Hasil untuk "Latin America. Spanish America"

Clarisa Eugenia Pedrotti

La presencia de copistas musicales en instituciones religiosas puede documentarse desde tiempos medievales. El relevamiento de sus rasgos caligráficos particulares ha sido utilizado en función de datar las obras, indicar su procedencia y posibles vías de circulación. En este artículo propongo analizar la figura de los copistas de música de instituciones religiosas en Córdoba (Argentina), durante el siglo XIX, a la luz del concepto de “passeurs culturels”, postulado por Ares Queija y Gruzinski (1997), que posibilita dotar de espesor teórico al conocimiento de la labor de estos individuos. El análisis estará enfocado en el perfil social de los copistas y su intervención como “mediadores” en el complejo entramado que presentaron las prácticas culturales en su conjunto –y musicales en particular– en un contexto urbano, en las estrategias de participación y la visibilización que les otorgó el oficio de músicos-copistas.

Elena Hernández Sandoica

Jaime Omar Salinas Zabalaga

This article proposes an analysis of the novel Los afectos (2015) by Rodrigo Hasbún that sheds light on new forms of giving meaning to reality in the contemporary Bolivian novel. Based on a hypothesis that identifies the narrative strategies that the novel uses to fictionalize the family memory and national history, I argue that Los afectos explores new forms of connections between aesthetics and politics. Although Hasbún's novel draws attention for its polyphonic structure and plurality of modes of enunciation from which the different narrators position themselves, this innovative proposal is limited by narrative mechanisms that impose forms of control over fictionalized memory, closing any possibility to imagine new relationships between history, memory and narration. The novel, however, leaves open the possibility that, thinking from an affective point of view, more democratic ways of building shared memories may emerge.

Pilar Pérez Cañizares

This study aims to compare how leading companies in Spain and in Spanish-speaking Latin America communicate corporate social responsibility or sustainability on their web pages. For this purpose, the pages of 68 companies were examined to establish the accessibility of such topics and to trace how their prominence and wording had evolved over time. The results show a trend toward greater uniformity in both Spain and Latin America, with corporate social responsibility/sustainability discourse gaining in prominence and “responsibility”-related terms being gradually replaced by those related to “sustainability.” Various cases hint that changes in terminology may be unrelated to any clear distinction between both terms.

Andrade, Marcos Ferreira de

O artigo aborda as experiências do Laboratório de Imagem e Som, vinculado ao Departamento de Ciências Sociais da Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, com base em suas conexões com a história pública, tendo como destaque dois de seus projetos nucleares: o Memorial Clara Nunes e a revolta dos escravos de carrancas. As dimensões teórica e metodológica das narrativas de memórias e culturas negras são então matizadas, abordando as experiências dos projetos com as comunidades em questão. Nessa direção, é destacada a centralidade do compartilhamento e do desenvolvimento da consciência histórica no processo de interação com o público, seja no espaço de memória, seja junto das novas mídias digitais

Diego Pulido Esteva

Reseña a: Evelyn Sanchez, El juez, el notario y el caudillo: análisis de un juicio verbal en Tlaxcala durante la Revolución

N. Farina, C. Suemoto, J. Burton et al.

Abstract Introduction: Perceptions of dementia are important determinants of support, treatment and care received in the dementia community. Understanding these perceptions are vital for regions such as Latin America, where there is a rapid increase in people living with dementia. The aim of this study is to review and synthesise the general public’s perceptions of dementia in Latin America, what factors are associated with these perceptions, and how they differ between countries in the region. Methods: Searches were completed across five databases (Medline, SCOPUS, PsychINFO, SciELO, and WoS). Studies were required to capture attitudes or knowledge of dementia in the general public residing within Latin America. English, Spanish and Portuguese search terms were used. Results were synthesised narratively. Results: About 1574 unique records were identified. Following lateral searches, de-duplication and screening, six articles (four studies) met the inclusion criteria for this review. All the studies were quantitative research from Brazil (median, n = 722). There was evidence of a limited to moderate knowledge of dementia, though a significant minority had negative or stigmatising attitudes. Only higher levels of education were consistently associated with better attitudes and knowledge of dementia in the region. Conclusion: There is a need for more in-depth research about attitudes of the general public across Latin America, particularly outside of São Paulo state, Brazil. There appears to be a greater need to raise awareness of dementia amongst less educated Latin American groups.

P. Balvanera, N. Pérez‐Harguindeguy, M. Perevochtchikova et al.

Abstract Ecosystem services research in Latin America has been steadily growing and has advanced conceptual understandings, methodological approaches, and global policy applications. One key element for the success of ecosystem services research is expanding collaboration across disciplines, countries, and sectors. This paper sets the stage for the special issue on The state of the art of Ecosystem Services Research and Practice in Latin America that resulted from such collaborations and the resulting insights. To do so we: 1 – present a recent overview of ecosystem services research in Latin America, 2 – assess the role of the network organizing International Congresses on Ecosystem Services in the Neotropics (CISEN, from its initials in Spanish) in fostering collaborations across countries, sectors, research topics, and disciplines, 3 – describe how this special issue was conceived and operationalized to further break collaboration silos and advance understanding, and 4 – present an overview of the papers included in this special issue. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for future contribution of Latin American research to the rapidly evolving Ecosystem Services literature.

Anilena Mejía, L. Bertello, J. Gil et al.

R. Ham-chande, I. Nava-Bolaños

The region known as Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) had 652 million inhabitants in 2018. Historically, it has been divided into many countries, beginning with colonization from Spain and Portugal. Miscegenation with the indigenous population settled its now distinctive social, cultural, and ethnic characteristics. Spanish is the nearly universal language, considering its command by the educated class of Brazil. On average, LAC's development is at a middle-income level. Its economic, social, and cultural background is highly diverse, both between countries and within each nation. Demographically, LAC is following the global trend of aging, although countries are heterogeneous in population sizes and progressing through different stages of demographic and epidemiological transitions. Based on the current trends of mortality, fertility, and migration, it is estimated that by 2060, the population will reach a maximum of about 790 million, then start a decrease in a concomitant convergence toward population aging.

L. Farthing, N. Fabricant

Ever since the search for the elusive El Dorado began in the sixteenth century, the history of Latin America has been a tale of resource extraction. Key resources (such as silver, gold, tin, and copper) drew foreign investment but left local populations deeply impoverished. As Eduardo Galeano (1973: 29) described it, “the Spanish colonies’ economic structure was born subordinated to the external market and thus centralized around the export sector, where profit and power were concentrated.” Five centuries later, this overall pattern remains unchanged. Its persistence propelled twentieth-century social scientists to use Marxist analytic frames, Raúl Prebisch and Hans Singer’s theories on declining terms of trade, and dependency theory more generally to explain how resource extraction created geographic and historic asymmetries between nation-states and peoples. Eduardo Galeano’s Open Veins of Latin America (1973) described how the European quest for resources in Latin America led to the penetration of foreign capital and fueled early European industrialization while generating highly unequal labor relations and differential access to the means of production. Eric Wolf (1982) traced the movement of goods, capital, and people in concert with expanding capitalism in the Old and New Worlds. Sidney Mintz (1985) showed that sugar production in the Caribbean was basic to the emergence of a global market and rose together with tea, colonial slavery, and the machine era. Researchers also reported resistance to these realities: for example, June Nash (1979) considered how Bolivian miners drew on their indigenous roots to advocate for more adequate wages, health care coverage, and schooling for their children. Forty years later, in our current era of advanced capitalism and after 30 years of neoliberal restructuring, it is time to revisit these themes and explore new frameworks for understanding how expanded global interconnectedness and technological improvements have facilitated transnational capital’s expansion in Latin America today. The region still possesses 66 percent of the world’s

Adrián Fuentes-Luque

Abstract This paper investigates the little-known origins of audio-visual translation (AVT) modes, with particular attention to the Spanish-speaking world, focusing on Argentina and Spain, from silent films and intertitles, to multiple language versions (made in Hollywood and Joinville), to dubbing and subtitling. It also explores some potential factors involved in the election and implementation of specific AVT modes in the different Spanish-speaking Latin-American countries, and in Argentina in particular. Exploring and describing them will help determine the social, cultural, commercial and linguistic implications of the election of a given AVT mode and a specific language model for Latin-American countries. Also, drawing on the opinions and experience of audio-visual translators and viewers, the paper analyses the consequences of establishing a specific linguistic variation for the distribution of audio-visual productions in the Spanish-speaking market (the so-called ‘neutral Spanish’), and the levels of social acceptance thereof in the region.

Sebastián Hernández Méndez

Durante los años de gobierno del coronel Lorenzo Latorre (1876-1880), Uruguay vivió un intenso debate sobre la legitimidad de la religión, su función en la sociedad moderna, y el papel que hasta entonces venía desempeñando la Iglesia Católica como institución modeladora de cultura. El presente trabajo busca atender las principales notas de esa discusión que mantuvieron en particular católicos y metodistas, al tiempo que analiza las distintas respuestas ensayadas por la Iglesia Católica para enfrentar el proselitismo disidente.

A. B. Valverde, J. M. Soares, K. Viana et al.

BackgroundPulmonary arterial hypertension is a rare, progressive disease with poor prognosis. However, there is limited information available on the characteristics of PAH patients outside of North America and Europe. This is particularly important as researchers have described that there are potential geographical and regional differences which are vital to consider in the design of clinical trials as well as PAH treatment. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of PAH (PH group 1) in Latin America.MethodsA search of electronic databases for studies published in English, Spanish or Portuguese was conducted specifying publication dates from the 1st of January 1987 until 10th October 2016. Two authors independently assessed papers for inclusion and extracted data. A narrative synthesis of the findings was conducted.ResultsThe search revealed 22 conference abstracts and articles, and on application of the inclusion criteria, six conference abstracts and articles were included in the final review. Studies/registries were based in Argentina, Brazil and Chile. In contrast to the available literature from developed countries, in Latin America, most patients were diagnosed at younger age; nevertheless, the higher prevalence of idiopathic PAH (IPAH) and the advanced stage of the disease at diagnosis were comparable to the existing literature, as the long term survival, despite the lower availability of targeted therapies.ConclusionThis study highlights the regional characteristics in the epidemiology of group 1 PH. The recognition of these differences should be considered when developing clinical guidelines and extrapolating diagnostic and treatment algorithms. Equitable access to health care and therapies are also issues that need to be addressed in Latin America. Information coming from a large prospective registry representing the different populations in Latin America is of critical importance to increase disease awareness in the region and improve diagnosis and management.

A. C. Laurell, L. Giovanella

Since the early 1990s, health policy in Latin America has focused on reform in most countries with the explicit purpose to increase access, decrease inequity, and provide financial protection. Basically, two different and opposed models of reform have been implemented: the Universal Health Coverage (UHC) model and the Single Universal Health System model. The essential characteristics of Latin American UHC are that health care is commodified by the introduction of competition that depends, in turn, on the payer/provider split, free choice, and pre-priced health service plans. In this framework, insurance, be it public or private, is crucial to assuring market solvency, because health needs not backed by purchasing power do not constitute a market that is particularly important in the Latin American region, the most unequal in the world. The Single Universal Health System (in Spanish, Sistema Universal de Salud, SUS) model is a model inspired by the principles of social justice and egalitarian, universal social rights. Characteristically funded by tax revenues, it makes provision of health services to the whole population a responsibility of the State and a universal citizens’ entitlement, independent of individual ability to pay or prior contributions. It considers health to be a public good that, for reasons of efficiency and equity, the market cannot provide. Everyone is entitled, as a right, to free care financed by the State. Given that health system reform occurs in specific historical contexts, these models have had different results in each country. In order to highlight the concrete reform outcomes, the following issues need be addressed: the political scenario and the stakeholders involved; the previous health system and the relative strength of the public and private sectors; coverage achieved by public institutions or insurance, public or private; the different health packages existing within each country; the institutional (re)organization; and the relative importance of public health actions. An analysis is needed of the UHC reforms in Chile, Colombia, and Mexico, on the one hand; and the Single Universal Health System in Brazil, Venezuela, and Cuba on the other. The UHC model in practice tends to increase inequity in access, create new bureaucratic barriers to timely care, fail to provide financial protection, and leads to deteriorated public health measures. It has also created new powerful private sector stakeholders, particularly in Chile and Colombia, while in Mexico the predominance of a strong public sector has “crowed-out” the private one. The Single Universal Health System has significantly increased access for millions that before reform had almost no access and has also strengthened public health actions. However, the strong preexisting private sector providers have profited from the public-sector purchases of complex medical services. Private health insurance has also increased among the upper middle class and workers belonging to strong labor unions.

M. Carabali, Nichole Austin, N. King et al.

BackgroundLatin America presently has the world’s highest burden of Zika virus, but there are unexplained differences in national rates of congenital malformations collectively referred to as Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS) in the region. While Zika virulence and case detection likely contribute to these differences, policy-related factors, including access to abortion, may play important roles. Our goal was to assess perspectives on, and access to, abortion in Latin America in the context of the Zika epidemic.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed and gray literature published between January 2015 and December 2016, written in English, Spanish, Portuguese, or French. We searched PubMed, Scielo, and Google Scholar for literature on Zika and/or CZS and abortion, and used automated and manual review methods to synthesize the existing information.Results36 publications met our inclusion criteria, the majority of which were qualitative. Publications were generally in favor of increased access to safe abortion as a policy-level response for mitigating the impact of CZS, but issues with implementation were cited as the main challenge. Aside from the reform of abortion regulation in Colombia, we did not find evidence that the Zika epidemic had triggered shifts in abortion policy in other countries.ConclusionAbortion policy in the region remained largely unchanged following the Zika epidemic. Further empirical research on abortion access and differential rates of CZS across Latin American countries is required.

R. Athanazio, M. C. Pereira, Georgina Gramblicka et al.

BackgroundThe FACED score is an easy-to-use multidimensional grading system that has demonstrated an excellent prognostic value for mortality in patients with bronchiectasis. A Spanish group developed the score but no multicenter international validation has yet been published.MethodsRetrospective and multicenter study conducted in six historical cohorts of patients from Latin America including 651 patients with bronchiectasis. Clinical, microbiological, functional, and radiological variables were collected, following the same criteria used in the original FACED score study. The vital status of all patients was determined in the fifth year of follow-up. The area under ROC curve (AUC-ROC) was used to calculate the predictive power of the FACED score for all-cause and respiratory deaths and both number and severity of exacerbations. The discriminatory power to divide patients into three groups of increasing severity was also analyzed.ResultsMean (SD) age of 48.2 (16), 32.9% of males. The mean FACED score was 2.35 (1.68). During the follow up, 95 patients (14.6%) died (66% from respiratory causes). The AUC ROC to predict all-cause and respiratory mortality were 0.81 (95% CI: 0.77 to 0.85) 0.84 (95% CI: 0.80 to 0.88) respectively, and 0.82 (95% CI: 078–0.87) for at least one hospitalization per year. The division into three score groups separated bronchiectasis into distinct mortality groups (mild: 3.7%; moderate: 20.7% and severe: 48.5% mortality; p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe FACED score was confirmed as an excellent predictor of all-cause and respiratory mortality and severe exacerbations, as well as having excellent discriminative capacity for different degrees of severity in various bronchiectasis populations.

Lorena Cecilia Mancera Panza

Desde el discurso hegemónico en Colombia es vigente pensar que la política se manifiesta en procesos formales de participación dirigidos a los sistemas políticos, lo que ha permitido sostener que la poca participación de las juventudes en los partidos políticos tradicionales sea sinónimo del desinterés generalizado que tienen sobre las problemáticas sociales del país. Esta mirada invisibiliza que existen otras formas en que las juventudes realizan acciones políticas que no se encuentran reglamentadas oficialmente, sino que responden a las dinámicas de sus prácticas que privilegian el ámbito de la cultura. Ante este panorama las culturas juveniles deben ser analizadas como formas contemporáneas de organizarse, puesto que, a través de expresiones culturales evidencian sus posturas políticas frente a un orden social determinado. En este contexto, surge la preocupación sociológica de comprender la manera en que la dramatización de las identidades colectivas (Reguillo, 2012) les ha sido útiles a las organizaciones juveniles en la ciudad de Barranquilla para poner en escena pública los posicionamientos que, si bien no se reconocían como organizaciones políticas, desde su accionar, el cambio social está planteado como prioridad en sus agendas. A través de un estudio cualitativo de caso instrumental la investigación se planteó responder: ¿Cómo se produce la dramatización de identidades colectivas de La Jungla Hip Hop y de Seres Vivientes Crew en la Plaza De La Paz?, ¿Qué características poseen dichas elaboraciones identitarias? ¿Qué perspectivas políticas pueden reconocerse en estas prácticas culturales? Este trabajo permite comprender que las prácticas culturales de las juventudes no deben ser vistas como acciones desprovistas de posicionamiento, por el contrario, se puede reconocer allí la connotación política de sus expresiones y así, acercarse a conocer aspectos de la politización juvenil contemporánea.

Sebastián Giménez

S. Bel-Serrat, V. Knaze, G. Nicolas et al.