The adoption of the euro is a topic of constant discussion within the European Union. Since joiningthe EU in 2004, Poland and Hungary have taken quite different paths regarding their commitment to the eurozone, despite both being legally bound to join once they meet the convergence criteria. This article looks at how public opinions on euro adoption have changed in both countries from 2004 to 2024, while also considering the stances of important national institutions on monetary integration. Based on a close look at public debates, surveys, and institutional statements, the study finds a growing enthusiasm for the euro in Hungary. This interest is mainly driven by economic challenges and the perceived advantages of being part of the eurozone. On the other hand, Polish society remains more sceptical. This scepticism is influenced by political narratives that emphasise sovereignty and monetary independence. Even though there have been some noticeable changes in support, neither country has yet joined the ER M II mechanism or met all the necessary convergence criteria, making it unlikely that they will adopt the euro anytime soon. The findings show us just how much local political dynamics and the strategies of elites influence the process of Europeanization in the monetary sphere.
History of Central Europe, History of Balkan Peninsula
Bibigul Zhiyembay, Lyazat Meirambekova, Gulbakram Zhiyembayeva
et al.
Language plays an important role in the development of any state because it evolves in direct contact with people's thinking, history, culture, and worldview. When studying the works of foreign and domestic scientists and classifying the Middle Ages heritage by linguistic features, it can clearly be seen that Turkic written manuscripts in different periods were written in different alphabets, such as runic, Uyghur, Manichaean, Brahma, Arabic, Latin, Armenian, Chagatai, and Cyrillic. Based on the use of Armenian graphics, it has also been established that in the Middle Ages, the heritage of Turkic peoples, including the Qypchaks, was written in a variety of genres and has survived to this day in written manuscripts. The study of Armenian writing in the Qypchak language is especially important in today's Kazakhstani social life. We seek the origins of the Kazakh language and nation in the Qypchak community which emerged in the ancient Turkic period and flourished in the Middle Turkic period. Historical and linguistic works written about the history, language, and culture of the Qypchak community, which ruled the territory from Central Europe to Northern China in the Middle Ages, have demonstrated that the study of the Qypchak people who lived in the Middle Ages is still relevant in modern science. This field studies the history, language, ethnography, culture, and other aspects of the steppe nomadic civilization. Moreover, it aims to thoroughly investigate its aspects, compare the origins and roots of ethnic groups of Qypchak descent to their current condition, and demonstrate traces of historical continuity. The German scientist Adalbert Merx’s work «Türkische Sprichwörter» (Turkish proverbs) written in 1893 and stored in the Bayerische Staats Bibliothek Muenchen library is taken as the object of research. Moreover, the proverbs in the manuscript language are read directly from the Armenian script; the relevance and scientific value of the topic is reported in the given article.
The distinction between the necessary and the accidental, between events that serve a purpose and those that are meaningless, can be found in the semantics developed by a wide variety of cultures to interpret the world. In the religiously dominated culture of the Middle Ages and the early modern period, the question of contingency was thematized primarily in relation to the concept of providence, and its most typical manifestation was the ancient-rooted notion of fortuna. However, the fortune concept lost its explanatory power during the 17th century, in connection with scientific, economic and social changes. There are many signs that, at the same time, ideas about divine providence were transformed. Although there are signs of this already in the 16th century (such as in the popular Fortunatus), especially from the end of the 17th century onwards there is a noticeable erosion of the traditional metaphysics based on the centrality of the providential God. Literary studies can also contribute to the study of changing ideas about providence, since it is often in genres that provide a more flexible framework than theological or philosophical discourse that the first signs of change appear. Miklós Bethlen’s autobiography, written in the early 18th century is a good example of this. The overall framework of the self-interpretation of the autobiography is a belief in providence, yet there are also elements that are in tension with it. These have so far only been referred to in a few scattered references in the literature, but have not been comprehensively examined and interpreted. An examination of the literary conceptualisation of providence and chance can show how traditional conceptual frameworks become problematic in the face of new experiences, while their meaning is also modified.
History of Central Europe, Language and Literature
The article analyses 17 royal Prussian and two chamber ordinances issued in the years 1743–1775 regarding tree planting along roads in Silesia. These circulars regulated the entire spectrum of matters, both organizational and technical, concernig roadside trees – their planting, maintenance, and protection.
The subject of this study is the issue of sickness, death and dying as approached in the first textbooks of pastoral theology. In the Catholic confessional environment of late 18th century Central Europe, pastoral theology was a new discipline that was about to be introduced into university curricula. The aim of this article is to outline and describe the concept of sickness and death with which the first textbooks of the new discipline worked in formulating new content and forms of spiritual care for the sick and dying. These, presented as binding on future spiritual administrators, defined itself against the older tradition and drew inspiration from Jansenist-Enlightenment approaches and thought. We mainly analyse two or three textbooks that were widely used in the Czech environment. They relied on the prescribed and most successful textbook of the Viennese pastoralist Franz Giftschütz, translated into Czech by the Olomouc teacher Václav Stach, and on the Czech scripts of Aegidius (Jiljí) Chládek, a Premonstratensian of Strahov Monastery and Prague university professor. The changes in the content and forms of Catholic preparation for death and of the concepts of illness and death must be understood in the context of the reforms that affected the field of spiritual education at this time, the new view of the person of the Catholic clergyman, and also the changes in religious and moral sentiments and the promotion and dissemination of medical knowledge and concepts also in the non-medical strata of society.
Migrations are an intangible phenomenon in archaeological research. However, relocations of larger groups of people may be of key significance to the development of older communities. The article is an attempt to indicate the elements of material culture that may be related to the relocation of people from various parts of Great Moravia to Bohemia, Poland and perhaps also Rus’. Possible similarities and differences will be indicated between the specific regions, accompanied by considerations of the way in which these migrations could have changed the cultural picture of the area in the 10th century.
History of Eastern Europe, History of Central Europe
The Ladins of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol are an ethnic minority with an ancient history, located in the Dolomites Mountains, a place associated with extreme beauty and rugged land. Under the Italian Constitution, Ladins have acquired several legal rights connected with their language and history.
Ladins have a history dating to the Roman Empire. Located in a strategic place, with Alpine valleys and mountain paths that connect the Italian Peninsula with Central Europe, several Germanic tribes after the end of the Roman Empire invaded and established themselves in the zone, enforcing their customs and laws. Those so-called “barbaric laws” together with Carolingian and Ecclesiastical law gave birth to a particular system of law during the Middle Ages.
Afterward, Ladins became part of the Holy Roman Empire, and later, part of the House of Habsburg. During the aftermath of World War I, Italy obtained the region from the Austrian-Hungarian Empire in the peace treaty of Saint Germain-en-Laye of 1919.
The Italian experience with the Ladins started soon after World War I with several publications taking the task of understanding the origins of their language and its people. Ever since, Italian interest in the Ladins has not ceased. In 1998 the Italian Constitutional Court recognized the Ladin people their right to be represented in regional institutions, answering to the historical and social reality of Alto Adige/Südtirol.
Consequently, the legal resilience of the Ladins gives testimony of a long history of peaceful victories for their rights, associated with the Ladin language, in the context of judicial procedures, political participation, and legislation.
In comparison, Ladins living in other regions of Italy like Veneto and Friuli Venezia Giulia have not reached the same level of autonomy and privileges as those in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.
The paper discusses two peculiarities of language use generally taken to be relative contact phenomena in case of Hungarian in bilingual, non-dominant context: the preference of analytical linguistic variants and non-standard plural forms. The data come from two sociolinguistic surveys conducted in Transylvania (in 1996 and 2009). The surveys were carried out with the participation of a representative sample of speakers. The 1996 survey was conducted with a quota sample (N = 216 in Romania and N = 107 in Hungary) and the 2009 sample with a representative sample (N = 4058 in Romania). The hypothesis that Romanian-dominant bilingual speakers tend to exhibit relative contact phenomena to a larger extent was supported with respect to these two issues. The results show that the occurrence of these phenomena is determined both by the language competence of the dominant language and by the regional characteristics of the bilingualism. The results confirm the possibility that the spoken-language properties under discussion are relative contact phenomena.
History of Central Europe, Language and Literature
The bad fame of bohemian king Wenceslas IV, which was deposed by the roman electors in 1400, derives also from their well composed deposition letter, since it became the most important explanatory reference to the contemporary historiographers in the Roman Empire. The article enlightens its different influence phases as well as the slow transformation of its legal arguments into a spectrum of defaming narratives.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Central Europe
Chiara La Marca, Giacomo Eramo, Italo Maria Muntoni
et al.
This paper presents the preliminary results of the study of the Early Neolithic pottery production in the Marche region, Italy (VI mill. BC). The main goal of this research is to expand the knowledge of pottery manufacturing processes associated to the typical Central Adriatic Impressed Ware, at present poorly understood. All sites under analysis are located in the piedmont hills of the Apennine Mountains, except one which is on the coast. This study aims to highlight synchronic and diachronic variability in pottery technology, to identify common traits and to investigate the raw materials selection and exploitation strategies. The pottery assemblages are examined by means of an integrated approach which include techno-typological and archaeometric analyses. The environmental factors, the distribution of resources, the technology solutions taken by these early Neolithic communities are considered.
U radu se prikazuje ikonografsko-simbolička struktura ideograma arbor mundi
(kozmičkog stabla, stabla svijeta/života na mirilištu Kosa Renjovačka na pola puta između
naselja Reljinovca/Renjovca i groblja Ljubotić. Ideogrami se analiziraju stilsko-morfološki
na mirilima i u funeralnoj umjetnosti na jednoj uzglavnici groba suhozidne gradnje tipa
mirilo na groblju Ljubotić te na dvjema grobnim pločama na lunskom groblju na otoku
Pagu. Analogno se uspoređuju s motivima istih ili sličnih ikonografskih osobina na širem
geografskom prostoru. Pitanje predodžbe stabla svijeta u Podgorju pokreće u prvom redu
pitanje rekonstrukcije njezinog tradicijskog religijsko-simboličkog značenja, na mirilima i
na funeralnim spomenicima. Budući da je cilj ovoga rada prikazati ideogram stabla svijeta
kao jedan od likovnih motiva koji do sada nije evidentiran u literaturi o likovnim prikazima
na južnovelebitskim mirilištima, na pitanje shvaćanja njegove predodžbe do početka 20.
stoljeća nije moguće dati konačan odgovor.
Language and Literature, History of Central Europe
This text puts forwards the argument that the development of education for deviant and disabled children and the formation of practices aimed at controlling the Roma population during socialism echo those developed during the interwar period. The introduction engages with the current trend to revise social welfare policies and practices in the light of the history of eugenics. Then, the text turns to the case of Czech lands where the institutionalization of Roma surveillance was outstandingly pervasive in comparison to the rest of Central and Eastern Europe. The first part explores the development of eugenics in the Czech lands and establishes a temporal framework needed for the understanding of the relationship between eugenics and child protection. The second part discusses how eugenic ideas were applied within correctional institutions for minors with delinquent behavior and mental disability. In the third part I examine the reform towards forced legitimization of the nomad Roma , payingspecial attention to the institutionalization of Roma children. In the final part, I discuss the historical implications for s the path dependencyand segregation of the Roma population in the Czech lands.
The article is dedicated to the analysis and semantic interpretation of a monument referred to as the Zbruch Idol, discovered in 1848 near Liczkowce in the Ukraine. The author offers arguments in favour of the thesis that the artefact is a quadruple female made of stone by the Cumans in the late 13th/ early 14th century, and that the idol is a synthesis of the Turkish sepulchral sculpture.
History of Eastern Europe, History of Central Europe
Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit einer Gruppe von Handschriften, und zwar mit der Handschrift der Klosterbibliothek in Rajhrad/Raygern (R 388: Martyrologium Rajhradense) und mit den zwei Handschriften der Nationalbibliothek in Prag (IX.C.6: Boethii Quadrivium und IV.D.7: Gregorii Magni Homiliae). Diese Handschriften bindet eine gemeinsame Schreiberhand, die als "Glossator B" bezeichnet wurde. Die analysierte Handschriftengruppe wurde als Erzeugnis vom Skriptorium der Benediktinerabtei Břevnov in der Zeit des Abtes Meinhardus von Niederaltaich (1035/1044–1089) identifiziert. Für den "Glossator B" sind die Musikeinträge sehr typisch, seine Arbeit ist oft von Neumen begleitet.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Central Europe
The core of this article deals with the use of language in the diplomatic texts written in Silesia
throughout the 14th century. Main focus is on the administrative offices of the territorial lord and
their produce directed towards the towns, as well as the resources based in town’s offices and the
language in which these are written. Individual towns are dealt with individually as well as from the
viewpoint of belonging to a certain duchy and region, where the practice in terms of using a certain
language may have been different.
Medieval Central Europe coins - the Saxon coins, also called as the Otto and Adelheid denarii, as well as the Polish ones, the Władysław Herman and Bolesław Śmiały coins - were examined to determine their provenance and dating. Their attribution and chronology often constitute a serious problem for historians and numismatists. For hundreds of years, coins were in uncontrolled conditions and in variable environment. Destructed and inhomogeneous surface were the effect of corrosion processes. Electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS)), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis (energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF)), and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) were applied. The results of these investigations are significant for our knowledge of the history of Central European coinage, especially of Polish coinage