Hasil untuk "History of Portugal"

Helena Neves

João Paulo Avelãs Nunes

Visa-se neste ensaio biográfico antes de mais propor uma síntese acerca do papel desempenhado pelo hoje Coronel Vasco Lourenço e por diversos outros líderes do MFA no conjunto de processos de transformação política e social global ocorridos em Portugal – e nos territórios não autónomos até então tutelados por Lisboa – de 1973 (nas vésperas do que veio a ser o Golpe Militar/a Revolução do 25 de Abril de 1974) a 1986, ano de integração de Portugal na CEE. Procura-se, ainda, analisar tanto as escolhas que Vasco Lourenço e muitos dos seus camaradas do MFA procuraram concretizar como as opções que foram recusando. Explicita-se alguma informação acerca do percurso pessoal, profissional e cívico de Vasco Lourenço de forma a contextualizar o seu envolvimento no processo que, em 1973, levou à criação do Movimento dos Capitães e, depois, à concretização do Golpe de Estado de 25 de Abril de 1974. Analisam-se as principais correntes político-ideológicas que se foram estruturando no seio do Movimento das Forças Armas e os corelacionamentos estabelecidos com outros protagonistas do processo revolucionário português (forças políticas e sindicais, Igreja e “acção católica”, Movimentos de Libertação de territórios não autónomos e representações diplomáticas). Identificam‑se as implicações das opções feitas por Vasco Lourenço e por outros membros do Grupo dos Nove.

Vidya Venkatesan, Aomawa L. Shields, Russell Deitrick et al.

Eccentric planets may spend a significant portion of their orbits at large distances from their host stars, where low temperatures can cause atmospheric CO2 to condense out onto the surface, similar to the polar ice caps on Mars. The radiative effects on the climates of these planets throughout their orbits would depend on the wavelength-dependent albedo of surface CO2 ice that may accumulate at or near apoastron and vary according to the spectral energy distribution of the host star. To explore these possible effects, we incorporated a CO2 ice-albedo parameterization into a one-dimensional energy balance climate model. With the inclusion of this parameterization, our simulations demonstrated that F-dwarf planets require 29% more orbit-averaged flux to thaw out of global water ice cover compared with simulations that solely use a traditional pure water ice-albedo parameterization. When no eccentricity is assumed, and host stars are varied, F-dwarf planets with higher bond albedos relative to their M-dwarf planet counterparts require 30% more orbit-averaged flux to exit a water snowball state. Additionally, the intense heat experienced at periastron aids eccentric planets in exiting a snowball state with a smaller increase in instellation compared with planets on circular orbits; this enables eccentric planets to exhibit warmer conditions along a broad range of instellation. This study emphasizes the significance of incorporating an albedo parameterization for the formation of CO2 ice into climate models to accurately assess the habitability of eccentric planets, as we show that, even at moderate eccentricities, planets with Earth-like atmospheres can reach surface temperatures cold enough for the condensation of CO2 onto their surfaces, as can planets receiving low amounts of instellation on circular orbits.

Hisashi Hayakawa

On a centennial timescale, solar activity was quantified based on records of instrumental sunspot observations. This article briefly discusses several aspects of the recent archival investigations of historical sunspot records in the 17th to 18th centuries. This article also reviews the recent updates for the active day fraction and positions of the reported sunspot groups of the Maunder Minimum to show their significance within the observational history. These archival investigations serve as base datasets for reconstructing solar activity.

Klaus Gärtner, Klaus Gärtner, João L. Cordovil et al.

In the metaphysics of science, it is often held that higher-level properties are grounded in micro-physical properties. According to many philosophers, however, phenomenal consciousness resists this view. Many famous arguments in Philosophy of Mind have been given to reject this notion. In this paper, we argue that there is something odd about the idea that phenomenal consciousness is a special case in science and give a constructive proposal on how consciousness can fit in the natural world. To do so, we will first introduce a general notion of what grounding is. Then, we will briefly explain how the arguments for the specialness of phenomenal consciousness work by considering two famous examples, namely the zombie and the knowledge argument. In a further step, we will briefly discuss two cases from other areas in science, i.e., in particle physics and chemistry. We will demonstrate that the standard view about the reductive relation does not hold, even in these paradigm cases of the natural sciences. If what we argue is true, we think that most arguments from phenomenal consciousness cannot defeat physicalism per se. Finally, we will introduce an alternative way to naturalize phenomenal consciousness.

Dinis Pestana, Rui Santos

Foreigners and "estrangeirados", an expression meaning "people going to a foreign country ["estrangeiro"] getting there further education", had a leading role in the development of Mathematical Statistics in Portugal. In what concerns Statistics, "estrangeirados" in the nineteenth century were mainly liberal intellectuals exiled for political reasons. From 1930 onwards, the research funding authority sent university professors abroad, and hired foreign researchers to stay in Portuguese institutions, and some of them were instrumental in the importation of new concepts and methods of inferential statistics. After 1970, there was a huge program of sending young researchers abroad for doctoral studies. At the same time, many new universities and polytechnic institutes have been created in Portugal. After that, aside from foreigners who choose to have a research career in those institutions and the "estrangeirados" who had returned and created programs of doctoral studies, others, who hadn't the opportunity of studying abroad, began to play a decisive role in the development of Statistics in Portugal. The publication of handbooks on Probability and Statistics, thesis and core papers in Portuguese scientific journals, and also of works for the layman, reveals how Statistics progressed from descriptive to a mathematical discipline used for inference in all fields of knowledge, from natural sciences to methodology of scientific research.

Maria Paula Marçal Lourenço

Hans-E. Porst

Not only motivated by the fact that the publication of the GAFT first appeared 60 years ago in print we reconstruct its history and so show that it is no exaggeration to claim that it has appeared already 75 years ago!

Andrii Voshchepynets, Oleksiy Agapitov, Lynn Wilson et al.

We present the results of processing the effects of the powerful Gamma Ray Burst GRB221009A captured by the charged particle detectors (electrostatic analyzers and solid-state detectors) onboard spacecraft at different points in the heliosphere on October 9, 2022. To follow the GRB221009A propagation through the heliosphere we used the electron and proton flux measurements from solar missions Solar Orbiter and STEREO-A; Earth magnetosphere and the solar wind missions THEMIS and Wind; meteorological satellites POES15, POES19, MetOp3; and MAVEN - a NASA mission orbiting Mars. GRB221009A had a structure of four bursts: less intense Pulse 1 - the triggering impulse - was detected by gamma-ray observatories at 131659 UT (near the Earth); the most intense Pulses 2 and 3 were detected on board all the spacecraft from the list, and Pulse 4 detected in more than 500 s after Pulse 1. Due to their different scientific objectives, the spacecraft, which data was used in this study, were separated by more than 1 AU (Solar Orbiter and MAVEN). This enabled tracking GRB221009A as it was propagating across the heliosphere. STEREO-A was the first to register Pulse 2 and 3 of the GRB, almost 100 seconds before their detection by spacecraft in the vicinity of Earth. MAVEN detected GRB221009A Pulses 2, 3, and 4 at the orbit of Mars about 237 seconds after their detection near Earth. By processing the time delays observed we show that the source location of the GRB221009A was at RA 288.5 degrees, Dec 18.5 degrees (J2000) with an error cone of 2 degrees

Irène Dos Santos

In Portugal, until recently, the official memory of the Empire has overlooked the violent pasts under the dictatorship and decolonization – colonial war, repatriation - less unifying for the national collective identity. The first part of this article focuses on the societal and academic shift resulting from the emergence of memorializing counter-narratives. The aim is to identify the players in these processes and illustrate how, in this new political relationship with the past, the memory of dictatorship can be imbricated with that of decolonization. Studying current research — historiography, postcolonial studies — also highlights divergences in Portuguese academia on the role of history and memory — postmemory in particular — in the interpretation of such past events. The second part looks back on two case studies with a heuristic potential to deconstruct the very homogeneous representations of the history of Portuguese colonization and decolonization of Angola, and decompartmentalize national accounts. This relates to two individuals whose family histories link them to the Portuguese colonial presence in Angola, involved in writing about the past through eye-witness accounts or scientific research: an exiled in France, grandson of a colonial administrator and son of an anticolonial and antifascist militant actions; and the daughter of an interracial couple of retornados undertaking research on Angola. These case studies also reveal the complexity of social, political and ethno-racial affiliations in this postcolonial post-imperial context and challenge the social hierarchization inherited from the past and the silence surrounding this heritage.

Fernando García Naharro

Introducción al dossier.

Silverio Rosa, Delfim F. M. Torres

A fractional-order compartmental model was recently used to describe real data of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal [Chaos Solitons Fractals 144 (2021), Art. 110652]. Here, we modify that model in order to correct time dimensions and use it to investigate the third wave of COVID-19 that occurred in Portugal from December 2020 to February 2021, and that has surpassed all previous waves, both in number and consequences. A new fractional optimal control problem is then formulated and solved, with vaccination and preventive measures as controls. A cost-effectiveness analysis is carried out, and the obtained results are discussed.

Griselda Mársico

En septiembre de 1962 tuvo lugar en Berlín el Primer Coloquio de Escritores Latinoamericanos y Alemanes, convocado por la revista Humboldt, al que también asistieron traductores, críticos, editores y académicos. En el presente artículo se analizan las diversas formas en las que la traducción estuvo involucrada en el coloquio. Tras una breve contextualización, que incluye un análisis de la composición de las listas de invitados y sus consecuencias para la generación de asimetrías, se ensaya, en primer lugar, una lectura de las líneas centrales de debate sobre la traducción. Desde la perspectiva de la historia de las relaciones intelectuales entre América Latina y Alemania, se intenta dilucidar, en segundo lugar, qué expectativas se depositan en la traducción para realizar posibles proyectos  conjuntos y qué modelos de colaboración se esbozan. Para concluir se retoma el criterio de la asimetría y se examinan dos de los proyectos derivados del encuentro.

Álvaro Luque Amo

El establecimiento del diario personal como género autobiográfico en el sistema literario posee diferentes periodizaciones de acuerdo al contexto: mientras que en el ámbito francés tiene lugar a finales del siglo xix y primera mitad del xx, en la península ibérica no se produce hasta las últimas décadas del siglo xx. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el diario personal de tres autores, Rosa Chacel, Miguel Torga y Josep Pla, cada uno de los cuales pertenece a una tradición lingüística del contexto ibérico: la española, la portuguesa y la catalana, respectivamente. El estudio de estas tres obras desde una perspectiva conjunta –influida por los Estudios Ibéricos– permitirá entender el surgimiento de un nuevo género literario en estos ámbitos: el diario literario.

Telma de Mattos Ruas

No ano em que se assinalam os 200 anos da Revolução Liberal revisitamos um dos temas que mais estimulou o debate parlamentar  e a discussão político-social na sociedade portuguesa oitocentista: a instrução pública. Passados dois séculos, a instrução e a  educação continuam a ser temas que merecem investigação e análise. Estão no centro da disputa política, provocam debate social e constituem motivo para avaliações de diversa ordem. A adoção dos princípios políticos liberais defensores da descentralização política e administrativa do Estado ao longo do século XIX refletiu-se na reforma educativa ou a opção pelo centralismo foi a solução para a restruturação do sistema de ensino? A oscilação ideológica do debate político em torno das competências administrativas foi constante e assumiu um papel relevante na concretização do principal propósito político-social oitocentista: dotar o indivíduo de conhecimentos elementares que lhe permitissem o exercício da cidadania. Estamos perante um desígnio fundamental que suscitou a colaboração de toda a sociedade, de todas as instituições. Neste contexto, como atuou a Câmara de Lisboa na promoção da educação popular? Fundamentalmente através da instituição, organização e supervisão de estabelecimentos de instrução pública, procurando contribuir na sua área de influência política e administrativa para o desenvolvimento da cidadania.

Jeroen van Dongen

String theorists are certain that they are practicing physicists. Yet, some of their recent critics deny this. This paper argues that this conflict is really about who holds authority in making rational judgment in theoretical physics. At bottom, the conflict centers on the question: who is a proper physicist? To illustrate and understand the differing opinions about proper practice and identity, we discuss different appreciations of epistemic virtues and explanation among string theorists and their critics, and how these have been sourced in accounts of Einstein's biography. Just as Einstein is claimed by both sides, historiography offers examples of both successful and unsuccessful non-empirical science. History of science also teaches that times of conflict are often times of innovation, in which novel scholarly identities may come into being. At the same time, since the contributions of Thomas Kuhn historians have developed a critical attitude towards formal attempts and methodological recipes for epistemic demarcation and justification of scientific practice. These are now, however, being considered in the debate on non-empirical physics.

A. C. Umuhire, J. Uwamahoro, K. Sasikumar Raja et al.

Solar radio type II bursts serve as early indicators of incoming geo-effective space weather events such as coronal mass ejections (CMEs). In order to investigate the origin of high-frequency type II bursts (HF type II bursts), we have identified 51 of them (among 180 type II bursts from SWPC reports) that are observed by ground-based Compound Astronomical Low-cost Low-frequency Instrument for Spectroscopy and Transportable Observatory (CALLISTO) spectrometers and whose upper-frequency cutoff (of either fundamental or harmonic emission) lies in between 150 MHz-450 MHz during 2010-2019. We found that 60% of HF type II bursts, whose upper-frequency cutoff $\geq$ 300 MHz originate from the western longitudes. Further, our study finds a good correlation $\sim $ 0.73 between the average shock speed derived from the radio dynamic spectra and the corresponding speed from CME data. Also, we found that analyzed HF type II bursts are associated with wide and fast CMEs located near the solar disk. In addition, we have analyzed the spatio-temporal characteristics of two of these high-frequency type II bursts and compared the derived from radio observations with those derived from multi-spacecraft CME observations from SOHO/LASCO and STEREO coronagraphs.

Sarwar J. Minar, Abdul Halim

Recent event of ousting Rohingyas from Rakhine State by the Tatmadaw provoked worldwide public-and-academic interest in history and social evolution of the Rohingyas, and this is to what the article is devoted. As the existing literature presents a debate over Who are the Rohingyas?, and How legitimate is their claim over Rakhine State?, the paper reinvestigates the issues using a qualitative research method. Compiling a detailed history, the paper finds that Rohingya community developed through historically complicated processes marked by invasions and counter-invasions. The paper argues many people entered Bengal from Arakan before British brought people into Rakhine state. The Rohingyas believe Rakhine State is their ancestral homeland and they developed a sense of Ethnic Nationalism. Their right over Rakhine State is as significant as other groups. The paper concludes that the UN must pursue solution to the crisis and the government should accept the Rohingyas as it did the land or territory.

Anthony Sudbery

This paper is a comparison of two theories of the probability of a history in quantum mechanics. One is derived from Copenhagen quantum mechanics using the projection postulate and is the basis of the "consistent histories" interpretation; the other is based on a proposal by Bell, originally for the "pilot state" theory but here applied to pure unitary quantum mechanics. The first can be used for a wider class of histories but depends on the projection postulate, or "collapse", which is widely held to be an unsatisfactory feature of the theory; the second can be used in a theory of the universal state vector without collapse. We examine a simple model based on Wigner's friend, in which Bell's model and the projection postulate give different probabilities for the histories of a sentient system. We also examine the Frauchiger-Renner extension of this model, in which comparison of the two calculations of histories throws light on the contradiction found by Frauchiger and Renner. By extending the model to equip the observer with a memory, we reduce the probability of histories to the use of the Born rule at a single time, and show that the Born rule, with the memory, gives the same result as applying projection in the course of the history, because of entanglement with the memory: entanglement implements collapse. We discuss the implications of this for the use of histories in quantum cosmology.

Timothy Walker

This article describes and documents the important role and influence of the Todos-os-Santos Royal Hospital in producing trained, licensed physicians and surgeons for service in the Lusophone world. During the seventeenth and the first half of the eighteenth  centuries, until to the 1755 earthquake, the Todos-os-Santos Royal Hospital in Lisbon (which offered formal instruction in practical medicine), along with the antiquated medieval curriculum of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra, were the only medical training centers structured in Portugal. This had serious implications for conventional medical treatment and practices. Even in Enlightenment era, in Portugal, training for state-licensed healers was, at best, limited and inadequate. The Hospital was the main practical training facility for the medical arts during the late seventeenth and first half of the eighteenth century, and was more open to innovations of surgical technique and applied medicines; it was there that the most innovative official medical teaching in Portugal occurred until the end of the reign of Dom João V. For example, the hospital boasted of a separate ward built and staffed especially for the mentally ill, and experimented with remedies for tropical diseases, often with indigenous medicines imported from the colonial empire.