Hasil untuk "Labor policy. Labor and the state"

Ri-Zhao Qiu, Shiqi Yang, Xuxin Cheng et al.

Training manipulation policies for humanoid robots with diverse data enhances their robustness and generalization across tasks and platforms. However, learning solely from robot demonstrations is labor-intensive, requiring expensive tele-operated data collection which is difficult to scale. This paper investigates a more scalable data source, egocentric human demonstrations, to serve as cross-embodiment training data for robot learning. We mitigate the embodiment gap between humanoids and humans from both the data and modeling perspectives. We collect an egocentric task-oriented dataset (PH2D) that is directly aligned with humanoid manipulation demonstrations. We then train a human-humanoid behavior policy, which we term Human Action Transformer (HAT). The state-action space of HAT is unified for both humans and humanoid robots and can be differentiably retargeted to robot actions. Co-trained with smaller-scale robot data, HAT directly models humanoid robots and humans as different embodiments without additional supervision. We show that human data improves both generalization and robustness of HAT with significantly better data collection efficiency. Code and data: https://human-as-robot.github.io/

David Autor, B. N. Kausik

A central socioeconomic concern about Artificial Intelligence is that it will lower wages by depressing the labor share - the fraction of economic output paid to labor. We show that declining labor share is more likely to raise wages. In a competitive economy with constant returns to scale, we prove that the wage-maximizing labor share depends only on the capital-to-labor ratio, implying a non-monotonic relationship between labor share and wages. When labor share exceeds this wage-maximizing level, further automation increases wages even while reducing labor's output share. Using data from the United States and eleven other industrialized countries, we estimate that labor share is too high in all twelve, implying that further automation should raise wages. Moreover, we find that falling labor share accounted for 16\% of U.S. real wage growth between 1954 and 2019. These wage gains notwithstanding, automation-driven shifts in labor share are likely to pose significant social and political challenges.

Ziyi Wang, Congrong Zhang, Jingying Deng et al.

Homework tutoring work is a demanding and often conflict-prone practice in family life, and parents often lack targeted support for managing its cognitive and emotional burdens. Through interviews with 18 parents of children in grades 1-3, we examine how homework-related labor is divided and coordinated between parents, and where AI might meaningfully intervene. We found three key insights: (1) Homework labor encompasses distinct dimensions: physical, cognitive, and emotional, with the latter two often remaining invisible. (2) We identified father-mother-child triadic dynamics in labor division, with children's feedback as the primary factor shaping parental labor adjustments. (3) Building on prior HCI research, we propose an AI design that prioritizes relationship maintenance over task automation or broad labor mitigation. By employing labor as a lens that integrates care work, we explore the complexities of labor within family contexts, contributing to feminist and care-oriented HCI and to the development of context-sensitive coparenting practices.

Criscent Birungi, Cody Hyndman

The decision to annuitize wealth in retirement planning has become increasingly complex due to rising longevity risk and changing retirement patterns, including increased labor force participation at older ages. While an extensive literature studies consumption, labor, and annuitization decisions, these elements are typically examined in isolation. This paper develops a unified stochastic control and optimal stopping framework in which habit formation and endogenous labor supply shape retirement and annuitization decisions under age-dependent mortality. We derive optimal consumption, labor, portfolio, and annuitization policies in a continuous-time lifecycle model. The solution is characterized via dynamic programming and a Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman variational inequality. Our results reveal a rich sequence of retirement dynamics. When wealth is low relative to habit, labor is supplied defensively to protect consumption standards. As wealth increases, agents enter a work-to-retire phase in which labor is supplied at its maximum level to accelerate access to retirement. Human capital acts as a stabilizing asset, justifying a more aggressive pre-retirement investment portfolio, followed by abrupt de-risking upon annuitization. Subjective mortality beliefs are a key determinant in shaping retirement dynamics. Agents with pessimistic longevity beliefs rationally perceive annuities as unattractive, leading them to avoid or delay annuitization. This framework provides a behavior-based explanation for low annuity demand and offers guidance for retirement planning jointly linking labor supply, portfolio choice, and the timing of annuitization.

Ryan Stevens

Generative AI has the potential to transform how firms produce output. Yet, credible evidence on how AI is actually substituting for human labor remains limited. In this paper, we study firm-level substitution between contracted online labor and generative AI using payments data from a large U.S. expense management platform. We track quarterly spending from Q3 2021 to Q3 2025 on online labor marketplaces (such as Upwork and Fiverr) and leading AI model providers. To identify causal effects, we exploit the October 2022 release of ChatGPT as a common adoption shock and estimate a difference-in-differences model. We provide a novel measure of exposure based on the share of spending at online labor marketplaces prior to the shock. Firms with greater exposure to online labor adopt AI earlier and more intensively following the shock, while simultaneously reducing spending on contracted labor. By Q3 2025, firms in the highest exposure quartile increase their share of spending on AI model providers by 0.8 percentage points relative to the lowest exposure quartile, alongside significant declines in labor marketplace spending. Combining these responses yields a direct estimate of substitution: among the most exposed firms, a \$1 decline in online labor spending is associated with approximately \$0.03 of additional AI spending, implying order-of-magnitude cost savings from replacing outsourced tasks with AI services. These effects are heterogeneous across firms and emerge gradually over time. Taken together, our results provide the first direct, micro-level evidence that generative AI is being used as a partial substitute for human labor in production.

Ye. P. Gurova

The article analyzes the state of the labor market and new challenges for the economy and business in modern conditions. Positive trends among young people in terms of the prestige of professions, a decrease in the level of anxiety about employment and their professional choice are noted. The analysis shows that currently there is a record low level of unemployment, which causes intense competition among employers for personnel and determines the need to develop an adaptation policy in the new realities. At the same time, in the context of the popularization of secondary vocational education, there is a shortage of personnel among blue-collar workers, which is primarily due to the strengthening of state migration policy. It was revealed that the elimination of the shortage of blue-collar workers is directly related to demographic and urban development policies. The need to modernize the legal regulation of labor relations in the light of ongoing innovative processes is determined.

Robin A. Lange, Anna Gibson, Milo Z. Trujillo et al.

Invisible labor is an intrinsic part of the modern workplace, and includes labor that is undervalued or unrecognized such as creating collaborative atmospheres. Open source software (OSS) is software that is viewable, editable and shareable by anyone with internet access. Contributors are mostly volunteers, who participate for personal edification and because they believe in the spirit of OSS rather than for employment. Volunteerism often leads to high personnel turnover, poor maintenance and inconsistent project management. This in turn, leads to a difficulty with sustainability long term. We believe that the key to sustainable management is the invisible labor that occurs behind the scenes. It is unclear how OSS contributors think about the invisible labor they perform or how that affects OSS sustainability. We interviewed OSS contributors and asked them about their invisible labor contributions, leadership departure, membership turnover and sustainability. We found that invisible labor is responsible for good leadership, reducing contributor turnover, and creating legitimacy for the project as an organization.

Konstantin Kunze

This paper exploits variation resulting from a series of federal and state Medicaid expansions between 1977 and 2017 to estimate the effects of children's increased access to public health insurance on the labor market outcomes of their mothers. The results imply that the extended Medicaid eligibility of children leads to positive labor supply responses of single mothers and to negative labor supply responses of married mothers. The analysis of mechanisms suggests that extended children's Medicaid eligibility positively affects take-up of Medicaid and health of children.

Zixuan Han, M. Zhao

Optimizing labor structure is critical for high-quality development, while tax incentives play a key role in guiding skilled employment. This paper investigates the impact of China's 2018 VAT credit refund policy on corporate labor structure using a quasi-natural experiment based on A-share listed firms from 2013 to 2023. We employ a difference-in-differences (DID) approach to estimate the policy effect and further introduce a machine learning module—Random Forest Regressor (RFR)—to explore non-linear interactions and variable importance related to skilled labor composition. Empirical results show that the VAT credit refund policy significantly increases the proportion of skilled labor, mainly by alleviating firms’ financing constraints. Robustness tests, including placebo, lagged variables, PSM-DID, and policy interference controls, confirm the findings. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the effects are more pronounced in non-state-owned enterprises, eastern regions, and SMEs. The ML-based interpretability analysis supports these findings by identifying capital input, liquidity, and market valuation as key drivers of labor upgrading. This study offers new evidence on the policy's labor optimization mechanism and demonstrates the value of integrating interpretable machine learning into policy evaluation.

Michael A. Clemens, Ethan G. Lewis, Hannah M. Postel

An important class of active labor market policy has received little impact evaluation: immigration barriers intended to raise wages and employment by shrinking labor supply. Theories of endogenous technical advance raise the possibility of limited or even perverse impact. We study a natural policy experiment: the exclusion of almost half a million Mexican 'bracero' farm workers from the United States to improve farm labor market conditions. With novel archival data we measure state-level exposure to exclusion, and model the labor-market effect in the absence of technical change. We reject such an effect and fail to reject a null effect.

Ilyash Olha I.

The purpose of the article is to determine the strategic priorities of the Roadmap for the implementation of the State policy of preserving human potential and the mechanisms of youth re-emigration for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. The author substantiates the shortcomings of the State youth policy and their impact on the ability to preserve the human potential of Ukraine, which leads to migration losses and the intensification of critical socioeconomic and demographic changes. Emphasis is placed on the principles and consistency of the State policy of preserving human potential, in particular youth, for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. It is determined that the conceptual basis for the implementation of the State policy of preserving human potential, especially in terms of youth, is a policy that takes into account the best international practices of youth policy implementation, is consistent with national youth strategies and encourages the implementation of the Council of Europe's recommendations on youth rights and participation. The author proves the need to develop a Roadmap for the implementation of the State policy of preserving human potential, the general purpose of which is to formulate a vision, context, priorities and directions for building a holistic, sustainable and effective State youth policy aimed at improving the quality of life in personal, family, labor and social aspects, improving living conditions and encouraging the return of Ukrainian youth. Addressing these issues is important for preserving human potential and contributing to the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. In accordance with the goal of the Roadmap for the implementation of the State policy of preserving human potential, it is proposed to focus on 5 strategic priorities of youth policy and improving the quality of life of young people. It is emphasized that improving the quality of life and living environment of young people in Ukraine should be aimed at addressing such issues as economic well-being, demographic problems, labor market imbalances, social tensions and cultural development, stimulating the re-emigration of Ukrainian youth and strengthening regions and territorial communities for a more prosperous future in the post-war recovery of Ukraine. The strategic priorities and operational strategic goals of the State policy of preserving the human potential of Ukraine in the youth segment are defined. The mechanisms for implementing youth policy are represented by the relevant tools within the framework of five strategic priorities: improving the quality of personal, family, labor, social life of young people and their environment, which should include the leading participation of the State in implementing youth re-emigration strategies with the involvement of civil society institutions, the EU and the UN.

Kosovar Basha

This study sheds light on the relations between Kosovo and Albania during 1968. Using archival documents in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Albania, relevant literature and the press of the time, the author intended to carefully treat these relations in several aspects such as military, political, educational, and cultural. The developments between the two countries, including important academic organizations, the role of intellectuals in Kosovo, the demands of students for the Republic of Kosovo within the Yugoslavia and Albania in the meantime, are seen by the author as inseparable parts of a historical context. Albanian historiography has valuable studies in the light of these complex relationships for the period 1968-1969. The author highlights the political and economic aspects as the main characteristic of this cooperation that prevailed in these relationships between the two countries. Until 1966, the main source of the Albanian leadership regarding the events in Yugoslavia and Kosovo and Metohija was the Embassy of Albania in Belgrade, as well as embassies in other European countries, which received certain information about Yugoslavia. After the Brion Plenum, Albania began to receive confidential information from unnamed sources from the provincial leadership of Kosovo and Metohija. As the origin of certain information in the reports, the Nase minister often stated “from our source close to Fadil Hoxha or “from our source in Udba” or “from our source in the Kosovo leadership”. I have no doubt that during this period, Albania developed a network of informers in the province, including which included influential provincial officials The confidential documents of the Central Committee of the Party of Labor of Albania also contain some so far little-known information about events in the province and political relations in Yugoslavia at the end of the 1960s. Their content in certain measures raises the question of how much the understanding of socialist Yugoslavia in the decades after its disintegration was determined by the untouchability of the postulate of the pro-Yugoslav orientation of the leaders who created the state and party policy of the Union of Communists of Yugoslavia in the 1960s. Changes in the position of the autonomous provinces in Serbia at the end of the sixties of the 20th century were reflected in the relations of Kosovo with Albania. State Secretariat for Foreign Affairs and the Federal Executive Council began in 1967 to encourage the cultural and economic integration of Kosovo with Albania, explaining it as a strategy for the normalization of relations between Yugoslavia and Albania. After the meetings in Pristina and Tirana and the meetings between them visit of educational delegations, it was agreed that textbooks from Albania will be used in the school system of Kosovo and Kosovar companies redirected their production to the Albanian market. University of Tirana professors engaged are in classes at Pristina faculties. The reports of the Albanian lecturers from Prishtina did not provide the party leadership of Albania with a wide range of information about the situation in Yugoslavia. The work is primarily based on unpublished archival materials of the Central State Archives of Albania in Tirana and Archive of Kosovo.

Yusuf Can Çalışır

Nowadays, factors such as the ageing of the population and the prolongation of life expectancy make it mandatory to create effective social policies by considering the health and care needs of societies. This study evaluates research on long-term care insurance, which is an important determinant of social welfare, through bibliometric analysis, a quantitative research technique. On 25.08.2023, 1497 results were obtained by searching the concept of "long-term care insurance" in the Web of Science database. Because of the analysis, it was observed that the studies on long-term care insurance were distributed between 1984 and 2023. Among 112 different research fields, it was concluded that the most studies were conducted in the field of Gereontology (n=339). "Gerontologist" was the journal that published the highest number of studies (n=76) on long-term care. The National Centre for Geriatrics Gerontology published the most studies (n=103); Ichiro Tsuji is the author of the most studies with 53 publications. The report "2018 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures" is the most cited study. The study titled “Care-Needs Certification in Long-Term Care Insurance System of Japan”, carried out by Takako Tsutsui and Naoko Muramatsu (2005) independently of institutions, has the most citations. "Long-term care insurance" (n=332), "long-term care" (n=225) and "Japan" (n=104) are among the most frequently used keywords.

Scott Delhommer, Domonkos F. Vamossy

This paper presents quasi-experimental research examining the effect of both local and state anti-discrimination laws on sexual orientation on the labor supply and wages of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) workers. To do so, we use the American Community Survey data on household composition to infer sexual orientation and combine this with a unique panel dataset on state and local anti-discrimination laws. Leveraging variation in law implementation across localities over time and between same-sex and different-sex couples, we find that anti-discrimination laws significantly narrow gaps in labor force participation and employment for men in same-sex couples relative to men in different-sex couples, and also increase their percentile rank in the wage distribution. Our analysis reveals mostly null effects for female same-sex couples; however, in metropolitan areas these laws significantly reduce their employment compared to women in different-sex couples. One explanation for the reduced labor supply is that female same-sex couples begin to have more children in response to the laws. Finally, we present evidence that state anti-discrimination laws significantly and persistently increased support for same-sex marriage. This research shows that anti-discrimination laws can be an effective policy tool for reducing labor market inequalities across sexual orientation and improving sentiment toward LGB Americans.

Antonio A. Casilli

Digital platforms capitalize on users' labor, often disguising essential contributions as casual activities or consumption, regardless of users' recognition of their efforts. Data annotation, content creation, and engagement with advertising are all aspects of this hidden productivity. Despite playing a crucial role in driving AI development, such tasks remain largely unrecognized and undercompensated. This chapter exposes the systemic devaluation of these activities in the digital economy, by drawing on historical theories about unrecognized labor, from housework to audience labor. This approach advocates for a broader understanding of digital labor by introducing the concept of ''inconspicuous production.'' It moves beyond the traditional notion of ''invisible work'' to highlight the hidden elements inherent in all job types, especially in light of growing automation and platform-based employment.

T. G. Kalugina

The issues of implementation of the state policy in the field of secondary vocational education at the regional level are considered. The changes in the educational priorities of Russian youth concerned the growing popularity among young people of secondary vocational education are described. The phenomenon of the growing popularity of vocational education in different countries is described. The so-called “effect of vocational education” is analyzed, which manifests itself in removing obstacles in the process of transition of young people from educational process to the labor market, finding effective mechanisms for this transition. It is revealed that the issues of transformation of secondary vocational education are actively studied by Russian scientists. The activity of scientific centers (the Centre for Vocational Education and Skills Development of the National Research University Higher School of Economics and the Federal Institute for Educational Development of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) is described. In the article the main directions of the federal policy in the field of upper-grade vocational education investigating this issue are analyzed. Separate stages in the implementation of this policy are highlighted. It`s considered the specifics of the implementation of federal policy at the regional level. The implementation of the regional policy in the field of upper-grade vocational education was described using the example of the Irkutsk region.

V. Ostapenko, N. Kazanceva

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the paid domestic labor market in the Russian economy. It is shown that this market is characterized by the following features: weak state regulation; a high proportion of internal and external migrants; a wide spread of the shadow economy and informal labor relations; gender differences; the presence in the market of an “elite” segment of workers providing higher-quality and highly paid services, and a segment of workers performing temporary, episodic work. It is proved on the basis of market analysis that there is a predominant demand for skilled labor, and wages are at or above the national average. It is concluded that further efforts are needed to legalize the work of domestic workers within the framework of the state employment policy.

J. K. Montez, N. Mehri, Shannon M. Monnat et al.

The rise in working-age mortality rates in the United States in recent decades largely reflects stalled declines in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality alongside rising mortality from alcohol-induced causes, suicide, and drug poisoning; and it has been especially severe in some U.S. states. Building on recent work, this study examined whether U.S. state policy contexts may be a central explanation. We modeled the associations between working-age mortality rates and state policies during 1999 to 2019. We used annual data from the 1999–2019 National Vital Statistics System to calculate state-level age-adjusted mortality rates for deaths from all causes and from CVD, alcohol-induced causes, suicide, and drug poisoning among adults ages 25–64 years. We merged that data with annual state-level data on eight policy domains, such as labor and taxes, where each domain was scored on a 0–1 conservative-to-liberal continuum. Results show that the policy domains were associated with working-age mortality. More conservative marijuana policies and more liberal policies on the environment, gun safety, labor, economic taxes, and tobacco taxes in a state were associated with lower mortality in that state. Especially strong associations were observed between certain domains and specific causes of death: between the gun safety domain and suicide mortality among men, between the labor domain and alcohol-induced mortality, and between both the economic tax and tobacco tax domains and CVD mortality. Simulations indicate that changing all policy domains in all states to a fully liberal orientation might have saved 171,030 lives in 2019, while changing them to a fully conservative orientation might have cost 217,635 lives.

Guillermo Rodríguez Iniesta

La gestión y control de la incapacidad temporal en los primeros 365 días se encuentra normada en el RD 1060/2022, de 27 de diciembre y en la Orden ESS/1187/2015, que recientemente ha sido objeto de importantes reformas por el RD 1060/2022, 27 diciembre y por la Orden ISM/2/2023. El estudio partirá de un breve análisis de las situaciones previas a la reforma y de las novedades que esta comporta.

Vladimir I. Savinkov, Olga S. Privedentseva

<p>The book under review is noteworthy because the analysis of the state personnel policy in the sphere of intellectual labor is carried out from the theoretical positions of reproduction of the socio-professional structure of society. The conclusions based on theoretical postulates of the authors of the book are verified on the basis of rich statistical and sociological material. The author reveals the structure of inequality of chances to receive higher education, the reasons for the formation of "professional ballast" and imbalance in the market of intellectual labor. The necessity of strengthening the coordinating role of the state in the reproduction of specialists of intellectual labor in the interests of personnel support of innovative production was substantiated.</p>