Hasil untuk "Human ecology. Anthropogeography"

C. Lovelock, Vicki Bennion, Mayara de Oliveira et al.

Mangroves are implemented as nature‐based solutions (NbS) for coastal protection, climate change mitigation (carbon sequestration) and other services. They play a core role in providing benefits for biodiversity, livelihoods and human well‐being. Ecological research has informed the use of mangroves as NbS, but failure of NbS projects has often been due to misconceptions about mangrove ecology and the limited use of the wide range of ecological knowledge available. Enhanced knowledge of the spatial and temporal variation in ecological processes, and differentiation among mangrove tree species and assemblages (including fauna and microbial communities) in the provision of ecosystem functions and services, will support successful use of mangroves as NbS. Knowledge of mangrove responses to the interacting pressures of climate change and human uses of the coastal zone will support resilient NbS projects. Synthesis. The success of mangroves as NbS can be improved with increased incorporation of knowledge of the ecology of mangrove plants, animals and microbes and by sharing and co‐producing knowledge within mangrove societies.

F. Jeltsch, Manuel Roeleke, A. Abdelfattah et al.

Biodiversity loss and widespread ecosystem degradation are among the most pressing challenges of our time, requiring urgent action. Yet our understanding of their causes remains limited because prevailing ecological concepts and approaches often overlook the underlying complex interactions of individuals of the same or different species, interacting with each other and with their environment. We propose a paradigm shift in ecological science, moving from simplifying frameworks that use species, population or community averages to an integrative approach that recognizes individual organisms as fundamental agents of ecological change. The urgency of the biodiversity crisis requires such a paradigm shift to advance ecology towards a predictive science by elucidating the causal mechanisms linking individual variation and adaptive behaviour to emergent properties of populations, communities, ecosystems, and ecological interactions with human interventions. Recent advances in computational technologies, sensors, and analytical tools now offer unprecedented opportunities to overcome past challenges and lay the foundation for a truly integrated Individual-Based Global Change Ecology (IBGCE). Unravelling the potential role of individual variability in global change impact analyses will require a systematic combination of empirical, experimental and modelling studies across systems, while taking into account multiple drivers of global change and their interactions. Key priorities include refining theoretical frameworks, developing benchmark models and standardized toolsets, and systematically incorporating individual variation and adaptive behaviour into empirical field work, experiments and predictive models. The emerging synergies between individual-based modelling, big data approaches, and machine learning hold great promise for addressing the inherent complexity of ecosystems. Each step in the development of IBGCE must systematically balance the complexity of the individual perspective with parsimony, computational efficiency, and experimental feasibility. IBGCE aims to unravel and predict the dynamics of biodiversity in the Anthropocene through a comprehensive study of individual organisms, their variability and their interactions. It will provide a critical foundation for considering individual variation and behaviour for future conservation and sustainability management, taking into account individual-to-ecosystem pathways and feedbacks.

Levi J. Heffelfinger, David G. Hewitt, Joshua P. Vasquez et al.

Habitat fragmentation can influence the spatial ecology of wildlife populations, with downstream effects on population dynamics and sustainability. Row-crop farming is a common anthropogenic landscape alteration, yet the effects on animal movement and space use is understudied in some species. Cropland can benefit wildlife nutritionally but may result in habitat loss because of changes in landscape composition and human disturbance. We quantified the influence of cropland presence and coverage on mule deer spatial ecology in the southern Great Plains. We GPS-collared 146 adult mule deer in four regions of the Texas Panhandle and monitored movement relative to spatio-temporal fluctuations in cropland and particular crop species availability for 2 years. We modeled the effects of cropland on space use and resource selection at multiple spatio-temporal scales to characterize population and individual habitat components of mule deer. We observed a functional response in cropland use, where at low coverage, use was proportional to availability but decreased with > 20% cropland coverage at the home range and within-home range scales. Few mule deer exhibited long-distance movements towards cropland. Individuals within 1.6 km of cropland exhibited greater cropland use, whereas deer > 4.2 km from cropland rarely used these areas. At the population level, mule deer selected cropland during the winter and late summer, probably for nutritional benefit when rangeland nutrients are low. At a finer scale, step-selection functions identified individual heterogeneity in crop species selection. Winter wheat, alfalfa, and fallow fields had greater use relative to other crop types. Generally, 15–60% of mule deer with access to cropland selected alfalfa year-round, and up to 63% of deer selected winter wheat post-reproduction. Our results suggest that at a low spatial coverage, cropland alters the spatial ecology of mule deer at several spatio-temporal scales and may provide nutritional benefits, but at a cost of lost habitat when cropland exceeds 20% of the landscape. Declining groundwater resources and an exponentially growing human population will alter future farming practices. Understanding how species occupying these environments, such as mule deer, are influenced by human-induced landscape changes can enhance mitigation of human-wildlife interactions and aid conservation actions as policy and social pressures shape future agricultural practices.

Cehong Luo, Yujie Hu, Fahui Wang

Abstract Excess commuting, defined as the inefficiency resulting from spatial mismatches between residential and employment locations, poses significant challenges for urban planning and transportation systems. This study uses big data from individual vehicle trips collected in Tampa, Florida, to quantify excess commuting more accurately than traditional zonal approaches. Through the application of Linear Programming (LP) and Integer Linear Programming (ILP) models, this research measures minimum and actual commuting patterns across different spatial scales—census tract, block group, and individual trip levels. The findings reveal a clear scale effect associated with the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP), as smaller spatial units consistently yield shorter minimum commuting distances and times and the ILP model at the individual trip level yields the least. By directly analyzing actual trips rather than simulated data, this approach provides a more precise and realistic assessment of excess commuting. The results underscore the values of methodological improvements and individual-level data in refining our understanding of excess commuting and supporting more efficient urban planning and policymaking.

Geoff M. Smith, Karen Ruebens, E. I. Zavala et al.

Recent excavations at Ranis (Germany) identified an early dispersal of Homo sapiens into the higher latitudes of Europe by 45,000 years ago. Here we integrate results from zooarchaeology, palaeoproteomics, sediment DNA and stable isotopes to characterize the ecology, subsistence and diet of these early H. sapiens . We assessed all bone remains ( n  = 1,754) from the 2016–2022 excavations through morphology ( n  = 1,218) or palaeoproteomics (zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry ( n  = 536) and species by proteome investigation ( n  = 212)). Dominant taxa include reindeer, cave bear, woolly rhinoceros and horse, indicating cold climatic conditions. Numerous carnivore modifications, alongside sparse cut-marked and burnt bones, illustrate a predominant use of the site by hibernating cave bears and denning hyaenas, coupled with a fluctuating human presence. Faunal diversity and high carnivore input were further supported by ancient mammalian DNA recovered from 26 sediment samples. Bulk collagen carbon and nitrogen stable isotope data from 52 animal and 10 human remains confirm a cold steppe/tundra setting and indicate a homogenous human diet based on large terrestrial mammals. This lower-density archaeological signature matches other Lincombian–Ranisian–Jerzmanowician sites and is best explained by expedient visits of short duration by small, mobile groups of pioneer H. sapiens . Using zooarchaeology, palaeoproteomics, ancient sediment DNA and stable isotope analyses, the authors characterize the ecology of the Homo sapiens individuals associated with the ‘transitional’ Lincombian–Ranisian–Jerzmanowician technocomplex at Ilsenhöhle in Ranis.

Nidhi Singh, Saumya Singh, R. Mall

Abstract The urban population has increased from about 750 million in 1951 to 4.2 billion in 2018. This uncontrolled population growth has resulted in an unplanned, fast and unsustainable urban development. Due to this, environmental conditions at the local and global ecosystem levels have deteriorated. However, the public health aspect of urban ecology has gained importance in the last few years only, especially due to two emerging challenges, viz., Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect and urban air quality. The UHI effect has caused an increase in the incidence of heat stress/heat stroke, exhaustion and suicidal tendencies. UHI can also destabilize and change the air circulation pattern around cities that can cause precipitation in nearby areas thus developing new ecological implications. Air pollution has caused an increased risk of premature mortality, respiratory disorders, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and mental disorders. Loss of green spaces, unplanned built spaces and increased anthropogenic emissions are a major concern, particularly in weaker sections of society, children and elderly population with preexisting medical conditions in developed and underdeveloped nations. The study of the combined effect of UHI and air pollution on public health will be the most important in the era of climate change. Thus, this chapter highlights impacts of urbanization on public health considering local and global consequences of disturbances in urban ecosystem and climate change and also possible mitigation and adaptation strategies which can be integrated into urban ecosystems to improve the quality of life and public health.

Cecília Laís Santana da Silva, José Eloízio da Costa

A pecuária leiteira é tradição no semiárido sergipano devido à sua relevância histórica e econômica como fonte de renda e de sobrevivência. Nesse sentido, Poço Redondo é hoje o município que mais produz leite em Sergipe, o que indica um processo de reorganização da bacia leiteira do Alto Sertão. Para entender em qual contexto surge este aumento produtivo, o artigo propõe analisar a inserção do pequeno produtor na cadeia produtiva do leite do povoado Santa Rosa do Ermírio face à subordinação e à assimetria. Portanto, como decurso do método e da análise qualitativa e quantitativa, as nuances da produção leiteira da “terra do leite” podem ser compreendidas como parte de uma macroestrutura do sistema econômico político e em sua relação com Poço Redondo e Sergipe.

R. Joo, Simona Picardi, M. Boone et al.

Movement is fundamental to life, shaping population dynamics, biodiversity patterns, and ecosystem structure. In 2008, the movement ecology framework (MEF Nathan et al. in PNAS 105(49):19052–19059, 2008) introduced an integrative theory of organismal movement—linking internal state, motion capacity, and navigation capacity to external factors—which has been recognized as a milestone in the field. Since then, the study of movement experienced a technological boom, which provided massive quantities of tracking data of both animal and human movement globally and at ever finer spatio-temporal resolutions. In this work, we provide a quantitative assessment of the state of research within the MEF, focusing on animal movement, including humans and invertebrates, and excluding movement of plants and microorganisms. Using a text mining approach, we digitally scanned the contents of $$>8000$$ > 8000 papers from 2009 to 2018 available online, identified tools and methods used, and assessed linkages between all components of the MEF. Over the past decade, the publication rate has increased considerably, along with major technological changes, such as an increased use of GPS devices and accelerometers and a majority of studies now using the R software environment for statistical computing. However, animal movement research still largely focuses on the effect of environmental factors on movement, with motion and navigation continuing to receive little attention. A search of topics based on words featured in abstracts revealed a clustering of papers among marine and terrestrial realms, as well as applications and methods across taxa. We discuss the potential for technological and methodological advances in the field to lead to more integrated and interdisciplinary research and an increased exploration of key movement processes such as navigation, as well as the evolutionary, physiological, and life-history consequences of movement.

Lingyu Liu, Longyu Shi, Dingkai Chen et al.

ABSTRACT Ecological infrastructure (EI) is an essential urban infrastructure that is not only related to ecological resilience but the human needed ecosystem services. However, most studies overlook EI’s multi-functional benefits, especially the importance of residents’ satisfaction. As a typical nature-based solutions (NbS) through ecological engineering, EI construction should abide by the laws of nature and consider the requirements of human well-being. Based on the theory of landsenses ecology (LE), this study proposes a framework, including construction ideas, approaches, principles, and construction flow, to guide the whole process of EI construction, meeting natural and human needs. Moreover, a practice including EI facilities and an Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring system construction has been taken in Sangdong, Huizhou, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), China. The practice study indicates that the proposed framework of EI construction can successfully restore the regional ecological environment quality and play a significant role in restoring the black-odorous waterbodies to their original ecological vitality. Secondly, using social surveys to thoroughly analyze residents’ physical, psychological, and cultural perceptions and integrating their visions into the EI design scheme can improve residents’ satisfaction and support human well-being. Besides, IoT technology is helpful for digital EI supervision, dealing with real-time, online, and quantitative benefit evaluation and management. This paper focuses on practical exploration and experience sharing of how EI construction meets natural and human needs, aiming at providing experience and ideas for adequate urban ecological infrastructure (UEI) construction to support human and nature development hand in hand.

E. P. Medici, S. Mezzini, C. Fleming et al.

Background Animal movement is a key ecological process that is tightly coupled to local environmental conditions. While agriculture, urbanisation, and transportation infrastructure are critical to human socio-economic improvement, these have spurred substantial changes in animal movement across the globe with potential impacts on fitness and survival. Notably, however, human disturbance can have differential effects across species, and responses to human activities are thus largely taxa and context specific. As human disturbance is only expected to worsen over the next decade it is critical to better understand how species respond to human disturbance in order to develop effective, case-specific conservation strategies. Methods Here, we use an extensive telemetry dataset collected over 22 years to fill a critical knowledge gap in the movement ecology of lowland tapirs ( Tapirus terrestris ) across areas of varying human disturbance within three biomes in southern Brazil: the Pantanal, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest. Results From these data we found that the mean home range size across all monitored tapirs was 8.31 km 2 (95% CI 6.53–10.42), with no evidence that home range sizes differed between sexes nor age groups. Interestingly, although the Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Pantanal vary substantially in habitat composition, levels of human disturbance, and tapir population densities, we found that lowland tapir movement behaviour and space use were consistent across all three biomes. Human disturbance also had no detectable effect on lowland tapir movement. Lowland tapirs living in the most altered habitats we monitored exhibited movement behaviour that was comparable to that of tapirs living in a near pristine environment. Conclusions Contrary to our expectations, although we observed individual variability in lowland tapir space use and movement, human impacts on the landscape also had no measurable effect on their movement. Lowland tapir movement behaviour thus appears to exhibit very little phenotypic plasticity in response to human disturbance. Crucially, the lack of any detectable response to anthropogenic disturbance suggests that human modified habitats risk being ecological traps for tapirs and this information should be factored into conservation actions and species management aimed towards protecting lowland tapir populations.

Z. Ma, Ya-ping Zhang

In nature, the interaction between pathogens and their hosts is only one of a handful of interaction relationships between species, including parasitism, predation, competition, symbiosis, commensalism, and among others. From a non-anthropocentric view, parasitism has relatively fewer essential differences from the other relationships; but from an anthropocentric view, parasitism and predation against humans and their well-beings and belongings are frequently related to heinous diseases. Specifically, treating (managing) diseases of humans, crops and forests, pets, livestock, and wildlife constitute the so-termed medical enterprises (sciences and technologies) humans endeavor in biomedicine and clinical medicine, veterinary, plant protection, and wildlife conservation. In recent years, the significance of ecological science to medicines has received rising attentions, and the emergence and pandemic of COVID-19 appear accelerating the trend. The facts that diseases are simply one of the fundamental ecological relationships in nature, and the study of the relationships between species and their environment is a core mission of ecology highlight the critical importance of ecological science. Nevertheless, current studies on the ecology of medical enterprises are highly fragmented. Here, we (i) conceptually overview the fields of disease ecology of wildlife, cancer ecology and evolution, medical ecology of human microbiome-associated diseases and infectious diseases, and integrated pest management of crops and forests, across major medical enterprises. (ii) Explore the necessity and feasibility for a unified medical ecology that spans biomedicine, clinical medicine, veterinary, crop (forest and wildlife) protection, and biodiversity conservation. (iii) Suggest that a unified medical ecology of human diseases is both necessary and feasible, but laissez-faire terminologies in other human medical enterprises may be preferred. (iv) Suggest that the evo-eco paradigm for cancer research can play a similar role of evo-devo in evolutionary developmental biology. (v) Summarized 40 key ecological principles/theories in current disease-, cancer-, and medical-ecology literatures. (vi) Identified key cross-disciplinary discovery fields for medical/disease ecology in coming decade including bioinformatics and computational ecology, single cell ecology, theoretical ecology, complexity science, and the integrated studies of ecology and evolution. Finally, deep understanding of medical ecology is of obvious importance for the safety of human beings and perhaps for all living things on the planet.

R. Gopalan, S. Radhakrishna

Austin Hestdalen

Planning and policy leaders often rely on technical expertise and technological advancement to manage urban crises, privileging smart city developments that iron out the complex and contradictory textures of urban experience. Smart cities, as post-human cities, often abstract risk and crisis phenomena from the everyday contexts of communication in which they emerge and inform the historically situated identities of urban stakeholders. Smart city environments are, therefore, biased against the complexities and contradictions of urban media ecologies that create mosaics of experience and more dynamic responses to risk and crisis phenomena. It is found herein that the mosaic identities of urban stakeholders emerge in networks of communication and commerce that contrast the efficiencies of smart city systems and cultivate dialogically complex relations among publics dwelling in urban contexts.

E. Flies, Jennifer N W Lim, I. Douglas

COPYRIGHT © 2022 Flies, Lim and Douglas. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Editorial: Urban ecology and human health

N. Bourgon, K. Jaouen, A. Bacon et al.

Tam Pà Ling, a cave site in northeastern Laos, has yielded the earliest skeletal evidence of Homo sapiens in mainland Southeast Asia. The reliance of Pleistocene humans in rainforest settings on plant or animal resources is still largely unstudied, mainly due to poor collagen preservation in fossils from tropical environments precluding stable nitrogen isotope analysis, the classical trophic level proxy. However, isotopic ratios of zinc (Zn) in bioapatite constitute a promising proxy to infer trophic and dietary information from fossil vertebrates, even under adverse tropical taphonomic conditions. Here, we analyzed the zinc isotope composition (66Zn/64Zn expressed as δ66Zn value) in the enamel of two teeth of the Late Pleistocene (63-46 ka) H. sapiens individual (TPL1) from Tam Pà Ling, as well as 76 mammal teeth from the same site and the nearby Nam Lot cave. The human individual exhibits relatively low enamel δ66Zn values (+0.24‰) consistent with an omnivorous diet, suggesting a dietary reliance on both plant and animal matter. These findings offer direct evidence of the broad utilization of resources from tropical rainforests by one of the earliest known anatomically modern humans in Southeast Asia.

Zewdu Kifle, A. Bekele

Abstract Studying the dietary flexibility of primates that live in human‐modified environments is crucial for understanding their ecological adaptations as well as developing management and conservation plans. Southern gelada (Theropithecus gelada obscurus) is an endemic little‐known subspecies of gelada that inhabits human‐modified landscapes in the northern central highlands of Ethiopia. During an 18‐month period, we conducted this intensive study in an unprotected area of a human‐modified landscape at Kosheme in Wollo to investigate the feeding ecology of southern geladas and their dietary responses to seasonal variations. We quantified the monthly and seasonal diet data from a band of southern geladas using instantaneous scan sampling method at 15‐min intervals, and green grass phenology and availability using visual inspection from the randomly selected permanent plots. The overall average diet of southern geladas at Kosheme constituted grass blades 55.4%, grass undergrounds 13.2%, grass bulbs 5.6%, grass seeds 5.4%, herb leaves 4.0, fruits 7.3%, and cereal crops 5.6%. Grass blade consumption increased with increasing green grass availability, while underground food consumption increased with decreasing green grass availability, and vice versa. Southern geladas spent significantly more time feeding on the grass blades and herb leaves and significantly less time on bulbs during the wet season than the dry season. Underground grass items (rhizomes and corms) were not consumed during the wet season, but made up 22.3% of the dry season diet. Thus, although grass blades are staple diet items for geladas, underground diet items are important “fallback foods” at Kosheme. Our result shows insights into the dietary flexibility southern geladas adopt to cope with human‐modified landscapes of the north‐central Ethiopian Highlands. Thus, the study contributes to a better understanding of how changing environments shape primate ecology and evolution.

N. Muboko

Drawing from a historical conservation perspective and political ecology, this review mediates the growing debate on wildlife conservation and hunting, especially inhuman-dominated landscapes of Africa. The focus is to 1) trace how socio-political changes during and after colonization transformed the hunting and wildlife conservation discourse in southern Africa, and 2) to address how previous conservation injustices were addressed through benefit-based approaches like CAMPFIRE, adopted in Zimbabwe after colonization. Some 144 published journal articles, books and other source materials were consulted. The review indicates that political changes in southern Africa profoundly transformed the conservation and trophy hunting narrative. This narrative had varied impacts and outcomes for different groups of people. Although a number of benefit-based approaches, like CAMPFIRE reflected a complete departure from past conservation policies, they continue to attract praise and criticisms since opinions differ among stakeholders, especially over extractive activities like trophy hunting and its associated benefits. I conclude that political developments impacted on conservation and trophy hunting in a profound way and that although post-colonial, pro-community conservation programs have inherent weaknesses, to a greater extent they addressed past conservation-based injustices. Continuous monitoring and area-specific adaptive management of wildlife and its sustainable management is recommended for long-term conservation benefits and community livelihoods.

Diane A. Desierto, Ilaria Schnyder von Wartensee

ABSTRACT This article discusses the reorientation of environmental protection in Amazonia away from the paradigm of individual and collective natural resource management of regional or global commons, to the more radical thesis of Integral Ecology as the vindication of human dignity, environmental stewardship and collective responsibility – a concept deeply related to the Church’s own pioneering of Integral Human Development as the ‘authentic development of every person and of the whole person’. 2 Under the concept of Integral Ecology, we argue that this expressive elaboration of the Catholic Church’s core social teaching of Integral Human Development ultimately hearkens more closely to the broad definition of the Right to Development in the Draft UN Convention on the Right to Development, which recognises development ‘that is consistent with, and based on, all other human rights and fundamental freedoms’. 3 As seen in the Final Document of the Amazon Synod, 4 Integral Ecology does not put forward an anthropocentric vision of environmental protection that seeks mainly to balance human extractive and consumption needs with environmental preservation objectives, but rather reinforces the shared identity of the Earth and its inhabitants, and our collective human responsibility to care for ‘our common home’. 5 Nowhere is this unique relationship and interconnectedness of the Right to Development, Integral Human Development, and Integral Ecology more vividly illustrated than in the interdependence of the peoples and the natural environment of the Amazon.

Lee Changro

The setting of farmland prices in the market not only reflects existing agricultural activities but also expected potential for development. This study decomposes farmland prices into values representative of current agricultural production and the prospective development potential at the county level in South Korea. The income value of farmland is derived by analysing agricultural revenue and production cost, and the sale value of farmland is estimated by reviewing transaction prices filed with the administrative authority. The difference between income value and sale value is adopted as the development value in this study. The results of the estimation show that the proportion of development value in the price of farmland is remarkably high, with a median proportion of 0.78, indicating that the threat of converting land to non-agricultural use is non-trivial because it remains a financially attractive alternative. In addition, the magnitude of the portion of the development value in the price of farmland varies considerably across counties depending on the distance to nearby metropolitan cities. This implies that agricultural policy should be designed in a locally optimised manner to effectively restrain the conversion of farmland for urban use.