Hasil untuk "History of Great Britain"

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Anthony Howe

The mid-nineteenth century’s leading Conservative and pre-eminent Radical politicians (Disraeli and Cobden) at first glance have little in common save for the year of their birth in 1804, the legacy of major scholarly editions of their letters and both having been the subject of 21st-century exhibitions (Oxford, 2004 and Manchester, 2023). Only one letter between the two survives, an indication of their personal, social, and political distance but in their lifetimes, each acted as a constant symbolic antitype for the other. Disraeli’s ‘Young England’ novels (and celebrated visits to Manchester, in part organized by Cobden) pointedly sought to regenerate the ideal of aristocratic government in the heart of industrial Britain, while his linguistic invention of the ‘Manchester school’ found its personification in the Radical manufacturer and leader of the Anti-Corn Law League, Richard Cobden. Their political confrontation within and outside Parliament neatly encapsulated the rivalry between land and industry, protection and free trade, aristocracy and middle-class identity, the territorial constitution and the ‘commercial principle’, national greatness or cosmopolitan utopianism, rule by the ‘gentlemen of England’ or its subversion by the Manchester-led democratic tide. This study of two preeminent Victorian politicians, rarely if ever paired together, yields therefore unexpected insights into ideological conflict and political practice as well as their artistic representation.

Jack Crangle, Liam Harte, G. Dawson et al.

This article diversifies and deepens our understanding of Northern Irish settlement in Great Britain during the era of the Troubles (c.1969–1998) by exploring a previously under-researched destination: the West of Scotland. Featuring oral history interviews with Northern Irish migrants in Glasgow, it considers how centuries of cultural exchange between the two places shaped migrants’ memories and subjectivities. Our narrators’ childhoods in Northern Ireland were punctuated by sectarian rancour and conflict. The presence in Scotland of similar – albeit less violent or systemic – sectarian attitudes often acted as mnemonic triggers to a conflict migrants felt they had left behind, reopening psychological wounds and reviving repressed traumas. Informed by theoretical conceptions of home, the analysis examines convergences between home and elsewhere, disrupting the idea of migration as a severance between the two. The article therefore offers a new perspective on both the Northern Irish presence in Great Britain and on interreligious relations in the West of Scotland.

Clémence Fourton

Guoqiang Wu, A. Heppenstall, P. Meier et al.

In order to understand the health outcomes for distinct sub-groups of the population or across different geographies, it is advantageous to be able to build bespoke groupings from individual level data. Individuals possess distinct characteristics, exhibit distinct behaviours and accumulate their own unique history of exposure or experiences. However, in most disciplines, not least public health, there is a lack of individual level data available outside of secure settings, especially covering large portions of the population. This paper provides detail on the creation of a synthetic micro dataset for individuals in Great Britain who have detailed attributes which can be used to model a wide range of health and other outcomes. These attributes are constructed from a range of sources including the United Kingdom Census, survey and administrative datasets. It provides a rationale for the need for this synthetic population, discusses methods for creating this dataset and provides some example results of different attribute distributions for distinct sub-population groups and over different geographical areas. Measurement(s) Health Disparity Populations • socio-economic outcomes Technology Type(s) computational modeling technique • digital curation Factor Type(s) geographical area Sample Characteristic - Location Great Britain

M. Coleman

Abstract:The principal focus of this paper is to examine the importance of British contributions to the success of the Irish hospitals' sweepstake. In its early years, up to three quarters of Irish sweepstake tickets were sold in Britain, bringing millions of pounds into Ireland annually for expenditure on improving the state's hospital services. The vast amount of money leaving Britain in this way angered the British government and forced them to introduce new legislation to curtail the activities of the sweep. The paper will highlight the extent to which the success of the Irish sweepstake depended on the market for tickets in Britain; the danger posed to the survival of the sweep by the restriction of its activities in Britain after 1935; the role of the sweepstake controversy in further exacerbating already strained relations between the governments of Great Britain and the Irish Free State in the 1930s; how the success of the sweep in Britain raised the issue of legalising a British lottery; and the eventual decline of the Irish sweepstake as a force in British gambling circles in the post-war years.

Lawrence Gasquet

Mariel Grant

Abstract After World War II, Great Britain faced major economic problems, which the government sought to rectify by reviving export markets and achieving a favorable balance of trade. One overlooked component of reconstruction was a decision to recognize tourism as an “invisible export,” a way to draw currency, especially American dollars, into the country. However, in a period characterized by scarcity, rationing, and austerity measures, the endeavor presented enormous challenges. The situation was exacerbated by the advent of the Marshall Plan in 1948. It required British participation in a European-based tourism scheme that jeopardized the success of Britain's own initiative and, ironically, could potentially undermine the economic benefits that Marshall Plan participation was supposed to provide. In exploring the history of British tourism policy in this era, this article shows the extent to which the Marshall Plan compromised an important aspect of British reconstruction policy. It can thereby better inform our understanding of the complexities of postwar reconstruction and of Britain's guarded response to aspects of the Marshall Plan—particularly the American initiative to promote greater European economic integration in the immediate postwar era.

P. Mąkosa

ABSTRACT The beginnings of Polish emigration to the British Isles date back to the 16th century, but a particularly large Polish diaspora was established after World War II when many soldiers stayed in Great Britain because they could not return to communist Poland for fear of persecution. The largest wave of emigration, however, occurred after Poland accessed the European Union in 2004. Since then, around a million Poles have settled in the United Kingdom. In order to educate their children, over a hundred years ago, Polish emigrants established schools where Polish language, history, geography and religion were taught. Along with the increase in the number of Poles in United Kingdom, more and more schools were established. Currently, there are about 140. The objective of the present article is to analyse Religious Education in Polish complementary schools in Great Britain. We will discuss the organisation and concept of this particular reality on the basis of published sources and the conducted empirical research. The context for these considerations is the establishment and broad activity of Polish complementary schools.

Gareth T. Jones, Gary J. Macfarlane, Karen Forrest Keenan et al.

Abstract Background Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) presents a unique clinical challenge. Affecting joints, skin, nails, and other organs, it is associated with various comorbidities and has a significant impact on quality of life, social participation and working life. While biologic and other targeted synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs and tsDMARDs) have revolutionised therapy, questions remain about the long-term safety of these agents, and their effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in the real-world clinical setting. Methods/design The British Society for Rheumatology Psoriatic Arthritis Register (BSR-PsA) is a prospective registry of patients with PsA, recruited from across Great Britain, who are (a) commencing a bDMARD/tsDMARD; or (b) naïve to all bDMARDs/tsDMARDs. Ethical approval was given by the NHS West of Scotland Research Ethics Committee 3 (reference: 18/WS/0126). Clinical data are extracted from participants’ medical records, including symptom onset and diagnosis, joint, skin and nail symptoms, dactylitis and enthesitis. Physical measurements (height, weight and 66/68 joint counts) and a detailed drug history are taken. Participants are also asked to complete questionnaires comprising instruments relating to general health and quality of life, axial disease, sleep and fatigue, impact of disease, functional status, mental health, other symptoms, and occupational status. The study duration is 5 years in the first instance, and all participants are followed up annually until the end of the study. Participants commencing a bDMARD/tsDMARD are also followed up three and six months after the start of therapy. Disease activity, including C-reactive protein, is assessed at each visit; and participants from some centres are invited to donate blood and urine samples for the creation of a biobank. Discussion Complementing data from randomised trials, results from this study will contribute to the evidence base underpinning the clinical management of psoriatic arthritis. Various analyses will determine the effectiveness and safety of bDMARDs/tsDMARDs in the real-world, will examine the clinical and biological predictors of treatment response, and will provide real-world data on the cost-effectiveness of these therapies, as well as providing informative data important to patients such as quality of life and occupational outcomes. Trial registration The full study protocol is registered on the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/jzs8n ).

Hedwig Schwall

With Shift Mia Gallagher put together a collection of short stories which have been in the making for about thirty years. As many stories had been published separately in journals, they were given an overhaul to fit the new context: narrative perspectives were rewritten, layers added, so that the fifteen stories formed a new composition, variations on a theme. The collection forms a fugue building towards increasing weirdness, using faery tale techniques and magic realism to illustrate different shades of the uncanny. Emotions, originating in the protagonists’ unconscious, in a family’s past, whirl around yet are tightly structured. Gallagher’s prose is physical but focusing on the in-between: people’s perceptions shift, gender is fluid, objects metamorphose constantly. Her aesthetics are inspired by Baroque theatre, David Lynch and Francis Bacon.

M. Diniz, D. Bellhouse

The first English translation of Huygens' (1657) De Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae was anonymously published in 1692; since the early eighteenth century it has been assigned to the Scottish physician John Arbuthnot (1667–1735). We have found evidence showing that Arbuthnot's work on probability was influenced by Archibald Pitcairne (1652–1713) and, most significantly, by David Gregory (1659–1708). Manuscripts found in Gregory's collection at the Edinburgh University Library suggest that Gregory had a key role in the translation. The circumstantial evidence presented in this article reveals that the circle of individuals led by Gregory, Arbuthnot and Pitcairne probably originated earlier than previously established and that the role of Arbuthnot was more important than originally thought. We have also shown that the first developments of probability theory in Great Britain took place in Scotland thanks to David Gregory.

Emily Eells

This article focuses on Proust’s response to the visual component of Ruskin’s works, highlighting how the Ruskinian dialectic of word and image gave impetus to Proust’s Recherche du temps perdu. It borrows terms from Ruskin’s works to define their aesthetic relationship: that of ‘incrustation’, meaning both the way Venetian architects covered brick walls with marble and the way they decorated walls with precious stones, is applied here to define Ruskinian intertextuality in Proust’s text, as it involves both textual layering and the use of quotation as ornamentation. Ruskin’s concept of ‘reciprocal interference’ is adopted to designate intermediality and to suggest that Proust not only borrowed from Ruskin’s text but enriched it through his translation and annotation of it. Although his translations did not reproduce the original illustrations, his two-part article on Ruskin in the Gazette des Beaux Arts (April and August 1900) included reproductions of Giotto’s ‘Charity’ and Ruskin’s drawing of the sculpted figure from the façade of Rouen cathedral. These two figures are likened to ‘noble grotesques’ here, as they correspond to Ruskin’s definition of an allegorical figure conveying an inexpressible truth through symbolism. My argument here is that Proust appropriated those two illustrations and transformed them into illuminations, in the sense that Ruskin gave to that term in Modern Painters.

Peter Jackson

ABSTRACT During the First World War, France and Britain forged the most intimate and comprehensive political, economic, and military alliance in history. The contributions of Britain and its Empire had been vital to France’s survival as a Great Power. A continuation of the wartime Entente was therefore pivotal to a wider strategy of embedding French security in a trans-Atlantic community of democratic Powers including the United States. But neither Britain nor the United States were ready to commit to using force to uphold the European order established at Paris. British political and policy elites reverted to pre-war cultural reflexes that prioritised Imperial considerations and assumed that France posed the chief threat to British interests.

Saran Davies, S. Abdullah, C. Helps et al.

In a study of tick and tick-borne pathogen prevalence, between May and October 2016, 278 veterinary practices in Great Britain examined 1855 cats. Six-hundred and one cats were found to have attached ticks. The most frequently recorded tick species was Ixodes ricinus (57.1%), followed by Ixodes hexagonus (41.4%) and Ixodes trianguliceps (1.5%). Male cats, 4-6 years of age living in rural areas were most likely to be carrying a tick; hair length and tick treatment history had no significant association with attachment. For cats that were parasitized by ticks in large urban areas, I. hexagonus was the most frequent species recorded. Molecular analysis was possible for 541 individual tick samples, others were too damaged for analysis; Babesia spp., and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato were identified in 1.1% (n=6) and 1.8% (n=10) of these, respectively. Babesia spp. included Babesia vulpes sp. nov./Babesia microti-like (n=4) in I. hexagonus and Babesia venatorum (n=2) in I. ricinus. Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. species included Borrelia garinii (n=6) and Borrelia afzelii (n=4). The majority of B. burgorferi s.l. cases were found in I. ricinus, with B. afzelii in one I. hexagonus nymph. No Borrelia or Babesia spp. were present in I. trianguliceps. To determine a true prevalence for ticks on cats, practices that only submitted questionnaires from cats with ticks and practices that submitted fewer than 5 returns per week were removed; amongst those considered to have adhered strictly to the collection protocol, feline tick prevalence amongst cats that had access to the outdoors was 6.6%. These results show that ticks can be found on cats throughout Great Britain, which harbour a range of species of Babesia and B. burgdorferi s.l. and that cats, particularly in green spaces within urban areas, may form an important host for I. hexagonus, a known vector of pathogens.

E. Baines

N. Riseman

Véronique Ward-Viarnes

The study of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, created in 1889 by a group of women belonging mainly to the aristocracy and the upper classes, raises issues of class and gender which include the links with other movements of the time, particularly the struggle in Britain for female suffrage. Accused of sentimentalism by their contemporary opponents, the RSPB viewed their commitment to protecting birds as a way to educate the British population and help form a more enlightened citizenship. Resorting to lobbying directed at members of parliament to push legislation through, they also used advertising, the press, schools, and their strong local grass roots networks to convince the public of the importance of protecting birds as the symbolic victims of modernity.

C. Cunningham, Kai Leong, S. Clark et al.