Hasil untuk "History of Germany"

Mark Lipson, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Swapan Mallick et al.

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000–2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500–3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500–2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

Christina Trujillo Frede, Ina Danquah, Thomas Friedrich et al.

Abstract Human health is fundamental to the lives of individuals and societies. The dramatic decline in biodiversity is one of the most fundamental threats to the foundations of human life. Collected, cultivated and purchased plants have traditionally been used for their therapeutic, preventive or palliative effects on human health and well-being, and are deeply intertwined with culture and history. The IPBES report on the sustainable use of wild species in 2022 highlights the importance and contribution of the use of wild plants to global biodiversity conservation. However, there is still little reliable knowledge about the exact relationship between biodiversity and human health. In this paper, we argue that the example of knowledge and use of medicinal plants could be very well suited for a better understanding of the relations and interactions between biodiversity and health. From the perspective of Social Ecology, we advocate an inter- and transdisciplinary research approach that can provide both: system knowledge and transformation knowledge. We present the results of a conceptual study on knowledge and practices of medicinal plants in relation to their impact on human health and biodiversity in Germany. Community gardening, sustainable wild collection practices, and sharing of valuable local traditional knowledge can be possible pathways to conserve plant populations and knowledge. We argue that the practices around medicinal plants can create a reciprocal relationship between humans and these plants, leading to increased well-being and appreciation for them. To fully understand the impact of medicinal plants on health and biodiversity, it is necessary to move beyond a knowledge-focused analysis that has dominated literature to date and analyse the practices, benefits, and relationships between people, medicinal plants, and their ecosystems.

Mohammed Abdulrazzak, Mohammed Moutaz Alshaghel, Moustafa Alhashemi et al.

ABSTRACT Background and Aims A cesarean section (CS) is a surgical procedure used during pregnancy and childbirth to ensure maternal and fetal well‐being. Global CS rates are increasing, with different studies demonstrating this trend. The purpose of this study, is to look into the prevalence of CS and its contributing factors in Syrian hospitals. Methods A retrospective cross‐sectional study was conducted at Aleppo University Hospital and Damascus University Hospital in Syria. The data were collected from patients' medical records during the period between January and December 2021. The study population included women who gave birth at these hospitals in 2021. The study used a questionnaire with four domains: sociodemographic features, mother's history, birth history, newborn information, and delivery type with indications and complications. CS indications were evaluated using protocols from the Association of Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Statistics 25.0. Results Among the deliveries, 47.4% were C‐sections, with slightly higher rate at Damascus. Population characteristics revealed differences in age, residency, smoking history, birth details, and associated medical conditions. The majority of participants were aged above 25 years old, rural residents, and nonsmokers. The primary CS cases were mainly medically indicated. Most C‐sections were repeat procedures (68%), with fetal distress being the most common indication. Aleppo had higher repeat C‐section rates (71.5% vs. 65.5% in Damascus). Most primary C‐sections were medically indicated (85.2%), while 14.8% were non‐indicated, often due to maternal requests or previous complicated births. Conclusion This study sheds light on CS prevalence, indications, and influencing factors in Syria, contributing to the broader discourse on optimizing CS rates and improving maternal and neonatal outcomes. Further research is necessary to explore additional factors and interventions to curb unnecessary CS procedures.

A. Taylor

Felix Holl, Jennifer Kircher, A. Hertelendy et al.

Background In recent years, the fast-paced adoption of digital health (DH) technologies has transformed health care delivery. However, this rapid evolution has also led to challenges such as uncoordinated development and information silos, impeding effective health care integration. Recognizing these challenges, nations have developed digital health strategies (DHSs), aligning with their national health priorities and guidance from global frameworks. The World Health Organization (WHO)’s Global Strategy on Digital Health 2020-2025 (GSDH) guides national DHSs. Objective This study analyzes the DHSs of Tanzania and Germany as case studies and assesses their alignment with the GSDH and identifies strengths, shortcomings, and areas for improvement. Methods A comparative policy analysis was conducted, focusing on the DHSs of Tanzania and Germany as case studies, selected for their contrasting health care systems and cooperative history. The analysis involved a three-step process: (1) assessing consistency with the GSDH, (2) comparing similarities and differences, and (3) evaluating the incorporation of emergent technologies. Primary data sources included national eHealth policy documents and related legislation. Results Both Germany’s and Tanzania’s DHSs align significantly with the WHO’s GSDH, incorporating most of its 35 elements, but each missing 5 distinct elements. Specifically, Tanzania’s DHS lacks in areas such as knowledge management and capacity building for leaders, while Germany’s strategy falls short in engaging health care service providers and beneficiaries in development phases and promoting health equity. Both countries, however, excel in other aspects like collaboration, knowledge transfer, and advancing national DHSs, reflecting their commitment to enhancing DH infrastructures. The high ratings of both countries on the Global Digital Health Monitor underscore their substantial progress in DH, although challenges persist in adopting the rapidly advancing technologies and in the need for more inclusive and comprehensive strategies. Conclusions This study reveals that both Tanzania and Germany have made significant strides in aligning their DHSs with the WHO’s GSDH. However, the rapid evolution of technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning presents challenges in keeping strategies up-to-date. This study recommends the development of more comprehensive, inclusive strategies and regular revisions to align with emerging technologies and needs. The research underscores the importance of context-specific adaptations in DHSs and highlights the need for broader, strategic guidelines to direct the future development of the DH ecosystem. The WHO’s GSDH serves as a crucial blueprint for national DHSs. This comparative analysis demonstrates the value and challenges of aligning national strategies with global guidelines. Both Tanzania and Germany offer valuable insights into developing and implementing effective DHSs, highlighting the importance of continuous adaptation and context-specific considerations. Future policy assessments require in-depth knowledge of the country’s health care needs and structure, supplemented by stakeholder input for a comprehensive evaluation.

Fatma Arın Namal

Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine was the only medical faculty in Türkiye until the Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine was established in 1945 under Law No. 4761. Therefore, the history of medical education in Turkiye was part of the Istanbul Medical Faculty until the establishment of this second medical school. After the conquest of Istanbul, medical education was established at the Fatih Darüşşifa in Istanbul and continued to develop, being provided in institutions that opened and closed over time. This institution has undergone reforms since the establishment of Tıphane-i Âmire in 1827, which finally led to the institutionalisation of the Istanbul Faculty of Medicine. Physicians from Austria and Germany made significant contributions to the modernisation of education at this medical school during the Ottoman and Republican periods. The Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine has supported the development of new medical faculties established in Türkiye by providing the new institutions with faculty members. Based on 2023 data, among the 128 medical faculties established in Türkiye, either by the state or private enterprise, the Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine has a prestigious place in Türkiye, as it was the first medical school and has always been an innovative and guiding medical institution. The school has graduates who have made significant contributions to medicine. Examples include Hulusi Behçet (1889- 1948), the discoverer of Behçet’s Disease, who graduated from the Istanbul School of Medicine in 1910, and Aziz Sancar (1946-), who graduated from the Istanbul School of Medicine in 1969 and shared the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2015.

Astrid Gieselmann, Astrid Gieselmann, Jakov Gather et al.

BackgroundAdvance research directives (ARDs) provide a promising way to involve individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in research decisions before they lose the capacity to consent. At the same time, the views of people with MCI on ARDs are underexplored. This study assesses the perceptions of people with MCI and family members on the benefits and challenges associated with ARDs.AimsThe aim of this study was to investigate the perspectives of individuals with MCI and family members of individuals with MCI on ARDs. We focus specifically on willingness to participate in nontherapeutic research, understanding of ARDs and the ethical considerations involved.MethodsThirteen open-ended, face-to-face interviews were conducted using a semi-structured format. Seven interviews were conducted with individuals with MCI, and six with family members of individuals with MCI. The narratives were transcribed verbatim and qualitative content analysis was carried out.ResultsResearch participation and ARDs were viewed positively, largely based on altruistic motives and the desire to contribute to society. The participants recognized the potential advantages of ARDs in reducing the decision-making burden on family members and maintaining personal autonomy. They also highlighted challenges in comprehending ARDs and navigating the complexities surrounding potential conflicts between current preferences versus preferences described in an ARD.ConclusionsARDs were predominantly seen as valuable instruments that enable individuals with MCI to participate in research. This study provides insights into the reasons why affected individuals are interested in drafting ARDs. These insights can guide the development of supportive interventions that are tailored to assist individuals with MCI and their families in navigating ARD processes.

U. Sonnenborn

J. Blom, E. Lamberts, J. Kennedy

The history of the smaller European countries is rather neglected in the teaching of European history at university level. We are therefore pleased to announce the publication of the first comprehensive history of the Low Countries -- in English -- from Roman Times to the present. Remaining politically and culturally fragmented, with its inhabitants speaking Dutch, French, Frisian, and German, the Low Countries offer a fascinating picture of European history en miniature. Nevertheless, its parts demonstrate many common traits and similar developments that differentiated them from surrounding countries and lent them a distinct character. Internationally, the region often served both as a mediator for and a buffer to the surrounding great powers, France, Britain, and Germany; an important role still played today as Belgium and the Netherlands become increasingly involved in the broader process of European integration, in which they often share the same interest and follow parallel policies. This highly illustrated volume serves as an ideal introduction to the rich history of the Low Countries for students and the generally interested reader alike.

Martin Dohrmann, Henry M. Reiswig, Michelle Kelly et al.

Glass sponges (Hexactinellida) constitute important parts of ecosystems on the deep-sea floor worldwide. However, they are still an understudied group in terms of their diversity and systematics. Here, we report on new specimens collected during RV Sonne expedition SO254 to the New Zealand region, which has recently emerged as a biodiversity hotspot for hexactinellids. Examination of the material revealed several species new to science or so far unknown from this area. While formal taxonomic descriptions of a fraction of these were published earlier, we here briefly report on the morphology of the remaining new species and use the collection to greatly expand the molecular phylogeny of the group as established with ribosomal DNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I markers. In addition, we provide a chemical fingerprinting analysis on a subset of the specimens to investigate if the metabolome of glass sponges contains phylogenetic signal that could be used to supplement morphological and DNA-based approaches.

Anna Kostner

La relation des auteurs du Tyrol du Sud avec leur région d’origine et à ce qu’ils ne considèrent souvent qu’ex negativo comme ‚Heimat‘, est extrêmement conflictuelle. La lecture ici proposée du récit Wir gingen (2004) de Joseph Zoderer et du recueil de nouvelles Sankt Nichtsnutz. Apokryphen (2020) de Gerd Sulzenbacher montre que ce lien paradoxal au territoire est déterminé par un mouvement de retour qui se reflète tant au niveau de l’histoire que du discours. Selon l’hypothèse défendue dans cet article, l’échec total de l’‚option‘ qui, en 1939, mit les Tyroliens du Sud face au choix entre le national-socialisme allemand et le fascisme italien, constitue une expérience fondamentale de la littérature du Tyrol du Sud jusqu’à aujourd’hui.

Gerard O'Regan

Hossein Parsifar, Fereshteh Miladi, Neda Asanghi

In each of his works, Abbas Maroufi has considered the social, political, and historical conditions of the society by considering one of the social classes, and through this, he has challenged the situation of the society with a critical point of view combined with humor and elaboration. The "intellectual" class, women "victims and surrender" and "exiles" are among the groups that play the main characters in the three novels "Symphony of the Dead", "Year of the Riot" and "Totally Special". "Man" and "His Concerns" are the main focus of famous novels, and his main way of processing his fictional characters is to "look back" and "childhood" of the characters in order to examine the problems, internal conflicts, and pay attention to their disorders. The novel "Symphony of the Dead" can be considered a new interpretation of the story of Abel and Cain with a surrealist atmosphere that examines the social, political, and historical conditions of Iranian intellectuals at that historical period. The novel "Year of Rebellion" is a narrative of violence and coercion that has been noticed by women throughout history, and Nosha, as a character who represents women in society, is a "victim and surrender" character who does not give up to save herself and surrenders to forced marriage. The novel "Totally Special" is also a story about the life of Abbas Irani, an exiled journalist who is forced to emigrate from Iran to Germany. In this work, the author has included various aspects of his biological experiences. This research tries in a descriptive-analytical way to answer the question that what are the most important components of modernism in Abbas Maroufi's "human-centered" novels? The findings indicate that "tendency to the world within the characters", "fluid flow of the mind", "internal conflict", "rejection of the narrative method in the novel" and "different way of characterization" are the most important components. The manifestations of modernism are in the novels in question.

David Max Findley, Greg Bankoff, Grace Barretto-Tesoro et al.

Land use modelling is increasingly used by archaeologists and palaeoecologists seeking to quantify and compare the changing influence of humans on the environment. In Southeast Asia, the intensification of rice agriculture and the arrival of European colonizers have both been seen as major catalysts for deforestation, soil erosion, and biodiversity change. Here we consider the Tuwali-Ifugao people of the Cordillera Central (Luzon, Philippines), who resisted Spanish colonial subjugation from the 16th to the mid-nineteenth century, in part through the development of a world-renowned system of intensive wet-rice terrace agriculture. To quantify changes in how the Tuwali-Ifugao used their environment, we model land use in Old Kiyyangan Village, a long-inhabited settlement, at two timepoints: circa 1570 CE, prior to the Spanish arrival in Luzon, and circa 1800 CE, before the village was sacked by Spanish military expeditions. Our model demonstrates that between 1570 and 1800 the adoption of rice as a staple and the corresponding expansion in terrace agriculture, along with a general diversification of diet and land use, enabled the village’s population to double without increasing total land use area. Further, this major intensification led to the solidification of social hierarchies and occurred without a proportional increase in deforestation.

Stefanie Kaiser, Stefanie Kaiser, Stefanie Kaiser et al.

Bafadhel M, Rabe KF, Martinez FJ et al.

Mona Bafadhel,1 Klaus F Rabe,2 Fernando J Martinez,3 Dave Singh,4 Patrick Darken,5 Martin Jenkins,6 Magnus Aurivillius,7 Mehul Patel,6 Paul Dorinsky8 1Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK; 2LungenClinic Grosshansdorf and Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany; 3Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; 4Medicines Evaluation Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Hospitals Trust, Manchester, UK; 5AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; 6AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK; 7AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; 8Formerly of AstraZeneca, Durham, NC, USACorrespondence: Mona Bafadhel, Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, 5th floor, Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK, Tel +44 0207 188 8717, Email mona.bafadhel@kcl.ac.ukPurpose: Blood eosinophil (EOS) count can guide treatment decisions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In the 52-week ETHOS study (NCT02465567), budesonide/glycopyrronium/formoterol fumarate dihydrate (BGF) triple therapy at two inhaled corticosteroid doses reduced moderate/severe exacerbation rates and improved lung function, symptoms, and disease-related quality of life (QoL) versus dual therapy with glycopyrronium/formoterol fumarate dihydrate (GFF) or budesonide/formoterol fumarate dihydrate (BFF) in patients with moderate-to-very severe COPD. This subgroup analysis evaluated treatment benefits in ETHOS by baseline EOS count.Methods: Patients (40− 80 years) with a COPD history were randomly assigned 1:1:1:1 to receive BGF 320/14.4/10 μg, BGF  160/14.4/10 μg, GFF 14.4/10 μg, or BFF  320/10 μg via a metered-dose inhaler. This post-hoc analysis assessed endpoints by baseline EOS count using Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease thresholds (< 100, ≥ 100, ≥ 100−< 300, ≥ 300 cells/mm3), and investigated continuous relationships between treatment effects and EOS count on exacerbations, symptoms, disease-related QoL, lung function, and safety.Results: In the modified intention-to-treat population (n=8509), 82.6% had EOS counts ≥ 100 cells/mm3. BGF  320 reduced moderate/severe exacerbation rates versus GFF in the ≥ 100, ≥ 100−< 300, and ≥ 300 subgroups; treatment differences increased with EOS count. BGF 320 improved rescue medication use and lung-function outcomes across all subgroups, and St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire total score, Transition Dyspnea Index focal score, and Exacerbations of Chronic Pulmonary Disease Tool total score in all except the < 100 subgroup versus GFF. Benefits of BGF 320 versus BFF were generally consistent across subgroups. Safety data were comparable across subgroups.Conclusion: Benefits of BGF versus GFF were observed across EOS counts, particularly at ≥ 100 cells/mm³; versus BFF, benefits were largely independent of EOS. These findings confirm that benefits of ICS-containing triple therapy are not restricted to EOS counts ≥ 300 cells/mm³, supporting recommendations to consider triple therapy in patients with an exacerbation history and EOS counts ≥ 100 cells/mm³.Graphical Abstract: Keywords: eosinophils, inhaled corticosteroids, triple therapy

Shiekh Marifatul Haq, Muhammad Shoaib Amjad, Muhammad Waheed et al.

Evaluations ecosystem health-based field studies can assist decision-makers in formulating more targeted conservation policies to better manage ecosystems and landscape. To analyze forest characteristics in the Zabarwan Mountain Range we used the Floristic Quality Assessment Index (FQAI) technique to evaluate the ecosystem health status of the vegetation. According to our findings, the forest area showed an FQAI rating of 61.41. The FQAI ranked 54 of the plant species growing in the forest region at 0, 30 species at 1–3, 51 species at 4–6, 30 species at 7–8, and 17 species at 9–10. Of the 54 alien species ranking 0, thirteen species were invasive, 36 were naturalized, and five were casual. Amoung the forest types, the Broadleaved forest harbored most alien species (35%) and the scrub forest the least (6%). Based on habitat-wise distribution, the largest (38%) species pool was observed in natural forest habitats, while human-modified habitat types harbord 51% of species. Roadsides exhibited the by far highest alien species number (45%) together with other anthropogenic habitats. The investigation of indicator species revealed a separation between the various ranking groups, as evidenced by high indicator values. Important alien indicator species ranking 0 were i.e., Aesculus indica, Ailanthus altissima, Celtis australis, Daucus carota, Poa bulbosa, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus cerasus, Quercus robur, and Salix alba, which showed a significant p-value for indicator species analysis. The findings of this study provide a method for measuring vegetation communities' responses to alien invasions and as a result can serve for developing management methods to preserve ecosystems, particularly in protected areas, from this biodiversity threat.

C. Vogelmeier, J. Diesing, Nils Kossack et al.

Background Recent studies evaluating the predictive value of different variables on future exacerbations suggest exacerbation history as the strongest predictor. We examined the effect of exacerbation history on subsequent events in a large sample population with over 250,000 COPD patients using up to 8 years of longitudinal healthcare data from Germany. Methods Patients 40 years or older with any COPD diagnosis in primary or secondary care were included from 2011 to 2017 (index period) from healthcare insurance claims (Germany; WIG2 research database), with 12 months before index date as baseline and at least 12-month follow-up. Exacerbations during baseline were defined as moderate (treatment with oral corticosteroids or antibiotics, J01AA, J01CA) or severe (emergency visit or hospitalization). Results Patients without (category A), with one moderate (category B), or with either one severe or several baseline exacerbations (category C) experienced an average of 0.9 (CI 0.9–0.9), 1.9 (CI 1.9–1.9), and 6.3 (CI 6.1–6.3) exacerbations during the first 3 years of follow-up, respectively. By 8 years, 87.0% (CI 86.6–87.4), 70.5% (CI 69.9–71.0) and 49.1% (CI 48.9–49.3) of category C, B and A patients had experienced a subsequent exacerbation. Conclusion Baseline exacerbations increased the likelihood of, and reduced time to subsequent exacerbations. Even patients without baseline exacerbations experienced exacerbations within three years, emphasizing the importance of adequate treatment in patients with less severe disease presentation as well.

Marian B. Jacobs

In recent years, many geographers—driven by the excitement around the infrastructural turn—have increasingly dedicated their attention to questions around urban infrastructure. Timothy Moss’s new book Remaking Berlin: A History of the City through Infrastructure, 1920–2020 contributes to this new avenue by investigating 100 years of infrastructural history in Berlin, Germany. Due to the turbulent history of the city, one shaped and reshaped by five different political regimes over the course of a century, Berlin’s infrastructure is a fascinating object of study. At the same time, it is also a gigantic academic endeavor to cover not just one infrastructural network, but the city’s water, gas, electricity, district heating, and sanitation infrastructure over this time period. Moss, however, does a good job by presenting a vivid and cross-sectoral historiography of Berlin’s sociotechnical assemblages. The result of a sixteen-year research process— as Moss reveals in the preface to the book—is a monograph that not only takes a fresh look at the fascinating parts of Berlin’s infrastructural history through archival research, but also motivates scholars in relevant disciplines to explore new methodological ways of understanding the complexity of the urban.

M. Alexopoulou

The entanglement of the history of racism with the history of migration in Germany has been ignored thus far in German historiography. Exploring the epistemological significance of ignorance in sustaining racial knowledge in democratic, pluralistic societies is a relatively new field of research; in the German case it is virtually absent. Taking seriously Linda Martín Alcoff’s dictum that ignoring racism is a substantial epistemic practice of sustaining it, it seems worth studying the hermeneutic means by which German historiography creates this blind spot. One of the central motifs in this context is the “zero hour,” according to which German migration history only commenced in the mid-1950s and had nothing to do with how Germans had treated migrants since the turn of the century, particularly those considered as “völkisch”1 undesirable Others. In this article, the methods of comparison and omission are discussed as key epistemic tools for writing the zero hour into German migration history. This narrative path is contrasted with microhistorical accounts that reveal the ongoing production of racial knowledge and ignorance and their entanglement, which formed the basis of a new “art of communicating” about Others after the Holocaust. Racial knowledge is known and ignored simultaneously, so that even a supposedly anti-racist society does not have to erase it as long as it is “dominantly” ignored. This particular relationship reflects the idea that knowledge and ignorance per se are an entangled continuum with a myriad of grey scales where ignorance contains knowledge and knowledge is upheld by ignorance.