article i nfo In 1990, 90% of the ingredients in Norwegian salmon feed were of marine origin, whereas in 2013 only around 30%. The contents of fish meal and fish oil in the salmon feed were 18% and 11%, respectively, in 2013. Between 2010 and 2013, salmon production in Norway increased by 30%, but due to a lower inclusion of marine ingredientsinthediet,thetotalamountofmarineingredientsusedforsalmonfeedproductionwasreducedfrom 544,000 to 466,000 tonnes. Norwegian salmon farming consumed 1.63 million tonnes of feed ingredients in 2012, containing close to 40 million GJ of energy, 580,000 tonnes of protein and 530,000 tonnes of lipid. 1.26 million tonnes of salmon was produced. Assuming an edible yield of 65%, 820,000 tonnes of salmon fillet, containing 9.44 million GJ, and 156,000 tonnes of protein were produced. The retentions of protein and energy inthe edibleproductin2012were 27% and24%,respectively. Ofthe43,000 tonnes ofEPAand DHAinthesalmon feed in 2012, around 11,000 tonnes were retained in the edible part of salmon. The retentions of EPA and DHA were 46% in whole salmon and 26% in fillets, respectively. The fish in/fish out ratio (FIFO) measures the amount of fish meal and fish oil that is used to produce one weight equivalent of farmed fish back to wild fish weight equiva- lents, and the forage fish dependency ratio (FFDR) is the amount of wild caught fish used to produce the amount of fish meal and fish oil required to produce 1 kg of salmon. From 1990 to 2013, the forage fish dependency ratio for fish meal decreased from 4.4 to 0.7 in Norwegian salmon farming. However, weight-to-weight ratios such as FIFO and FFDR do not account for the different nutrient contents in the salmon product and in the forage fish used for fish meal and fish oil production. Marine nutrient dependency ratios express the amount of marine oil and protein required to produce 1 kg of salmon oil and protein. In 2013, 0.7 kg of marine protein was used to produce 1 kg of salmon protein, so the Norwegian farmed salmon is thus a net producer of marine protein.
Autophagy–the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasm–plays a central role in cellular homeostasis and protects cells from potentially harmful agents that may accumulate in the cytoplasm, including pathogens, protein aggregates, and dysfunctional organelles. This process is initiated by the formation of a phagophore membrane, which wraps around a portion of cytoplasm or cargo and closes to form a double-membrane autophagosome. Upon the fusion of the autophagosome with a lysosome, the sequestered material is degraded by lysosomal hydrolases in the resulting autolysosome. Several alternative membrane sources of autophagosomes have been proposed, including the plasma membrane, endosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets, hybrid organelles, and de novo synthesis. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of how the autophagosome is formed and highlight the proposed role of vesicles that contain the lipid scramblase ATG9 as potential seeds for phagophore biogenesis. We also discuss how the phagophore is sealed by the action of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) proteins.
Maali-Liina Remmel, Kadri Suija, Riina Raudne
et al.
Abstract Background The increased knowledge of cervical cancer (CC) risk factors and suboptimal performance of present screening programs has generated interest in shifting from a universal screening approach to one based on individual risk assessment. To inform the future development of risk-based CC screening programs, it is crucial to gain insight into the factors influencing the acceptability of such approach among screening target group women. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate the acceptability of risk-based CC screening and to identify potential barriers. Methods In this qualitative study, one-to-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample including women aged 30–65 years to explore women’s perspectives on the acceptability of risk-based CC screening. The study was conducted in Estonia, and interviews were conducted from March to September 2023. Potential participants were approached in person by a member of the study team or by their healthcare providers at primary care or gynaecology clinics. The interview guides were developed based on the concept of acceptability of healthcare interventions. Results Twenty participants (mean age 44.5, SD = 8.6) with diverse backgrounds were interviewed. The seven components of acceptability (affective attitude, burden, ethicality, opportunity costs, perceived effectiveness, self-efficacy, and intervention coherence) were explored as key themes. Generally, women supported risk-based screening. However, we identified several factors that may compromise the acceptability of risk-based screening. The participants were reluctant to accept less intense screening for low-risk women and anticipated that if risk-based approach was implemented, more frequent testing would remain an option. Providing in-person clinician support was expected, requiring additional healthcare resources. Knowledge gaps in CC prevention highlighted the need for accessible information and education. Most women were unworried about sensitive data inclusion in risk score calculations. However, some participants were concerned about potential confidentiality breaches by healthcare workers. Conclusion This study indicates that risk-based CC screening is acceptable, except for testing low-risk women less frequently. Our findings underscore the necessity for comprehensive understanding of the needs and concerns of the target group women for program development. Healthcare organizations are required to proactively address these needs by implementing comprehensive information dissemination and efficient communication approaches.
Norsk fremtidskrigs- og invasjonslitteratur fra årene før 1914 har i liten grad blitt studert og analysert av historikere. Denne artikkelen viser at sjangeren hadde fått et fotfeste i Norge i tiåret før utbruddet av første verdenskrig, og at norske forfattere i stor grad var inspirert av og fulgte europeiske trender innenfor sjangerens utvikling. Artikkelen setter norsk fremtidskrigs- og invasjonslitteratur inn i en større skandinavisk kontekst, og viser at fortellingene kun i unntakstilfeller kan benyttes for å forklare eller analysere noen form for førkrigsstemning eller folkemening i Norge.
Denne artikkelen er basert på observasjoner og intervjuer gjort på fire islamskoler i Norge. På disse ikke-formelle trosopplæringsarenaene finner vi spenninger og forhandlinger mellom muslimske normative idealer og hverdagslivets faktiske praksiser og tenkemåter. Vi finner at både moskeledere og foreldre knyttet til disse fellesskapene ønsker å styrke normative tolkninger av islam, samtidig som det er en betydelig anerkjennelse av og aksept for at idealene ikke nødvendigvis etterleves. Informantene framhever verdien av å møtes fysisk til undervisning i en tid med mange online-tilbud. Forfatterne benytter levd hverdagsreligionsperspektivet sammen med blant annet begrepet maksimalistisk islam.
Nøkkelord: ikke-formell trosopplæring, islam, moske, ungdom, idealer
ABSTRACT In their article ‘Cool dudes: The denial of climate change among conservative white males in the United States’ the authors state: ‘Clearly the extent to which the conservative white male effect on climate change denial exists outside the US is a topic deserving investigation.’ Following this recommendation, we report results from a study in Norway. McCright and Dunlap argue that climate change denial can be understood as an expression of protecting group identity and justifying a societal system that provides desired benefits. Our findings resemble those in the US study. A total of 63 per cent of conservative males in Norway do not believe in anthropogenic climate change, as opposed to 36 per cent among the rest of the population who deny climate change and global warming. Expanding on the US study, we investigate whether conservative males more often hold what we term xenosceptic views, and if that adds to the ‘cool dude-effect’.1 Multivariate logistic regression models reveal strong effects from a variable measuring ‘xenosceptic cool dudes’. Interpreting xenoscepticism as a rough proxy for right leaning views, climate change denial in Norway seems to merge with broader patterns of right-wing nationalism.
Norway spruce (Picea abies) is one of the most widespread tree species in Europe’s forests. Due to its high economic value it has been strongly favored by management, especially at the trailing edge of its natural distribution. However, disturbances from wind and bark beetles are increasingly impacting these forests, and their resilience under climate change has been called into question recently. We quantified the effects of landscape configuration and composition on (1) the risk from natural disturbances, and (2) on the overall resilience of Norway spruce to changing climate at the trailing edge. We simulated the dynamics of a 9183 ha forest landscape in Eastern Austria over 190 years. We used the simulation model iLand to experimentally study a wide range of landscape compositions and configurations under five different climate scenarios. Natural disturbances increased considerably under all future climate scenarios. Dispersing Norway spruce throughout the landscape in mixed stands resulted in the highest levels of climate resilience. Reducing the percentage of Norway spruce on the landscape increased the resilience of the remaining Norway spruce trees, yet landscape configuration generally had a stronger effect on resilience than composition. The resilience of Norway spruce at the trailing edge of its distribution is challenged by climate change, and considerable efforts are needed to sustain these ecosystems. While currently discussed adaptation measures focus largely on the stand level, we show that modifying landscape composition and configuration can be used to foster Norway spruce resilience while maintaining socio-economically relevant proportions of Norway spruce.
Significance Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a highly contagious disease caused by prions that affects several cervid species and is relentlessly spreading across North America. Very recently, CWD was detected for the first time in Europe. In this study, we found that Norwegian CWD strains are distinct from those causing the epidemic in North America. Moreover, we show that Norwegian reindeer and moose are affected by different CWD strains, revealing an unprecedented prion strain variation in Norwegian wild cervid populations. These findings indicate that North American CWD prions are not the proximate cause of the newly discovered Norwegian CWD cases and have implications for CWD control strategies in Europe, as well as for the safety of humans. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a relentless epidemic disorder caused by infectious prions that threatens the survival of cervid populations and raises increasing public health concerns in North America. In Europe, CWD was detected for the first time in wild Norwegian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and moose (Alces alces) in 2016. In this study, we aimed at comparing the strain properties of CWD prions derived from different cervid species in Norway and North America. Using a classical strain typing approach involving transmission and adaptation to bank voles (Myodes glareolus), we found that prions causing CWD in Norway induced incubation times, neuropathology, regional deposition of misfolded prion protein aggregates in the brain, and size of their protease-resistant core, different from those that characterize North American CWD. These findings show that CWD prion strains affecting Norwegian cervids are distinct from those found in North America, implying that the highly contagious North American CWD prions are not the proximate cause of the newly discovered Norwegian CWD cases. In addition, Norwegian CWD isolates showed an unexpected strain variability, with reindeer and moose being caused by different CWD strains. Our findings shed light on the origin of emergent European CWD, have significant implications for understanding the nature and the ecology of CWD in Europe, and highlight the need to assess the zoonotic potential of the new CWD strains detected in Europe.
Marianne C Astor, Marianne C Astor, K. Løvås
et al.
Objective: The epidemiology of hypoparathyroidism (HP) is largely unknown. We aimed to determine prevalence, etiologies, health related quality of life (HRQOL) and treatment pattern of HP. Methods: Patients with HP and 22q11 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome) were identified in electronic hospital registries. All identified patients were invited to participate in a survey. Among patients who responded, HRQOL was determined by Short Form 36 and Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. Autoantibodies were measured and candidate genes (CaSR, AIRE, GATA3, and 22q11-deletion) were sequenced for classification of etiology. Results: We identified 522 patients (511 alive) and estimated overall prevalence at 102 per million divided among postsurgical HP (64 per million), nonsurgical HP (30 per million), and pseudo-HP (8 per million). Nonsurgical HP comprised autosomal dominant hypocalcemia (21%), autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (17%), DiGeorge/22q11 deletion syndrome (15%), idiopathic HP (44%), and others (4%). Among the 283 respondents (median age, 53 years [range, 9–89], 75% females), seven formerly classified as idiopathic were reclassified after genetic and immunological analyses, whereas 26 (37% of nonsurgical HP) remained idiopathic. Most were treated with vitamin D (94%) and calcium (70%), and 10 received PTH. HP patients scored significantly worse than the normative population on Short Form 36 and Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale; patients with postsurgical scored worse than those with nonsurgical HP and pseudo-HP, especially on physical health. Conclusions: We found higher prevalence of nonsurgical HP in Norway than reported elsewhere. Genetic testing and autoimmunity screening of idiopathic HP identified a specific cause in 21%. Further research is necessary to unravel the causes of idiopathic HP and to improve the reduced HRQOL reported by HP patients.
Denne artikkelen undersøker diskursens rolle i konsolidering av autoritære regimer. Gjennom å etablere en dialog mellom Jacques Rancières arbeider om politikk og avpolitisering og poststrukturalistisk diskursanalyse argumenterer artikkelen for at diskursiv avpolitisering bidrar til at autokratier befester seg, og viser at autoritær konsolidering ofte finner sted i skjæringsfeltet mellom nasjonal og internasjonal politikk. Artikkelen retter et særskilt søkelys på Rancières begrep om kløfter som politikkens scene, og teoretiserer hvordan slike kløfter nøytraliseres i avpolitisering. Artikkelen fremsetter så en metode for å analysere diskursiv avpolitisering empirisk ved å konseptualisere Rancières logikker som idealtypiske avpolitiseringsdiskurser, og illustrerer denne analytiske strategien ved å anvende den på russisk offisiell diskurs i senere år (2015–2020). Slik forklarer artikkelen hvordan diskursive konstruksjoner har befestet Russland som autokrati: Den viser at autoritær konsolidering i Russland under Putin muliggjøres av rotfestede avpolitiserende diskurser som (re)produseres og forsterkes i et sammenvevet innenriks- og utenrikspolitisk felt. Artikkelen fremmer begrepet diskursiv avpolitisering som et nytt perspektiv på fagdebatter om den liberale verdensordens utfordringer og såkalte hybridregimer.
Toms Voits, Vincent DeLuca, Jubin Abutalebi
et al.
The neurological notion of “reserve” arises from an individually observable dissociation between brain health and cognitive status. According to the cognitive reserve hypothesis, high-reserve individuals experience functional compensation for neural atrophy and, thus, are able to maintain relatively stable cognitive functioning with no or smaller-than-expected impairment. Several lifestyle factors such as regular physical exercise, adequate and balanced nutrition, and educational attainment have been widely reported to contribute to reserve and, thus, lead to more successful trajectories of cognitive aging (CA). In recent years, it has become clear that bilingualism is also a potential reserve contributor. Yet, there is little communication between the neuroscience of bilingualism research community and researchers working in the field of CA more generally, despite compelling reasons for it. In fact, bilingualism tends to be overlooked as a contributory factor in the CA literature, or reduced to a dichotomous trait, despite it being a complex experience. Herein, we discuss issues that are preventing recognition of bilingualism as a reserve contributor across all literatures, highlight the benefits of including language experiences as a factor of interest across research disciplines, and suggest a roadmap to better integrate bilingualism and aging moving forward. We close with calls toward a model of aging that examines the contributions across lifestyle factors, including that of bilingual experience.
Stian Solem, Adrian Wells, Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair
et al.
Abstract Objective Metacognitive therapy (MCT) and cognitive–behavior therapy (CBT) are effective treatments for generalized anxiety disorder. In this study, we followed‐up patients who had previously participated in a randomized controlled trial of MCT compared against CBT. Method We collected 9‐year follow‐up data on 39 out of 60 original patients (i.e., 65% response rate). Results At 9 years, the recovery rates were 57% for MCT and 38% for CBT (completer analysis). Following MCT, 43% maintained their recovery status and a further 14% achieved recovery. Following CBT, the sustained recovery rate was 13%, while a further 25% achieved recovery. Patients in the MCT condition showed significantly more improvement with respect to symptoms of worry and anxiety. In the CBT group, 23.1% were re‐diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) compared with 9.5% in the MCT group. Conclusions This follow‐up study showed a continuation of gains in both treatments at long‐term follow‐up, but with outcomes continuing to favor MCT and strengthening its comparative superiority.
Merete Helland, Eli Kristin Aadland, Anne Selvik Ask
et al.
Mat og helse har kompetansemål etter 4. trinn i norsk grunnskole, men få studier har sett på betydningen av rammefaktorer for undervisningen i mat og helse på barnetrinnet. I denne studien undersøker vi læreres og skolelederes oppfatninger av rammefaktorer og forskjeller mellom skolenes rammefaktorer, som lærerkvalifikasjoner, timeplanfestet undervisning, organisering, budsjett og utstyr. Data ble samlet inn gjennom 24 kvalitative intervju, fordelt på 9 med skoleledere og 15 med mat- og helselærere. Intervjuene ble gjennomført på 12 utvalgte praksisskoler fra alle landsdeler i Norge. Til tross for kort undervisningserfaring og manglende studiekompetanse i faget opplever både lærere og ledelse at de har tilstrekkelig med kompetanse til å undervise i faget på 1.–4. trinn. Læreren styrer ofte innholdet i faget selv, og det å timeplanfeste mat- og helseundervisningen på 1.–4. trinn har en gunstig innflytelse på prioriteringen av mat og helse i barneskolen. I situasjoner der råvarer eller nytt utstyr handles inn, har mat- og helselæreren et nøkternt pengebruk. Ikke alle skolene har undervisningskjøkken tilgjengelig for bruk på 1.–4. trinn, noe som kan føre til en teoretisering av undervisningen. Til tross for til dels gammelt utstyr i undervisningskjøkkenet, opplever lærerne at de har tilstrekkelig med utstyr til å undervise 1.–4. trinn. De oppgir sambruk av undervisningsrommet som en større utfordring.
Nøkkelord: mat- og helseundervisning, rammefaktorer, budsjett, utstyr, lærerkvalifikasjoner, 1.–4. trinn
Abstract Since the beginnings of the aquaculture industry in Norway, the salmon farming industry has grown from a pioneering niche to a massive industrial adventure. Since 1992, Norwegian salmon production has increased to ten times its 1992 level. By 2015, the Norwegian production constituted 53% of the world's production of Atlantic salmon. Therefore, it could be said that salmon farming is the most important industry in rural Norway today, with a yearly landing value of about 6.1 billion EUR. As the production has grown, along with the income, numerous environmental issues have arisen. The present paper gives an overview of these environmental problems and discusses potential solutions, as well as the need for a better and more holistic regulation of the industry. The experience from Norwegian salmon farming with respect to environmental issues and regulation may give important insights to both other salmon producing countries as well as producers of other fish species.
InSAR Norway, a public national ground motion service, based on Copernicus Sentinel-1 data, was launched in November 2018. The service provides regularly updated ground motion time series on over two billion locations in Norway. The service provides this data freely and openly to all interested users, through a web browser interface. Within the government, this data in instrumental for landslide hazard and risk assessment as well as monitoring. Other applications include evaluation of urban subsidence and infrastructure monitoring. Many scientific applications also benefit, such as in the fields of geomorphology and geodesy.InSAR Norway is operated by the Geological Survey of Norway, with cofunding from the Norwegian Space Centre and the Norwegian Water and Energy Directorate. Processing is done on a high-performance computing cluster (HPCC) using software developed by the KSAT-GMS partnership (NORCE – formerly NORUT, PPO.labs and Kongsberg Satellite Services).