Hasil untuk "History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia"

Abdella Mohameda, Christian Hendricksb, Xiangyu Hua

Growing interest in decarbonization and Arctic accessibility has renewed attention on Europe-Asia shipping corridors. The Northern Sea Route (NSR) is often portrayed as a 30-40% shortcut relative to Suez, with savings propagated to time, fuel, and CO2. The effect of enforcing sea-only feasibility on these baselines, and its downstream impact on time, fuel, and CO2, remains under-examined. We compare great-circle baselines with sea-only routes computed via A-star search (A*) on a 0.5-degree grid between Northern Europe and Northeast Asia across the Suez, Cape of Good Hope, and NSR corridors under three waypoint philosophies. Distances are mapped to voyage time using corridor-typical speeds and to fuel/CO2 using main- and auxiliary-engine accounting. Sea-only routing preserves the ranking NSR < Suez < Cape but compresses NSR's advantage once realistic speeds are applied. NSR remains shortest (about 8000-10000 nm versus 11000-12000 nm for Suez), yet typical durations differ modestly and fuel/CO2 savings over Suez are small and variant-dependent. Equal-speed tests restore geometric ordering, and endpoint sensitivity shows larger NSR gains for more northern East Asian ports. The framework provides a reproducible, corridor-agnostic benchmark for later integration of sea ice, weather, regulatory overlays, and AIS data in dynamic Arctic voyage planning.

Simon Suh

The adoption of open science has quickly changed how artificial intelligence (AI) policy research is distributed globally. This study examines the regional trends in the citation of preprints, specifically focusing on the impact of two major disruptive events: the COVID-19 pandemic and the release of ChatGPT, on research dissemination patterns in the United States, Europe, and South Korea from 2015 to 2024. Using bibliometrics data from the Web of Science, this study tracks how global disruptive events influenced the adoption of preprints in AI policy research and how such shifts vary by region. By marking the timing of these disruptive events, the analysis reveals that while all regions experienced growth in preprint citations, the magnitude and trajectory of change varied significantly. The United States exhibited sharp, event-driven increases; Europe demonstrated institutional growth; and South Korea maintained consistent, linear growth in preprint adoption. These findings suggest that global disruptions may have accelerated preprint adoption, but the extent and trajectory are shaped by local research cultures, policy environments, and levels of open science maturity. This paper emphasizes the need for future AI governance strategies to consider regional variability in research dissemination and highlights opportunities for further longitudinal and comparative research to deepen our understanding of open-access adoption in AI policy development.

Vidya Venkatesan, Aomawa L. Shields, Russell Deitrick et al.

Eccentric planets may spend a significant portion of their orbits at large distances from their host stars, where low temperatures can cause atmospheric CO2 to condense out onto the surface, similar to the polar ice caps on Mars. The radiative effects on the climates of these planets throughout their orbits would depend on the wavelength-dependent albedo of surface CO2 ice that may accumulate at or near apoastron and vary according to the spectral energy distribution of the host star. To explore these possible effects, we incorporated a CO2 ice-albedo parameterization into a one-dimensional energy balance climate model. With the inclusion of this parameterization, our simulations demonstrated that F-dwarf planets require 29% more orbit-averaged flux to thaw out of global water ice cover compared with simulations that solely use a traditional pure water ice-albedo parameterization. When no eccentricity is assumed, and host stars are varied, F-dwarf planets with higher bond albedos relative to their M-dwarf planet counterparts require 30% more orbit-averaged flux to exit a water snowball state. Additionally, the intense heat experienced at periastron aids eccentric planets in exiting a snowball state with a smaller increase in instellation compared with planets on circular orbits; this enables eccentric planets to exhibit warmer conditions along a broad range of instellation. This study emphasizes the significance of incorporating an albedo parameterization for the formation of CO2 ice into climate models to accurately assess the habitability of eccentric planets, as we show that, even at moderate eccentricities, planets with Earth-like atmospheres can reach surface temperatures cold enough for the condensation of CO2 onto their surfaces, as can planets receiving low amounts of instellation on circular orbits.

Kamran Forghani, Xiaoming Kan, Lina Reichenberg et al.

Capacity expansion models used for policy support have increasingly represented both the variability and uncertainty of weather-dependent generation (wind and solar). However, although also uncertain, as demonstrated by the performance of the French nuclear power fleet in 2022, uncertainty arising from nuclear power outages has been largely neglected in the literature. This paper presents the first capacity expansion model that considers uncertainty in nuclear power availability caused by unplanned outages. We propose a mathematical model that combines a scenario-based stochastic optimization approach (to deal with weather-related uncertainties) with a data-driven adjustable robust optimization approach (to deal with nuclear failure-related uncertainties). The robust model represents the bulky behavior of nuclear power plants, with large (1 GW) units that are either on or off, while at the same time letting the model decide on the optimal amount of nuclear capacity. We tested the model in a case for Northern Europe (seven nodes) with a time resolution of 1250 time steps. Our findings show that nuclear power outages do, in fact, impose a vulnerability on the energy system if not considered in the planning phase. Our proposed model performs well and finds solutions that prevent Loss-of-Load (at a price of robustness of 0.6%), even in more extreme weather conditions. Robust solutions are characterized by a higher capacity of gas plants, but, perhaps surprisingly, nuclear power capacity is barely affected.

A. Mittnik, Chuan-Chao Wang, S. Pfrengle et al.

While the series of events that shaped the transition between foraging societies and food producers are well described for Central and Southern Europe, genetic evidence from Northern Europe surrounding the Baltic Sea is still sparse. Here, we report genome-wide DNA data from 38 ancient North Europeans ranging from ~9500 to 2200 years before present. Our analysis provides genetic evidence that hunter-gatherers settled Scandinavia via two routes. We reveal that the first Scandinavian farmers derive their ancestry from Anatolia 1000 years earlier than previously demonstrated. The range of Mesolithic Western hunter-gatherers extended to the east of the Baltic Sea, where these populations persisted without gene-flow from Central European farmers during the Early and Middle Neolithic. The arrival of steppe pastoralists in the Late Neolithic introduced a major shift in economy and mediated the spread of a new ancestry associated with the Corded Ware Complex in Northern Europe. The population history of Europe is complex and its very north has not yet been comprehensively studied at a genetic level. Here, Mittnik et al. report genome-wide data from 38 ancient individuals from the Eastern Baltic, Russia and Scandinavia to analyse gene flow throughout the Mesolithic and Bronze Age.

Eva Josefsen, Else Grete Broderstad

Sannhets- og forsoningskommisjonen (SFK) la fram sin rapport 1. juni 2023, og definerer det formelle sluttpunktet for statens fornorskningspolitikk overfor samene til 1959/1963. Med utgangspunkt i noen sentrale trekk ved historisk institusjonalisme, som stiavhengighet og kritisk vendepunkt, tar vi i artikkelen for oss denne tidsfastsettelsen og reiser spørsmålet om hvilken politikk overfor samene som eventuelt ble avsluttet i 1963, og om substansen i endringene som skjedde. I drøftingen blir derfor kommisjonens behandling av etterkrigsperioden fram til Alta-saken og de politiske endringene som skjedde på 1980-tallet, vektlagt. Et sentralt premiss er den historiske anerkjennelsen av samene som urfolk.

Ena Podvez, Maarten Rombouts

Greta Horáková

Robert van Leeuwen

The early history of string theory is marked by a shift from strong interaction physics to quantum gravity. The first string models and associated theoretical framework were formulated in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the context of the S-matrix program for the strong interactions. In the mid-1970s, the models were reinterpreted as a potential theory unifying the four fundamental forces. This paper provides a historical analysis of how string theory was developed out of S-matrix physics, aiming to clarify how modern string theory, as a theory detached from experimental data, grew out of an S-matrix program that was strongly dependent upon observable quantities. Surprisingly, the theoretical practice of physicists already turned away from experiment before string theory was recast as a potential unified quantum gravity theory. With the formulation of dual resonance models (the "hadronic string theory"), physicists were able to determine almost all of the models' parameters on the basis of theoretical reasoning. It was this commitment to "non-arbitrariness", i.e., a lack of free parameters in the theory, that initially drove string theorists away from experimental input, and not the practical inaccessibility of experimental data in the context of quantum gravity physics. This is an important observation when assessing the role of experimental data in string theory.

Tora Aasland, Geir Sverre Braut, Ine Fintland

Samandrag Formålet med denne artikkelen er å undersøkja kva som karakteriserte samvirke mellom frivillige og offentlege ressursar i norske lokalsamfunn ved byrjinga av den andre verdskrigen. Vi vil sjå nærare på om dette er forhold som også kan finnast att då ein på nytt blei stilt overfor ein landsomfattande trussel 80 år seinare. Dei sentrale emna vi ønskjer å kartleggja, er kven som var aktørane i samvirket, korleis samvirket mellom offentlege etatar og frivillige ressursar ytra seg då, og om dette har likskapar med korleis det norske samfunnet møter omfattande truslar i dag. Kjeldematerialet er ein gjennomgang av over 750 rapportar frå Instituttet for historisk forskning om medverknaden frå frivillige organisasjonar i krigsberedskapen i 1940. Innhaldet i desse er samanhalde med informasjon om innsatsen til frivillige då koronapandemien råka landet i 2020. Materialet er analysert mellom anna med utgangspunkt i teori om stiavhengige avgjerder for å synleggjera samanhengar mellom innverknader på samfunnet frå tidlegare kriserøynsler til åtferd og åtgjerder i møte med omfattande truslar i dag. Innsatsen til kvinnene er særleg vurdert. Styrkinga av demokratiet og samhaldet som blei tydeleg etter den andre verdskrigen, ser ut til å vera eit av svara på kvifor Noreg kom rimeleg godt ut av pandemien i 2020. Begge desse to alvorlege påkjenningane på samfunnet har stimulert til samarbeid mellom frivillige organisasjonar og offentlege styremakter og med det styrka grunnlaget for gjensidig respekt og tillit.

Hans-E. Porst

Not only motivated by the fact that the publication of the GAFT first appeared 60 years ago in print we reconstruct its history and so show that it is no exaggeration to claim that it has appeared already 75 years ago!

Fabio Pavanello, Cedric Marchand, Paul Jimenez et al.

In the contemporary security landscape, the incorporation of photonics has emerged as a transformative force, unlocking a spectrum of possibilities to enhance the resilience and effectiveness of security primitives. This integration represents more than a mere technological augmentation; it signifies a paradigm shift towards innovative approaches capable of delivering security primitives with key properties for low-power systems. This not only augments the robustness of security frameworks, but also paves the way for novel strategies that adapt to the evolving challenges of the digital age. This paper discusses the security layers and related services that will be developed, modeled, and evaluated within the Horizon Europe NEUROPULS project. These layers will exploit novel implementations for security primitives based on physical unclonable functions (PUFs) using integrated photonics technology. Their objective is to provide a series of services to support the secure operation of a neuromorphic photonic accelerator for edge computing applications.

Andrii Voshchepynets, Oleksiy Agapitov, Lynn Wilson et al.

We present the results of processing the effects of the powerful Gamma Ray Burst GRB221009A captured by the charged particle detectors (electrostatic analyzers and solid-state detectors) onboard spacecraft at different points in the heliosphere on October 9, 2022. To follow the GRB221009A propagation through the heliosphere we used the electron and proton flux measurements from solar missions Solar Orbiter and STEREO-A; Earth magnetosphere and the solar wind missions THEMIS and Wind; meteorological satellites POES15, POES19, MetOp3; and MAVEN - a NASA mission orbiting Mars. GRB221009A had a structure of four bursts: less intense Pulse 1 - the triggering impulse - was detected by gamma-ray observatories at 131659 UT (near the Earth); the most intense Pulses 2 and 3 were detected on board all the spacecraft from the list, and Pulse 4 detected in more than 500 s after Pulse 1. Due to their different scientific objectives, the spacecraft, which data was used in this study, were separated by more than 1 AU (Solar Orbiter and MAVEN). This enabled tracking GRB221009A as it was propagating across the heliosphere. STEREO-A was the first to register Pulse 2 and 3 of the GRB, almost 100 seconds before their detection by spacecraft in the vicinity of Earth. MAVEN detected GRB221009A Pulses 2, 3, and 4 at the orbit of Mars about 237 seconds after their detection near Earth. By processing the time delays observed we show that the source location of the GRB221009A was at RA 288.5 degrees, Dec 18.5 degrees (J2000) with an error cone of 2 degrees

Daniel Chartier

Indigenous cultures have an integrated relationship with nature, and do not view it in opposition to culture, nor do they consider humans as separate from the environment. For example, the concepts of nuna and sila and the figure of Sedna, at the basis of the traditional Inuit thought, decenter the role of humans in the living world. In 2009, Greenlandic author Lana Hansen published a »tale about climate change«, Sila . She calls for a holistic view, using concepts that encompass humans, animals, languages, spirits, memories, plants, and resources. This article aims to review the context of publication of Hansen’s tale from a point of view of Greenlandic and Inuit literature and to examine the traditional sources that it brings into play. Indigene Kulturen stehen in einheitlicher Verbindung mit der Natur, betrachten diese weder als kulturellen Gegensatz noch den Menschen als von der Umwelt getrennt. Die Begriffe nuna und sila beispielsweise und die Gestalt der Sedna, die dem traditionellen Denken der Inuit zugrunde liegen, marginalisieren die Rolle des Menschen in seiner Lebenswelt. 2009 veröffentlicht die grönländische Autorin Lana Hansen eine »Erzählung über den Klimawandel«, Sila . Sie plädiert darin für eine ganzheitliche Sichtweise und verwendet Konzepte, die Menschen, Tiere, Sprachen, Geister, Erinnerungen, Pflanzen und Ressourcen einbeziehen. Dieser Artikel kontextualisiert Hansens Erzählung aus Sicht der grönländischen und der Inuit-Literatur und untersucht die mit eingebrachten traditionellen Quellen.

Thomas A. DuBois

Thomas A. DuBois is the Halls-Bascom Professor of Scandinavian Folklore, Folklore, and Religious Studies at the Department of German, Nordic and Slavic (University of Wisconsin–Madison). He is editor of the Folklore of the Nordic-Baltic Region series, published by the Welsh Academic Press, and the author of books such as: Songs of the Finnish Migration: A Bilingual Anthology (co-edited with B. Marcus Cederström, 2019), Sacred to the Touch: Nordic and Baltic Religious Wood Carving (2017), Nordic Literature: A Comparative History. Volume 1 (Co-edited with Steven P. Sondrup, 2017), The Nordic Storyteller: Essays in Honour of Niels Ingwersen (Co-edited with Susan Brantly, 2009), An Introduction to Shamanism (2009), Sanctity in the North: Saints, Lives, and Cults in Medieval Scandinavia (2007), Lyric, Meaning, and Audience in the Oral Tradition of Northern Europe (2006), Finnish Folklore (Co-authored with Leea Virtanen, 2000), Nordic Religions in the Viking Age (1999) and Finnish Folk Poetry and the Kalevala (1995).

J. Arthur

Chapter 5 examines the dramatic role beer has played in Europe from the early henges in the United Kingdom, to Greek beer production during the Bronze Age, to Scandinavia’s role in beer production from northern Europe to Iceland. Archaeological evidence from Celtic settlements documents beer-production methods and the connection of beer to the mortuary treatment of their ancestors during the Anglo-Saxon period. The chapter discusses the rise of beers through European history and how they have had a major impact on the health, economic growth, and ritual life of Europeans. The end of the chapter will explore the origins and development of hops and European beers from ales to stouts.

Christian Drobe

This study looks at how the early art debates in the Jahresring Annual shaped out. Werner Haftmann was the most prominent figure in the post-war art scene and used various media to spread his ideas. In a programmatic contribution he articulated his ideal of artistic freedom, while his contemporaries were still struggling with the challenge of abstraction. A dispute between Hans Sedlmayr and Arnold Gehlen, later published in the Jahresring Annual, symbolizes the most prominent discourse of the whole 1950s, a debate, which altered between the desire for freedom and the wish to find new boundaries for contemporary art.

Emil Nafis Iftekhar, Viola Priesemann, Rudi Balling et al.

How will the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic develop in the coming months and years? Based on an expert survey, we examine key aspects that are likely to influence COVID-19 in Europe. The future challenges and developments will strongly depend on the progress of national and global vaccination programs, the emergence and spread of variants of concern, and public responses to nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). In the short term, many people are still unvaccinated, VOCs continue to emerge and spread, and mobility and population mixing is expected to increase over the summer. Therefore, policies that lift restrictions too much and too early risk another damaging wave. This challenge remains despite the reduced opportunities for transmission due to vaccination progress and reduced indoor mixing in the summer. In autumn 2021, increased indoor activity might accelerate the spread again, but a necessary reintroduction of NPIs might be too slow. The incidence may strongly rise again, possibly filling intensive care units, if vaccination levels are not high enough. A moderate, adaptive level of NPIs will thus remain necessary. These epidemiological aspects are put into perspective with the economic, social, and health-related consequences and thereby provide a holistic perspective on the future of COVID-19.

Jeroen van Dongen

String theorists are certain that they are practicing physicists. Yet, some of their recent critics deny this. This paper argues that this conflict is really about who holds authority in making rational judgment in theoretical physics. At bottom, the conflict centers on the question: who is a proper physicist? To illustrate and understand the differing opinions about proper practice and identity, we discuss different appreciations of epistemic virtues and explanation among string theorists and their critics, and how these have been sourced in accounts of Einstein's biography. Just as Einstein is claimed by both sides, historiography offers examples of both successful and unsuccessful non-empirical science. History of science also teaches that times of conflict are often times of innovation, in which novel scholarly identities may come into being. At the same time, since the contributions of Thomas Kuhn historians have developed a critical attitude towards formal attempts and methodological recipes for epistemic demarcation and justification of scientific practice. These are now, however, being considered in the debate on non-empirical physics.

John Lingard