Hasil untuk "Manners and customs (General)"

Bahagia Bahagia, Fachruddin Majeri Mangunjaya, Zuzy Anna et al.

Climate change is characterized by several elements, namely unpredictable rainy and dry seasons, floods and unpredictable droughts. This study aims to determine the indigenous peoples’ local wisdom in adapting to climate change, which includes screening process of local paddy seeds, the use of organic fertilizers, and traditional harvest management strategies. The method used in this research is the qualitative research method combined with the ethnographic approach. This method is applied based on the consideration that the topic of this research is related to the culture and social of indigenous peoples. The data was collected by means of in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Informants were selected by using the purposive sampling technique. The results were scrutinized carefully by means of the triangulation process. The results of the study show the facts that the way indigenous peoples deal with climate change is by physically and physiologically selecting seeds and storing seeds for three months so that the seeds will grow stronger. In addition, they only selects paddies that has reached a full state of growth, that is mature to avoid going rotten even though the climate change occurs. Then, they have the traditional rice dryers to get rice dried, thereby enabling those to be more climate-resistant. They also use the organic fertilizer to reduce the production of emissions as a cause of global climate change. Perubahan iklim dapat diamati mulai dari musim penghujan dan musim kering yang tidak menentu, bencana banjir, dan kekeringan yang sulit untuk diprediksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kearifan lokal pada masyarakat adat dalam beradaptasi terhadap perubahan iklim mulai dari seleksi benih padi lokal, penggunaan pupuk organik, dan manajemen panen secara tradisional. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan etnografi. Metode ini diterapkan karena penelitian berkaitan dengan budaya dan sosial masyarakat adat. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Pemilihan informan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Kemudian, hasil pengumpulan data diteliti dengan cermat melalui triangulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat adat mengatasi perubahan iklim dengan melakukan seleksi benih secara fisik dan fisiologi dan menyimpan benih sampai dengan 3 bulan agar benih kuat dalam pertumbuhannya. Disamping itu, petani adat harus memanen padi matang sehingga padi tidak mengalami pembusukan meskipun terjadi perubahan iklim. Kemudian, masyarakat menggunakan mengelola hasil panen dengan alat pengering padi tradisional sehingga hasil panen padi lebih tahan iklim. Setelah itu, masyarakat adat menggunakan pupuk organik sebagai cara untuk memperkecil produksi emisi sebagai penyebab perubahan iklim secara global.

Zhao Xiao-bing, Zhao Wenqing

“The Shi Jing”(“The Book of Poetry”) is one of the first poems in the world, including Chinese poems, from the 11th century BC to the 6th century BC. During this period, about 3 000 verses appeared, of which 305 poems were selected by Confucius. Poetic texts in “The Shi Jing”are divided into three categories: regional songs, odes, hymns. The composition of the poems uses such techniques as Fu, Bi and Xing. These poems constitute the creative source (source) of Chinese poetry. “Fu”, “Bi” and “Xing” are important artistic features of “The Shi Jing”. “Fu”” ‒ direct narration, parallelism. “Bi” is a metaphor, comparison. “Sin” means “stimulation”, it first speaks about others, then about what the poet wants to express. Fu and Bi are the most basic techniques of expression, and Xing is a relatively unique technique in “The Shi Jing”, even in Chinese poetry in general. “The Shi Jing” is an excellent starting point for Chinese literature, which has already reached a very high artistic level from the very beginning. ‟The Shi Jing” affects almost all aspects of the early social life of ancient China, such as sacrifice, banquet, labor, war, love, marriage, corvee, animals, plants, oppression and resistance, manners and customs, even astronomical phenomena, etc. It became historical value for the study of that society. The overwhelming majority of the poems in “The Shi Jing”reflect the reality, everyday life and everyday experience. There is almost no illusory and supernatural mythical world in it. As the first collection of poetry in China, “The Shi Jing” laid the foundation for the lyrical and realistic tradition of Chinese literature. “The Shi Jing” also has a huge impact on the genre structure and linguistic art of Chinese literature, etc., which is a role model for writers of later generations. “The Shi Jing”has already been translated into the languages of the countries of the world. “The Shi Jing”has been influencing Chinese poetics; it has become the source of the classical realistic tradition and literature in China. Lively description is essential for historical, anthropological and sociological research. We expect that as the cultural ties between China and Russia deepen, as well as the popularization and spread of Chiness-Russian translations, more and more Russian people will read “The Shi Jing”, study “The Shi Jing”, the Russian translation of “The Shi Jing” will improve and play its role as the original classic of Chinese literature. “The Shi Jing”is a book that cannot be read or translated forever

Alessia Di Eugenio

Hoje, a defesa dos direitos humanos, em todos os campos do saber, é fundamental e imprescindível. Ao mesmo tempo, a história recente mostra a necessidade de problematizar o seu uso em alguns contextos de "aplicação". Por meio desse artigo, queremos reconstruir uma multiplicidade de posições que analisam as contradições e o uso conservador dos direitos humanos, colocar a importante questão da necessidade da politização desses direitos e refletir sobre a relação com a literatura e a crítica literária à luz dessas posições e problematizações (usando também o romance de Maria Valéria Rezende, Outros Cantos, como caso de aplicação do discurso).

H. Basri, Muhsin Efendi

Ethics political communication used in the order in the government presented opinion or advice necessary keep a message manners according to customs culture gayo have separate ethics had meaning very important. Ethics political communication by the government to the society will affect any good; on the contrary, political communication also to the government will feed into aspects in improving the good order. Ethics political communication community groups as expressing an opinion society organizations politely and mannered use gayo culture and so is government response in accommodating the aspirations of the organizations. District of Aceh central gayo occupying an integral part of Indonesia. Those who have the character and values of the specific customs and culture of Indonesian society in general. The gayo customs and cultural values make the values of the Gayo customary philosophy in everyday life. The system of cultural values of the gayo community at events contains knowledge, beliefs, values, religion, norms, rules, and laws that become a reference for behavior in community life, the philosophical values of the gayo community, cannot be separated from the customs/culture of the gayo community as;  Genap mupakat (democracy), amanat (integrity), tertip (orderly rules), alang tulung beret bantu (mutual help), gemasih (affection), setie (loyal), bersikekemelen (competing), dan mutentu (effective). Courteousness in conveying aspirations and opinions to the government and the government to the community must have politeness ethics in political communication to avoid inconsistencies and insecurity between the people and the government in Central Aceh

А. А. Богданова

A group of Old Irish texts known as the Immrama (in English the Voyages) is telling about sea journeys to some distant islands. Eugene O’Curry (Irish name – Eoghan O Comhraidhe, 1794–1862) is an important figure for Immrama’s scientific tradition and for Irish Studies in general. There are paradigms to estimate O’Curry’s ouvre from biographical and illuminate positions, while making an attempt to scan O’Curry’s works to recognize his countribution to the learning of specific items (the Immrama for example) was insufficient. To create such a new experience is the main aim of this article. The task is not only to depict O’Curry’s contribution to the process «make the Immrama accessible», but to explain how the Immrama correlate with theoretical fund of his works (namely, «Lectures on the manuscript materials of ancient Irish history» (1861) and «On the manners and customs of the Ancient Irish» (1873)). The first part of the article is devoted to theoretical Immrama’s context in Lectures. Here Eu. O’Curry stated his understanding of definition, composition, date and the problem of maintaining general criteria. The second part is about his practical experience in his trying to consider the Immrama, first of all, as a Historic Tale, where in tales were always a historical basis or a background. The source base was not limited by Old Irish literature or Annals; archaeological and the Old Irish Law tracts were also in usage.

S. Jeppie

Horacio Rolando Soria, S. Carbia

Sink into the ground and Athens succumb! Mothers of the family, be immodest! Convert to general corruption, young virginity, and do it in the sight of your parents! Servant, go to your master's bed, for your mistress is in the brothel! Pity and fear, religion for the gods, peace, justice, truth, domestic respect, night rest, good neighborhood, instruction, manners, mysteries, professions, hierarchies, observances, customs, laws, be confused with the opposite, and confusion reigns everywhere! Contagious plague for man, let your powerful and infectious fevers pile on Athens, ripe for ruin! Cold sciatica, cripple our senators, and let their limbs grind like their customs! Lust and debauchery, glide through the spirit of the marrow of our youth so that it may fight against the current of virtue and sink in rottenness! Scabies and pustules, sow your germs in the Athenian breasts, so that their whole is a general leprosy! Infect the breath to the breath, in order that your treatment, like your friendship, becomes poisonous! I do not want to bear from you but poverty, detestable city!

Arief Dwinanto, Rini S. Soemarwoto, Miranda Risang Ayu Palar

Sirih pinang dalam tulisan ini mengacu pada sirih (Piper betle L), pinang (Areca catechu L) dan kapur; serta praktik mengunyahnya. Di berbagai daerah di Indonesia, budaya sirih pinang dan nilai-nilai budaya yang terkandung di dalamnya mulai pudar. Namun di Sumba, masyarakatnya masih menanam sirih – pinang dan memanfaatkan sirih pinang dalam kesehariannya, menggunakannya pada praktik ritual, dan acara seremonial. Penelitian ini membahas budaya sirih pinang di Sumba Barat. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode observasi, wawancara mendalam dan kajian pustaka. Kajian ini menemukan bahwa sirih pinang di Sumba Barat memiliki beragam fungsi sosial, budaya, ekonomi dan pengobatan. Sirih pinang menjadi simbol penting dalam budaya Sumba. Hal ini terkait erat dengan tatanan yang memengaruhi kehidupan orang Sumba, yaitu kepercayaan Marapu, tempat tinggal (rumah: uma ; dan kampung: wano), serta ikatan kekerabatan (kabisu). Sirih pinang sebagai sumber daya budaya tak benda berpotensi untuk dapat dilindungi dalam kerangka pelestarian budaya melalui sistem perlindungan hukum sumber daya budaya takbenda, yaitu melalui ranah warisan budaya takbenda (WBTB) di Indonesia. Sirih pinang refers to the material (betel nut, areca nut, lime) and its practice of chewing it. Sumbanese, plant and use sirih pinang in their daily lives, and use it in ritual practices and ceremonial events. In various regions in Indonesia, sirih pinang tradition and it’s cultural values began to fade, therefore efforts to preserve sirih pinang tradition are needed. This study uses a qualitative approach. Data collection is carried out through observation, interviews, and literature studies. The results found that sirih pinang has a variety of social, cultural, economic, and medicinal functions. It has become an essential symbol in sumbanese culture. The symbol is related to the system that affects the lives of sumbanese, namely Marapu's beliefs, kampung (village) or uma (rumah) and kabisu (kinship system). In the intellectual property rights system, sirih pinang can be categorized as an intangible cultural resource that can be protected, utilized and developed within the framework of cultural preservation. One of the opportunities of the effort to preserve the intangible cultural resources is through the recognition and acknowledgement of sirih pinang as a shared intangible cultural heritage (ICH) in Indonesia.

Analice de Oliveira Martins

Este artigo pretende demonstrar como a obra do escritor Ronaldo Correia de Brito tem colocado insistentemente em xeque as delicadas fronteiras entre sertão e cidade; localismo e cosmopolitismo; fixidez e mobilidade; tradição e modernidade. Nos contos de "Faca", "Livro dos homens" e "Retratos imorais" ou no romance Galileia, os discursos sobre o sertão nordestino, ambiente privilegiado da ficção do autor, são tensionados ao limite, apontando quase sempre para temporalidades que ora se antagonizam, ora se superpõem. A análise desses confrontos se baseia, em especial, em questionamentos conceituais apontados por Antonio Candido (1987), Ligia Chiappini (1995) e Durval Muniz de Albuquerque Júnior (2011) acerca das representações do sertão na prosa brasileira.

Oleksandr Potebnia

Ye Li

The WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement provides the general rule on the determination of normal value and the exception which allows investigating authorities to disregard the cost records reported by the respondents in anti-dumping proceedings provided that certain conditions are satisfied. This article visits the recent development of the practices of investigating authorities of the EU, the US and China, noting that the exception rule has been increasingly employed by these authorities that use surrogate values to replace actually incurred costs reported by respondents in different manners and as a result inflate the dumping margin. This article also examines the WTO consistency of these practices in view of the Appellate Body ruling in EU – Biodiesel. This article finds that these practices driven by strong policy considerations are arguably WTO-inconsistent as applied, and will encourage other WTO members to do the same. This tendency is very concerning.

Georg Wink

Este artigo tem como base um estudo exploratório e preliminar de caso sobre os memes imagéticos de internet que abordaram Dilma Rousseff na ocasião do "impeachment". O objetivo é compreender a sua função humorística, em recorrência a teorias básicas do humor. Parte-se da hipótese que os memes poderiam ser uma nova expressão popularizada da charge política. No entanto, esta abordagem encontra limites, porque o estado da arte ainda carece de um marco teórico contundente e de uma metodologia tecnicamente viável. A análise de uma amostra de memes, representativa pela sua recepção na mídia de massa, evidencia que o seu humor tem tendência para o escárnio, sugerindo superioridade relativa e estimulando agressões recalcadas. Conclui-se, que o principal alvo da crítica humorística desses memes não é a pessoa política, mas o gênero feminino da presidenta, lançando mão do repertório convencional de estereótipos machistas e misóginos.

Angshuman Kar

Authenticity of the representations of the “real” problems of the Indian diasporans in Indian diaspora fiction has often been questioned by the critics as some ten or twelve years back, in the hands of most of the Indian diasporic writers, the problems of acculturation often got reduced only to the difficulty in mastering native manners and customs. Eminent Indian diaspora writers such as Jhumpa Lahiri and Kiran Desai, were, indeed, silent on religious, ethnic and racial problems that the Indian diasporic communities encounter in the host countries. Post 9/11 developments, mainly in the US, however, have compelled some of the Indian diaspora writers to respond to these issues. Marina Budhos’s Ask Me No Questions (2007), Kazim Ali’s The Disappearance of Seth (2009) and Hari Kunzru’s Transmission(2004) document post-9/11 hate crimes against the South Asians/Southeast Asians in general and the Muslims in particular in the US that expose the racialised fabric of the nation. It is interesting to observe that unlike Budhos, Ali and Kunzru, the big shots of Indian English diaspora fiction are still silent on issues that could be unpalatable, mainly, to the readers of the hostlands. This article, by focussing on the three novels mentioned above, will examine who are throwing light on the other side of the moon and why. In so doing, it will take up the novels not in terms of their chronological appearance, but in terms of the degree of their engagement with the immediate aftermath of 9/11.

Teguh Vicky Andrew, Riama Maslan Sihombing, Hafiz Aziz Ahmad

Abstrak Tren musik populer dari tahun ke tahun semakin mengguntungkan aliran musik bawah tanah (underground). Infrastruktur musik yang mandiri dan fleksibel, baik dalam tataran produksi, distribusi, dan konsumsi, menjadi kunci sukses aliran musik bawah tanah. Hal ini berlaku pula di Bandung. Namun pencapaian musik bawah tanah saat ini sebenarnya telah dirintis sejak 1970. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini mencoba menelaah rintisan infrastruktur musik bawah tanah yang memiliki kontribusi bagi generasi sekarang. Untuk itu, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode sejarah dengan pisau analisis skena musik dan musik bawah tanah. Berdasarkan telaah yang dilakukan, infrastrukstur musik yang dibangun pada periode 1967-1990 tidak saja terkait dengan aliran dan grup musik belaka, tetapi juga beragam media (cetak dan radio) dan album independen. Infrastruktur ini kemudian dijadikan model dan dikembangkan dalam sistem yang lebih kompleks sesuai dengan tren musik bawah tanah di Bandung. Kata kunci: skena, musik, bawah tanah, infrastruktur   Abstract Popular music trend from year to year more prospering for underground music. Independent and flexibel musical infrastructure, in term of production, distribution, and consumption, becomes key success for underground music. This also applies in Bandung. However, the current achievement of underground music acctually was began since 1970. Therefore, this research tries to analyze infrastructure formation in underground music that has contributed for the current generation. For that reason, this research was conducted by using historical method with music scene and underground music concept. Based on the analysis, the musical infrastructure that built in 1967-1990, not only related to the genre and music grup, but also various media (print and radio) and independent album. The infrastructure subsequently became raw model and developed in more complex system in accordance with the underground music trend in Bandung. Keywords : scene, music, underground, infrastructure

S. Levinson

Robert Jack, F. Scholz

Ekaterina S. Purgina

This article analyses The Original Letters from India by Eliza Fay (1817) and points out specific characteristics of women’s travelogue in the context of the British colonial discourse. The author also gives a general overview of the characteristics of the British colonial travelogue: ethnocentricity and dichotomy ‘we/others’; the specific temporal modes (the mode of extratemporaneity and the retrospective mode); aestheticisation of the landscape as a strategy of ‘mastering’ it; the two main narrator types (‘manners and customs’ and ‘sentimental’); and a special accent placed on the dangers and adventures of travel. Since women tended to adopt a more individualised approach to local cultures and local people, it led Sara Mills, Marie-Louise Pratt, Cora Kaplan, and other researchers to emphasise the ambivalent nature of women’s travel writing, namely that women not only reproduced the colonial discourse but also undermined it. The analysis of Fay’s Letters , however, has shown that although her writing has certain gender specific features, she follows the mainstream discursive strategies and established colonial stereotypes. Eliza Fay treated colonies as an opportunity for vertical mobility, her letters serving as a constituent element of the role of a lady traveller that she was so desperate to play. Thus, the educational background and class position had a great impact on whether the woman traveller chose to follow the general trends or not, which can be demonstrated by comparing the letters by Eliza Fay and Lady Mary Wortley Montegu.

O. Esin

Salt is a vital substance in terms of human health and has quite a wide usage area. The word “salt” is used in the form of “salt” in general, although sometimes it can occur in different forms phonetically and morphologically in the historical and contemporary Turkish dialects. Salt, which is a flavoring substance and believed to play an active role in creation, has been considered a precious and holy substance and a rich sense of meaning has formed around it. Initially describing a single concept, the word has gradually gained new meanings and reflected multiple concepts due to the changes and people’s spiritual moods in the social life. Apart from its actual meaning, “salt” has also metaphorical meanings such as “beautiful, beauty, dear and charming”. Furthermore, the word has been included in manners of speaking such as idioms and proverbs and used to facilitate reflecting the lifestyles, worldviews, traditions, customs and beliefs in the Turkish society. There is no doubt that a language can survive and continue its existence only by finding counterparts for new concepts. New words are derived as a result of the need for them. The unique nature of each society’s lifestyle is a decisive factor in meeting this requirement. Expansion in the sense of the word “salt” also brought forward the necessity for new words. In this respect, many words derived from the stem “salt” were added to Turkish and the new concepts or objects that fall into the meaning of “salt” were represented by its derivatives. This article focuses on the changes in the meaning and usage of “salt” and aims to express the richness added by it to the lexicon of Turkish..

Tatiana V. Govenko

German settlements in Russia have been known since the ancient times, however larger settlements appeared only after the “Мanifesto” issued by Empress Catherine II. Settling in Volga Region, Novorossiya, Crimea, the Caucasus, and Siberia, German colonists preserved German language, customs, traditions, songs, tales, household items, musical instruments, costumes, and cuisine — all those identity and ethnic codes that tied them to their historical homeland and, at the same time, distinguished them from the neighboring nations. Autonomous and closed character of German settlements in Russia, their long-term isolation from their nation and its cultural and historical core as well as the impossibility of modernization in step with their historical motherland contributed to the preservation of language and elements of the immigrant traditional culture in the alien environment. Vegetation was carried out at the expense of inner resources and those of the neighboring nations leading to the transformation of “the national spirit and manners.” New sub-ethnic group of “Russian Germans” formed a considerable part of the pre-revolutionary Russian population but at the beginning of the 20th century, due to the unfavorable political and military circumstances, the state forced administrative sanctions on German population that led to further destruction of the ethnic area as well as of the cultural, social, and economic conditions necessary for its development. Later, this situation got worse due to the Stalin regime, Nazi attack on the Soviet Union, and general reluctance of the state to preserve this ethnic group in a favorable condition. In the 1990s, Russian Germans massively resettled in Germany. Over the past 20 years, the number of the settlers has decreased by seven times. In Germany, “Russian Germans” faced the question of self-identity. If until the beginning of the 20th century their heritage language had been one of the German dialects, at the end of the century, Russian language and culture have become heritage for Russian Germans. Germans living in Russia today actively integrate with Germany compensating for the loss of their unique identity in the 20th century

P. K. Dixit