geography scholarship currently includes interdisciplinary approaches and theories and reflects shifts in research methodologies. Since the spatial turn in geographical thought and the emergence of geo-web technologies, geography scholarship has leaned more toward interdisciplinarity. In recent years geographical research methods have relied on various disciplines ranging from data science to arts and design. Literary geography and film geography are two subfields of geography that employ novels and films in exploring spatiality, respectively. In addition to geographical concepts, these courses include many aspects of relations in space, including human-human relations, human-environment relations, et cetera, which were barely addressed in traditional geography courses. However, a review of the employment of geoweb technologies in literary and film geography practices reveals that these practices have mostly remained limited to isolating geographical passages from novels or movies. This paper explores new opportunities for designing film and literary geography-based apps using a cartographical user-centered design framework.
We produce simply connected, minimal, symplectic Lefschetz fibrations realizing all the lattice points in the symplectic geography plane below the Noether line. This provides a symplectic extension of the classical works populating the complex geography plane with holomorphic Lefschetz fibrations. Our examples are obtained by rationally blowing down Lefschetz fibrations with clustered nodal fibers, the total spaces of which are potentially new homotopy elliptic surfaces. Similarly, clustering nodal fibers on higher genera Lefschetz fibrations on standard rational surfaces, we get rational blowdown configurations that yield new constructions of small symplectic exotic $4$-manifolds. We present an example of a construction of a minimal symplectic exotic $\mathbb{CP} \# 5\,\overline{\mathbb{CP}}$ through this procedure applied to a genus-$3$ fibration.
To contribute to the debates on the implications, actors and geopolitical levers of tourism, this article particularly examines religious tourism. For this reason, it is based on the first results of a research in urban geography on the role of the religious tourism industry in the realignment of the Israeli-Palestinian space and as a geopolitical lever for the positioning of Israel and of the Palestinian Territories on the international scene. It responds to this by looking at the places that contribute to producing this form of tourism; and the physical flows and symbolic movements of which these places are the objectives. On this territory where the touristic attraction continues despite the continuous violence, three types of sites have been identified: pilgrimage sites, alternative sites, and religious theme parks. This article will show how these sites, which will be collected under the term “places of mobility”, are linked and how they produce what we will refer to as “mobility of places”.
Water quality is affected by croplands. The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), where farmers convert croplands to natural land cover (e.g., trees), is expected to improve water quality. However, whether such improvements are achieved alongside cropland area change has not been verified at river-basin scales, due to challenges in large scale observations. Therefore, aiming to quantify the relationship between CRP enrollment, cropland area, and the downstream water quality, we propose an approach that combines archived survey data, water quality monitoring data (total nitrogen content, TN), and remote sensing observations. By constructing the long-term datasets (1999–2014 annually) in Google Earth Engine and conducting multiple linear regression, we explained 79% variation in TN by the area of total CRP enrollment (CRP_all), area of corn and soybeans croplands, and discharge. Moreover, 78% is explained if we consider only water quality targeted conservation practices (CRP_WQ). Our results indicate significant positive correlation between CRP enrollment (both CRP_all and CRP_WQ) and the downstream water quality. Nevertheless, it should be noted that correlation does not necessarily represent causation. While this pioneer effort of quantifying impacts of the CRP on water quality from large scale observations has achieved some success, we call for more research to expand the spatial and/or temporal scales and consider more water quality variables, so as to further enhance our understanding of the coupled natural-and-human system.
The recent advancement of information and communication technology makes digitalisation of an entire manufacturing shop-floor possible where physical processes are tightly intertwined with their cyber counterparts. This led to an emergence of a concept of digital twin, which is a realistic virtual copy of a physical object. Digital twin will be the key technology in Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) and its market is expected to grow significantly in the coming years. Nevertheless, digital twin is still relatively a new concept that people have different perspectives on its requirements, capabilities, and limitations. To better understand an effect of digital twin's operations, mitigate complexity of capturing dynamics of physical phenomena, and improve analysis and predictability, it is important to have a development tool with a strong semantic foundation that can accurately model, simulate, and synthesise the digital twin. This paper reviews current state-of-art on tools and developments of digital twin in manufacturing and discusses potential design challenges.
We settle two long-standing complexity-theoretical questions-open since 1981 and 1993-in combinatorial game theory (CGT). We prove that the Grundy value (a.k.a. nim-value, or nimber) of Undirected Geography is PSPACE-complete to compute. This exhibits a stark contrast with a result from 1993 that Undirected Geography is polynomial-time solvable. By distilling to a simple reduction, our proof further establishes a dichotomy theorem, providing a "phase transition to intractability" in Grundy-value computation, sharply characterized by a maximum degree of four: The Grundy value of Undirected Geography over any degree-three graph is polynomial-time computable, but over degree-four graphs-even when planar and bipartite-is PSPACE-hard. Additionally, we show, for the first time, how to construct Undirected Geography instances with Grundy value $\ast n$ and size polynomial in n. We strengthen a result from 1981 showing that sums of tractable partisan games are PSPACE-complete in two fundamental ways. First, since Undirected Geography is an impartial ruleset, we extend the hardness of sums to impartial games, a strict subset of partisan. Second, the 1981 construction is not built from a natural ruleset, instead using a long sum of tailored short-depth game positions. We use the sum of two Undirected Geography positions to create our hard instances. Our result also has computational implications to Sprague-Grundy Theory (1930s) which shows that the Grundy value of the disjunctive sum of any two impartial games can be computed-in polynomial time-from their Grundy values. In contrast, we prove that assuming PSPACE $\neq$ P, there is no general polynomial-time method to summarize two polynomial-time solvable impartial games to efficiently solve their disjunctive sum.
The third (or organismic) view of space states that space is neither lifeless nor neutral, but a living structure capable of being more living or less living, thus different fundamentally from the first two mechanistic views of space: Newtonian absolute space and Leibnizian relational space. The living structure is defined as a physical and mathematical structure or simply characterized by the recurring notion (or inherent hierarchy) of far more small substructures than large ones. This paper seeks to lay out a new geography as a science of the Earth's surface founded on the third view of space. The new geography aims not only to better understand geographic forms and processes but also - maybe more importantly - to make geographic space or the Earth's surface to be living or more living. After introducing two fundamental laws of geography: Tobler's law on spatial dependence (or homogeneity) and scaling law on spatial heterogeneity, we argue that these two laws are fundamental laws of living structure that favor statistics over exactitude, because the former (or statistics) tends to make a structure more living than the latter (or exactitute). We present the concept of living structure through some working examples and make it clear how a living structure differs from a non-living structure, under the organismic worldview that was first conceived by the British philosopher Alfred Whitehead (1861-1947). In order to make a structure or space living or more living, we introduce two design principles - differentiation and adaptation - using two paintings and two city plans. The new geography is a science of living structure, dealing with a wide range of scales, from the smallest scale of ornaments on walls to the scale of the entire Earth's surface. Keywords: Scaling law, Tobler's law, differentiation, adaptation, head/tail breaks, natural streets, the third view of space
Most epidemic models are spatially aggregate and the index which is most used for planning and policy numbers, the r number, typically refers to a single system of interest. Even if r numbers are calculated for each of adjacent areas, regions or countries for example, there is no interaction between them. Here we aim to offer a fine-grained geography: models of epidemics in spatially disaggregated systems with interactions. This offers the possibility of new insights into the dynamics of epidemics and of policies aimed at mitigation and control.
Suddenly drones seemed to be everywhere. The buzzing props, blinking lights and tiny cameras were whizzing across remote areas, confusing wildlife. They hovered over urban parks, capturing footage of firework shows and weddings. A window of anarchy ensued as people tested the limits of the new technology: planes were grounded where they flew; citizens strapped guns and spray cans to them; one carried irradiated sand onto the roof of the Japanese Prime Minister’s office. Only then did politicians respond publicly, citing need for greater regulation. Regulators themselves meanwhile were busy grappling with corporations jockeying to carve out lanes of airspace, amid journalists’ desires to be able deploy them for investigations. Meanwhile, geographers watched from the sidelines, bemused, as a familiar research tool and topic morphed into a ubiquitous object of incredible promise and suspicion. In a blink, ‘the drone exists, taking to the skies above our heads everyday’ (Rothstein, 2015, ix).