Hasil untuk "History of Italy"

Introduction and Objectives: Inherited bleeding disorders (IBDs) are a heterogeneous group of coagulation disorders characterised by significant variability in the frequency and severity of haemorrhagic symptoms, with either autosomal or sex-linked (X-linked) inheritance. Multicenter studies, able to gather large populations of patients but burdened by significant heterogeneity, highlighted gender differences in disease incidence and clinical phenotypes. In this study we focused on the autosomal IBDs, validating these findings and exploring gender disparity across haemorrhagic phenotypes in a homogeneous single-centre case series. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analysed 148 patients with von Willebrand disease (vWD), rare bleeding disorders (RBDs) and inherited platelets function disorders (IPFDs), referred to the Simple Interdepartmental Structure “Presa in Carico Malattie Emorragiche e Tromboemboliche della Romagna, Cesena, Italy”, and compared diagnosis characteristics [age at diagnosis, reason for referral, Bleeding Assessment Tool (BAT) at diagnosis (evaluated as International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis BAT, ISTH-BAT)] and haemorrhagic phenotypes (sex-related and non-sex-related spontaneous bleeding, post-surgical and post-traumatic bleeding) in male and female populations. Results: Median age at diagnosis was higher in female population regardless of the type of IBD (30 years in female vs. 18,3 years in male, p<0.0001), with similar reasons for referral to our center, family history being the most common one (56 patients, 42.7%). The percentage of abnormal ISTH-BAT at diagnosis was higher in males than in females [11% in male vs. 3% in female, p=0.044, odds ratio (OR): 4.24, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1,177-14,69] (Figure 1). The most common type of non sex-specific bleedings were epistaxis and mucocutaneous bleeding (27.7% and 16.2%, respectively), which were more frequent in the female population (32% vs. 23.3% and 20% vs. 12.3% in male population, respectively). Conversely, post-traumatic bleedings were observed more often in male patients (20.5% vs. 9.3% in females; p=0.055, OR: 2.513, 95%CI: 0.9589-6.582). Regarding sex-specific bleedings, heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) was observed in about half of the female population (36 patients, 48%). Conclusions. Our homogeneous case series provide a landscape of clinical characteristics of patients carrying autosomal IBDs. We were able confirm a younger age of diagnosis of autosomal IBDs in males when compared to females. This diagnostic delay may be due to an underestimation, in female population, of the severity of para-physiological bleedings, such as HMB, occurring in about half of our patients. The ISTH-BAT at diagnosis was higher in males; this finding could be explained by a higher frequency, in this group of patients, of post-traumatic bleedings.  

Vidya Venkatesan, Aomawa L. Shields, Russell Deitrick et al.

Eccentric planets may spend a significant portion of their orbits at large distances from their host stars, where low temperatures can cause atmospheric CO2 to condense out onto the surface, similar to the polar ice caps on Mars. The radiative effects on the climates of these planets throughout their orbits would depend on the wavelength-dependent albedo of surface CO2 ice that may accumulate at or near apoastron and vary according to the spectral energy distribution of the host star. To explore these possible effects, we incorporated a CO2 ice-albedo parameterization into a one-dimensional energy balance climate model. With the inclusion of this parameterization, our simulations demonstrated that F-dwarf planets require 29% more orbit-averaged flux to thaw out of global water ice cover compared with simulations that solely use a traditional pure water ice-albedo parameterization. When no eccentricity is assumed, and host stars are varied, F-dwarf planets with higher bond albedos relative to their M-dwarf planet counterparts require 30% more orbit-averaged flux to exit a water snowball state. Additionally, the intense heat experienced at periastron aids eccentric planets in exiting a snowball state with a smaller increase in instellation compared with planets on circular orbits; this enables eccentric planets to exhibit warmer conditions along a broad range of instellation. This study emphasizes the significance of incorporating an albedo parameterization for the formation of CO2 ice into climate models to accurately assess the habitability of eccentric planets, as we show that, even at moderate eccentricities, planets with Earth-like atmospheres can reach surface temperatures cold enough for the condensation of CO2 onto their surfaces, as can planets receiving low amounts of instellation on circular orbits.

Hisashi Hayakawa

On a centennial timescale, solar activity was quantified based on records of instrumental sunspot observations. This article briefly discusses several aspects of the recent archival investigations of historical sunspot records in the 17th to 18th centuries. This article also reviews the recent updates for the active day fraction and positions of the reported sunspot groups of the Maunder Minimum to show their significance within the observational history. These archival investigations serve as base datasets for reconstructing solar activity.

Giacomo Zanolin

Abstract What Protected Areas in Globalisation? Reflections from the Agro-Pastoral Landscapes of the Maiella National Park This paper aims to reflect on a possible interpretation of the role that protected areas could play in the globalization. Starting from the example of the Maiella National Park (Italy), the paper aims to highlight the role of anthropic action as a key factor that throughout history has contributed to the generation of the current forms of ecosystems, characterized in this context by high levels of biodiversity, especially from the botanical point of view. All this provides an opportunity to reflect on the constructive role played by humankind in ecological dynamics, and so to develop a critical discussion of the significance of protected areas as peculiar places of globalization, capable of conveying crucial ethical values.

I. V. Tolokonnikova

Many of the numerous works devoted to Nikolay Alexandrovich Dobrolyubov, a prominent Russian literary critic and journalist, regard him from a perspective similar to the one expressed in N. A. Nekrasov’s poem in the memory of N. A. Dobrolyubov. They view the critic as intellectual, ascetic, and dispassionate – an exemplar of a public figure. This poetic image has become strongly associated with Dobrolyubov’s personality, yet Dobrolyubov was much more than that: a witty satirizer, talented translator, author, and poet. M. G. Talalay’s book on Dobrolyubov’s Italian period depicts the distinguished critic not only as a versatile author, but also as a cultural phenomenon. The book gives an unusual perspective: Dobrolyubov is not only a bright thinker, but also an ardent lover, a frivolous young man, inspired by the nature of Italy, its rich cultural heritage, and his beloved girl. The trip to Italy was strongly recommended to Nikolai Alexandrovich by his colleagues at the Sovremennik magazine. He went to Italy to improve his failing health and spent the last year of his life in picturesque Florence, Rome, Milan, and Naples. The works included in the collection are very diverse in genre among them are journalism, reportage, political analysis, lyric poetry, satire, parody, and pamphlet. The reviewed book provides annotation to Dobrolyubov’s works written in Italy. Here for the first time are collected together all the prose and poetic works Nikolay Alexandrovich wrote in Italy. Lyric poetry of the period is marked by his love to an Italian girl: he was torn by the desire to start a family life abroad and to continue his work in the magazine. His Motherland needed him, and Dobrolyubov chose to return to Saint Petersburg. Six months later, his untimely death put an end to his desire to serve the common cause. Dobrolyubov’s stay in Italy is an important page in the history of Russian-Italian cultural relations, but, unfortunately, little studied. Of course, it is far from being exhausted by this publication, but the monograph is a significant milestone in its study. The collection of M. G. Talalay Dobrolyubov N. A. Children of Vesuvius: Journalism and Poetry of the Italian Period is a very informative and useful book intended both for researchers of Russian literature and journalism, and for students and teachers of humanities faculties. Its publication is highly welcomed.

Hans-E. Porst

Not only motivated by the fact that the publication of the GAFT first appeared 60 years ago in print we reconstruct its history and so show that it is no exaggeration to claim that it has appeared already 75 years ago!

Andrii Voshchepynets, Oleksiy Agapitov, Lynn Wilson et al.

We present the results of processing the effects of the powerful Gamma Ray Burst GRB221009A captured by the charged particle detectors (electrostatic analyzers and solid-state detectors) onboard spacecraft at different points in the heliosphere on October 9, 2022. To follow the GRB221009A propagation through the heliosphere we used the electron and proton flux measurements from solar missions Solar Orbiter and STEREO-A; Earth magnetosphere and the solar wind missions THEMIS and Wind; meteorological satellites POES15, POES19, MetOp3; and MAVEN - a NASA mission orbiting Mars. GRB221009A had a structure of four bursts: less intense Pulse 1 - the triggering impulse - was detected by gamma-ray observatories at 131659 UT (near the Earth); the most intense Pulses 2 and 3 were detected on board all the spacecraft from the list, and Pulse 4 detected in more than 500 s after Pulse 1. Due to their different scientific objectives, the spacecraft, which data was used in this study, were separated by more than 1 AU (Solar Orbiter and MAVEN). This enabled tracking GRB221009A as it was propagating across the heliosphere. STEREO-A was the first to register Pulse 2 and 3 of the GRB, almost 100 seconds before their detection by spacecraft in the vicinity of Earth. MAVEN detected GRB221009A Pulses 2, 3, and 4 at the orbit of Mars about 237 seconds after their detection near Earth. By processing the time delays observed we show that the source location of the GRB221009A was at RA 288.5 degrees, Dec 18.5 degrees (J2000) with an error cone of 2 degrees

Brina Škvor Jernejčič, Elena Leghissa, Barbara Brezigar

The article represents a short synthesis about settlements from the Middle and the beginning of the Late Bronze Age in central and eastern regions of Slovenia. Special attention is given to two key-sites, Medvode-Svetje and Trata near Škofja Loka, both from the Gorenjska region. Numerous archaeological excavations and subsequent research publications in the last two decades brought about new insights on dwelling features, forms of housing and on settlement characteristics itself. At the same time, a completely new understanding of the spectre of ceramic repertoire has been obtained, while new radiocarbon dating results enable us to complement the absolute chronology of the given time period.

Miguel Ángel Maté-González, Jesús Rodríguez-Hernández, Cristina Sáez Blázquez et al.

This research presents a virtual tour performed on the <i>oppidum</i> of Ulaca, one of the most relevant archaeological sites of the Iberian Peninsula during the Late Iron Age (<i>ca</i>. 400–50 BC). Beyond the clear benefits of the tool to the interpretation, dissemination, and knowledge of the mentioned archaeological site and its surroundings, the novelty of this research is the implementation of the platform in alternative scenarios and purposes. In this way, the present work verifies how the access to multi-source and spatially geolocated information in the same tool (working as a geospatial database) allows the promotion of cross-sectional investigations in which different specialists intervene. This peculiarity is also considered useful to promote tourism with an interest beyond the purely historical/archaeological side. Likewise, the possibility of storing and managing a large amount of information in different formats facilitates the investigation in the contexts of excavations and archaeological or environmental works. In this sense, the use of this kind of tool for the study of cultural landscapes is especially novel. In order to better contextualize the potential of the virtual tour presented here, an analysis about the challenges and possibilities of implementing this tool in environments such as the Ulaca <i>oppidum</i> is performed. The selected site stands out for: (i) being in a unique geological, environmental and ecological context, allowing us to appreciate how human beings have modified the landscape over time; (ii) presenting numerous visible archaeological remains with certain conservation problems; and (iii) not having easy access for visitors.

Alan Ramponi

Italy is characterized by a one-of-a-kind linguistic diversity landscape in Europe, which implicitly encodes local knowledge, cultural traditions, artistic expressions and history of its speakers. However, most local languages and dialects in Italy are at risk of disappearing within few generations. The NLP community has recently begun to engage with endangered languages, including those of Italy. Yet, most efforts assume that these varieties are under-resourced language monoliths with an established written form and homogeneous functions and needs, and thus highly interchangeable with each other and with high-resource, standardized languages. In this paper, we introduce the linguistic context of Italy and challenge the default machine-centric assumptions of NLP for Italy's language varieties. We advocate for a shift in the paradigm from machine-centric to speaker-centric NLP, and provide recommendations and opportunities for work that prioritizes languages and their speakers over technological advances. To facilitate the process, we finally propose building a local community towards responsible, participatory efforts aimed at supporting vitality of languages and dialects of Italy.

Giovanni Abramo, Ciriaco Andrea D'Angelo

This work applies a new approach to measure knowledge flows. Assuming that citation linkages between articles imply a flow of knowledge from the cited to the citing authors, we investigate the geographic flows of scientific knowledge produced in Italy across its regions, at both overall and field level. Furthermore, we measure the the specialization indexes for outflows and inflows of knowledge by a given region. Findings show that larger regions in terms of research output are more likely net exporters of new knowledge. At the same time, we register a positive correlation between the share of intraregional flows and the size of overall scientific output of a region.

Jeroen van Dongen

String theorists are certain that they are practicing physicists. Yet, some of their recent critics deny this. This paper argues that this conflict is really about who holds authority in making rational judgment in theoretical physics. At bottom, the conflict centers on the question: who is a proper physicist? To illustrate and understand the differing opinions about proper practice and identity, we discuss different appreciations of epistemic virtues and explanation among string theorists and their critics, and how these have been sourced in accounts of Einstein's biography. Just as Einstein is claimed by both sides, historiography offers examples of both successful and unsuccessful non-empirical science. History of science also teaches that times of conflict are often times of innovation, in which novel scholarly identities may come into being. At the same time, since the contributions of Thomas Kuhn historians have developed a critical attitude towards formal attempts and methodological recipes for epistemic demarcation and justification of scientific practice. These are now, however, being considered in the debate on non-empirical physics.

A. C. Umuhire, J. Uwamahoro, K. Sasikumar Raja et al.

Solar radio type II bursts serve as early indicators of incoming geo-effective space weather events such as coronal mass ejections (CMEs). In order to investigate the origin of high-frequency type II bursts (HF type II bursts), we have identified 51 of them (among 180 type II bursts from SWPC reports) that are observed by ground-based Compound Astronomical Low-cost Low-frequency Instrument for Spectroscopy and Transportable Observatory (CALLISTO) spectrometers and whose upper-frequency cutoff (of either fundamental or harmonic emission) lies in between 150 MHz-450 MHz during 2010-2019. We found that 60% of HF type II bursts, whose upper-frequency cutoff $\geq$ 300 MHz originate from the western longitudes. Further, our study finds a good correlation $\sim $ 0.73 between the average shock speed derived from the radio dynamic spectra and the corresponding speed from CME data. Also, we found that analyzed HF type II bursts are associated with wide and fast CMEs located near the solar disk. In addition, we have analyzed the spatio-temporal characteristics of two of these high-frequency type II bursts and compared the derived from radio observations with those derived from multi-spacecraft CME observations from SOHO/LASCO and STEREO coronagraphs.

Sarwar J. Minar, Abdul Halim

Recent event of ousting Rohingyas from Rakhine State by the Tatmadaw provoked worldwide public-and-academic interest in history and social evolution of the Rohingyas, and this is to what the article is devoted. As the existing literature presents a debate over Who are the Rohingyas?, and How legitimate is their claim over Rakhine State?, the paper reinvestigates the issues using a qualitative research method. Compiling a detailed history, the paper finds that Rohingya community developed through historically complicated processes marked by invasions and counter-invasions. The paper argues many people entered Bengal from Arakan before British brought people into Rakhine state. The Rohingyas believe Rakhine State is their ancestral homeland and they developed a sense of Ethnic Nationalism. Their right over Rakhine State is as significant as other groups. The paper concludes that the UN must pursue solution to the crisis and the government should accept the Rohingyas as it did the land or territory.

Matteo Battistini, Angela Santese

Ilaria Giannetti

During the 1950s, the large ‘made in Italy’ reinforced concrete structure established itself around the world. As a consequence, fascinating Italian architects turned structural- and construction-based research into novel figurative conceptions. Enrico Castiglioni (1914–2000) was a distinctive interpreter of this collective phenomenon, but, although his work was significantly discussed in the literature of the 1950s and 1960s, it is today completely neglected. This paper presents construction-history surveys, providing a historical and technical narrative of Castiglioni’s built work.

Fernando B. Figueiredo, João M. Fernandes

In 1782 José Monteiro da Rocha, astronomer and professor of the University of Coimbra, presented in a public session of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon a memoir on the problem of the determination of the comets' orbits. Only in 1799, the "Determinação das Orbitas dos Cometas" (Determination of the orbits of comets) would be published in the Academy's memoires. In that work, Monteiro da Rocha presents a method for solving the problem of the determination of the parabolic orbit of a comet from three observations. Monteiro da Rocha's method is essentially the same method proposed by Olbers and published under von Zach's sponsorship two years before, in 1797. To have been written and published in Portuguese was certainly a hindrance for its dissemination among the international astronomical community. In this article, we intend to present Monteiro da Rocha's method and trying to see to what extent Gomes Teixeira's assertion (Teixeira 1934) that Monteiro da Rocha and Olbers must figure together in the history of astronomy, as the first inventors of a practical and easy method for the determination of parabolic orbits of comets, is justified.

Anthony Sudbery

This paper is a comparison of two theories of the probability of a history in quantum mechanics. One is derived from Copenhagen quantum mechanics using the projection postulate and is the basis of the "consistent histories" interpretation; the other is based on a proposal by Bell, originally for the "pilot state" theory but here applied to pure unitary quantum mechanics. The first can be used for a wider class of histories but depends on the projection postulate, or "collapse", which is widely held to be an unsatisfactory feature of the theory; the second can be used in a theory of the universal state vector without collapse. We examine a simple model based on Wigner's friend, in which Bell's model and the projection postulate give different probabilities for the histories of a sentient system. We also examine the Frauchiger-Renner extension of this model, in which comparison of the two calculations of histories throws light on the contradiction found by Frauchiger and Renner. By extending the model to equip the observer with a memory, we reduce the probability of histories to the use of the Born rule at a single time, and show that the Born rule, with the memory, gives the same result as applying projection in the course of the history, because of entanglement with the memory: entanglement implements collapse. We discuss the implications of this for the use of histories in quantum cosmology.

Santanu Saha, Simone Di Cataldo, Maximilian Amsler et al.

In this work we probe the possibility of high-temperature conventional superconductivity in the boron-carbon system, using ab-initio screening. A database of 320 metastable structures with fixed composition (50$\%$/50$\%$) is generated with the Minima-Hopping method, and characterized with electronic and vibrational descriptors. Full electron-phonon calculations on sixteen representative structures allow to identify general trends in $T_{\textrm{c}}$ across and within the four families in the energy landscape, and to construct an approximate $T_{\textrm{c}}$ predictor, based on transparently interpretable and easily computable electronic and vibrational descriptors. Based on these, we estimate that around 10$\%$ of all metallic structures should exhibit $T_{\textrm{c}}$'s above 30 $K$. This work is a first step towards ab-initio design of new high-$T_{\textrm{c}}$ superconductors.

Flavio Del Santo

After World War II, a hyper-pragmatic paradigm was established in physics in most of the western countries, within which foundations of quantum mechanics were vastly dismissed as pointless speculations. In this paper, we show that in Italy, however, the interest toward quantum foundations was revived at the turn of the 1960s, mainly thanks to the initiative of Franco Selleri, who started criticising the contents and the practice of modern physics (in the context of capitalistic society), and thought that the solution was to be sought in a rethinking of the foundations of the discipline. In 1969, supported by Luis de Broglie himself, Selleri wrote a paper reviving the idea of hidden variables and he successfully proposed to the Italian Physical Society to devote the "Varenna School" of 1970 to quantum foundations. This school's historical pivotal importance is twofold: it gathered some of the most preeminent international physicists working on the foundations of quantum theory; and it provided a first platform for young physicists to express their dissatisfaction towards "scientism". In fact, Selleri's highly politicised views found the favour of a critical mass of young, left-wing physicists, who made of quantum foundations their main topic of research in the 1970s. Although these physicists understood very early the central importance of Bell's theorem, their (ideological) aim was to demonstrate that quantum theory could have limits of validity. Such a research program turned out to be unsuccessful, yet the Italian endeavour was worldwide one of the first and most significant revivals of the interest towards quantum foundations.