Hasil untuk "History of Austria. Liechtenstein. Hungary. Czechoslovakia"

D. Ben-Amos

Tomasz Pawłowicz

Abstract Background A continental-scale, georeferenced checklist of slime moulds (Eumycetozoa) for Central and Eastern Europe, supplemented with standardised environmental covariates and with a particular emphasis on forest ecosystems, has not previously been available. The absence of a harmonised corpus has constrained statistically supported tests of habitat- and substrate-related patterns and limited objective gap-mapping, particularly within forest ecosystems, where microclimatic buffering, dead-wood continuity and stand history are expected to be decisive; it has also hindered rigorous evaluation of slime moulds’ role as bioindicators of forest habitat types, substrate associations and gradients in anthropogenic pressure (naturalness). New information Literature discovery spanned multidisciplinary and domain-specific platforms; inclusion required a determinable taxon, a locality at least to country level and a year. Records were de-duplicated conservatively; names were harmonised to a single authority (Eumycetozoa.com) with GBIF Species backbone as a fallback and higher taxonomy was filled consistently. The resource comprises presence-only occurrences, a taxonomically standardised checklist and a reference set; the curated bibliography comprises 528 bibliographic entries. Coverage spans Austria, Belarus, Czechia, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Russia (European part), Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland and Ukraine. Event dates range from 1857 to 2025-08-01 and support ranges and mixed precision. Environmental content includes elevation, consolidated forest class, substrate category, habitat pressure, microhabitat, pH, air temperature, annual precipitation and stand age; controlled vocabularies comprise eight consolidated forest classes, ten substrate categories and seven habitat-pressure classes. The dataset is released under CC-BY-4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International), employs reproducible DwC mapping and stable identifier versioning and is suited to ecological and biogeographic analyses, including forest-focused modelling and gap analyses.

András Ferenczy

The study assesses Hungary's National AI Strategy and its implementation through the analysis of strategic documents, publicly available financial records, and expert interviews with the Hungarian AI Coalition President and Chief Strategic Advisor to the Government Commissioner for AI. 22 goals from Hungary's strategy were evaluated through conceptual, governance, temporal, and financial dimensions before being benchmarked against Singapore's National AI Strategies (NAIS 1.0 and NAIS 2.0). Key findings include an estimated total of EUR 4.65 billion in AI-related public investment in Hungary. Openly available financial data was found for only half of the evaluated goals, and just three projects made up 98\% of all documented funding. The research also reveals Hungary's implementation challenges, including fragmented execution following ministerial reorganizations and the absence of designated biennial reviews since 2020. Furthermore, the paper provides targeted recommendations for Hungary's forthcoming AI strategy, drawing on Singapore's framework as a reference point. These include adapting to the era of large language models, restructuring the existing triple helix network to foster more effective dialogue and advocacy, and positioning the country as an East-West bridge for automotive AI experimentation.

Vidya Venkatesan, Aomawa L. Shields, Russell Deitrick et al.

Eccentric planets may spend a significant portion of their orbits at large distances from their host stars, where low temperatures can cause atmospheric CO2 to condense out onto the surface, similar to the polar ice caps on Mars. The radiative effects on the climates of these planets throughout their orbits would depend on the wavelength-dependent albedo of surface CO2 ice that may accumulate at or near apoastron and vary according to the spectral energy distribution of the host star. To explore these possible effects, we incorporated a CO2 ice-albedo parameterization into a one-dimensional energy balance climate model. With the inclusion of this parameterization, our simulations demonstrated that F-dwarf planets require 29% more orbit-averaged flux to thaw out of global water ice cover compared with simulations that solely use a traditional pure water ice-albedo parameterization. When no eccentricity is assumed, and host stars are varied, F-dwarf planets with higher bond albedos relative to their M-dwarf planet counterparts require 30% more orbit-averaged flux to exit a water snowball state. Additionally, the intense heat experienced at periastron aids eccentric planets in exiting a snowball state with a smaller increase in instellation compared with planets on circular orbits; this enables eccentric planets to exhibit warmer conditions along a broad range of instellation. This study emphasizes the significance of incorporating an albedo parameterization for the formation of CO2 ice into climate models to accurately assess the habitability of eccentric planets, as we show that, even at moderate eccentricities, planets with Earth-like atmospheres can reach surface temperatures cold enough for the condensation of CO2 onto their surfaces, as can planets receiving low amounts of instellation on circular orbits.

Hisashi Hayakawa

On a centennial timescale, solar activity was quantified based on records of instrumental sunspot observations. This article briefly discusses several aspects of the recent archival investigations of historical sunspot records in the 17th to 18th centuries. This article also reviews the recent updates for the active day fraction and positions of the reported sunspot groups of the Maunder Minimum to show their significance within the observational history. These archival investigations serve as base datasets for reconstructing solar activity.

Mykhailo Kostiv, Olena Burul

This article explores the response of the German-language press to the events related to illegal crossings of the Romanian-Soviet border in the early 1930s, the number of which significantly increased due to the Holodomor and repressions in the Ukrainian SSR. The study aims to analyze the coverage of these events in German-language media, the influence of such publications on shaping public opinion regarding Soviet policy in Ukraine, and to confirm the thesis about the awareness of European governments of the real situation in the USSR. During the study, periodical publications from the 1920s and 1930s printed in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, Luxembourg, and Liechtenstein were processed. The novelty of the research is the discovery of the accounts of eyewitnesses and participants of escapes across the Romanian-Soviet border, who managed to reach the right bank of the Dniester. Moreover, little-known facts about the consideration of the issue of crossing this border by refugees at the League of Nations level were revealed, and for the first time, literary works of German-speaking authors dedicated to the events of the Holodomor and the attempts of Ukrainians to escape from famine and persecution were analyzed. The conclusion of the study highlights the high potential of the German-language press of the early 1930s as a previously underexplored source of knowledge about the history of the Holodomor. The newspapers quite thoroughly covered the problem of illegal crossing the border to escape from hunger and repression in the USSR. Most of the materials on these topics were published throughout February-April 1932. The narratives within these reports illustrate the scenes of tragedy and despair, documenting harrowing encounters with Bolshevik military forces and the orchestrated targeting of fleeing civilians by border guards. Complemented by firsthand testimonials from survivors, these accounts provide information about socio-economic circumstances and underlying motivations precipitating their exodus from Ukraine. Moreover, the newspapers critically assessed Soviet propaganda narratives, exposing the discreet contrast between the purported prosperity within the USSR and the harsh realities endured by Ukrainian peasants under Soviet governance. In addition, we can assume that these publications were impactful, since some writers even presumably built the storylines of their literary works based on such materials. One of these books was the novel „Thanks to You, I Found My Homeland” written by Klothilde von Stegmann. Her text was partially published in the newspapers during the early 1930s, and one of the fragments at the beginning of the novel contained an episode about the escapes across the Soviet-Romanian border. However, in the post-war edition of the book, this fragment was deleted for unknown reasons. Finally, the presence of literary texts dedicated to escapes from the USSR indicates that this topic went beyond the professional circle of journalists and diplomats; it was discussed and reflected upon by the wider population.

I. Pospíšil

The contexts of Czech literature are related to the crisis and revolutionary situation which gradually built up towards the end of the 19th century and reached its peak in the years of World War I and during the attempts at the world revolution. This was manifested by a certain dichotomy of Czech literature after 1918 when Czechoslovakia came into existence as a relatively large state and a strong parliamentary democracy amidst more or less authoritarian countries, a state with the first-rate Czechoslovak legions tested in the battles of World War I, with strong industry and agriculture which had been the nucleus of Austria-Hungary in the past. On the one hand, there was a majority and influential left, on the other were conservative groups often connected with Catholic Church, and in the middle — liberal currents linked with the official policy of the so-called Prague Castle represented by the first president T. G. Masaryk (e g. Karel Čapek). Nevertheless, Czech literature as a whole helped create national and state consciousness, with the currents differing from each other only in their preference for traditions and political and economic systems. The problems of the new state were, of course, not only social, but also national, ethnic and religious and were also reflected in the international arena. Unlike in the other Central European countries, Czech literature exhibited radical leftist tendencies which were realised in the Czech modernist avant-garde, the apex of which was Czech poetism and surrealism (with the corresponding current in Slovakia) and their authors, such as Vítězslav Nezval, František Halas, Josef Hora, Jaroslav Seifert (1984 Nobel Prize winner), and Konstantin Biebl etc., but also the Catholic current which was very impressive from the artistic point of view (Jakub Deml, Jaroslav Durych, Jan Zahradníiek, Jan Čep and others). Both of these tendencies were surprisingly and paradoxically linked with each other, as were their representatives. The drama and the novel (the Brothers Čapek, and Vladislav Vaniura etc.) occupied a prominent place alongside poetry. What shows the mutual relationship between “the building of the state“ (the title of a very important book by the famous Czech journalist and politician Ferdinand Peroutka) and Czech literature is the fact that between 1918 and 1938 Czech literature reached a world level for the first time in modern history. The author defends the thesis that Czech literature connected with the rise of the independent Czechoslovak state regardless of all these problems and idealistic constructs (“Czechoslovakism”), created a specific, original model of the co-existence of various currents of thought and of the relationships between culture in its widest sense and practical politics. This enabled radical artistic innovations anticipating the evolutionary tendencies of world literature (surrealism, anti-utopia/dystopia, baroquizing prose, and experimental novel).

Zoltán Szénási

In recent decades, scholars working in the realm of the metaphilology have focused increasingly on the materiality of texts; that is, the material aspect of texts in the making of meaning (cf.  Jerome McGann’s “bibliographic code”). This article sets out by clarifying what we mean by the materiality of a text; it does so by outlining and discussing the ideas advanced by George Bornstein. Applying the methodology of historical bibliography, it then examines how the changing material context of the poem “Fortissimo,” by one of Hungary’s towering early twentieth-century literary figures, Mihály Babits, influenced that poem’s interpretability from the first stage of its existence to its multiple republications. This poem’s publication history is exceptional from several perspectives. The March 1, 1917, issue of the journal Nyugat was confiscated because of the poem, and its author was prosecuted for blasphemy. But the poem was published in French the same year, and in two anthologies in German the following year. “Fortissimo” became available in Hungarian again only after the Aster Revolution of 1918, in the volume A diadalmas forradalom könyve (The Book of the Triumphant Revolution), alongside works by many other authors, and, within days, once again in Nyugat. Szenasi.Zoltan@abtk.hu

Veronika Schandl

Robert Litwiński

The aim of the article is to draw attention to the process of establishing modern police force authorities responsible for ensuring security and public order in the countries of Central Europe (Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Poland, Romania, Hungary, Free City of Danzig) in the inter-war period. The course of modernizing the law enforcement authorities was analysed on the basis of archival sources and academic studies on the history of police force and gendarmerie in the above-mentioned countries. The collected material made it possible to learn about the mechanisms which had led to the establishment of effective forces responsible for ensuring homeland security after the Great War ended.

Rychlík Jan

The paper gives a brief overview of how Slovak history was included into the common Czechoslovak history and how it was taught at Czech universities and grammar schools in the past. Before 1918, Slovak history was not taught at all. The subject of comparative Austrian history included Hungarian political history, which entailed some references to Slovak development in the 19th century. During the First Czechoslovak Republic, a subject entitled Czechoslovak history was taught, but in fact it still included only Czech history, with bits of inorganically added Hungarian political history. The teaching was based on the concept of the Czechoslovak nation, whose existence required a single national story. The Czechoslovak nation was said to originally have had one common state (Great Moravia), have subsequently developed into two states (Bohemia and Hungary), and in 1918 reunited into a single state: Czechoslovakia. After 1945, with the demise of Czechoslovakism, Czech and Slovak history was discussed in parallel as the histories of two nations, but at Czech universities the focus was clearly on Czech history. After the establishment of the Czechoslovak Federation in 1968, the discussion of Slovak history at Czech universities and grammar schools was strengthened. The textbooks and synthetic literature recommended for study would be adapted to the changes in the approach to teaching in each period. Since the establishment of the independent Czech Republic in 1993, Czech universities have again taught only Czech history; Slovak history is solely present in the history of the Czechoslovak state (1918–1992). A specialised course on Slovak history is also taught every year at the Faculty of Arts, Charles University.

Nikolai N. Stankov

The author of the article investigates the main stages of scientific activity of the famous Czech professor of history at Charles University in Prague Vera Olivová (1926–2015). This paper is based on the analysis of her publications. In the 1950s and 1960s Vera Olivová published a fundamental monograph on Czechoslovak-Soviet relations from 1918 to 1922 with a large appendix of documents, as well as a series of articles on the relations of the Czechoslovak Republic with neighbouring countries — Germany, Austria, Poland, and Hungary. Despite the fact that they were written in line with the Marxist-Leninist methodology that prevailed at that time in the historiography of socialist countries, it is due to the wealth of archival material being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, and to the diversity and depth of research, these works by Olivová were an important contribution to the study of the history of the foreign policy of the Czechoslovak Republic and international relations in Central Europe. During the Prague Spring of 1968, she highlighted the key problems of the political and diplomatic history of Czechoslovakia from a new perspective, which was reflected in the book Czechoslovakia in a disrupted Europe, as well as various articles and reports presented at scientific conferences. After being dismissed from Charles University in 1970 and banned from teaching and conducting scientific work, Vera Olivová published several books on the history of sports and games, which brought her worldwide fame. After the “Velvet Revolution”, she returned to Charles University to teach and to continue her research on the history of Czechoslovakia. In 1991, she was elected chairman of the Edward Beneš Society and launched avid scholarly, organisational and publishing activities. The works of Vera Olivová are deeply imbued with loyalty to the democratic ideals of the founders of the Czechoslovak Republic — Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and Edward Beneš.

Hans-E. Porst

Not only motivated by the fact that the publication of the GAFT first appeared 60 years ago in print we reconstruct its history and so show that it is no exaggeration to claim that it has appeared already 75 years ago!

Andrii Voshchepynets, Oleksiy Agapitov, Lynn Wilson et al.

We present the results of processing the effects of the powerful Gamma Ray Burst GRB221009A captured by the charged particle detectors (electrostatic analyzers and solid-state detectors) onboard spacecraft at different points in the heliosphere on October 9, 2022. To follow the GRB221009A propagation through the heliosphere we used the electron and proton flux measurements from solar missions Solar Orbiter and STEREO-A; Earth magnetosphere and the solar wind missions THEMIS and Wind; meteorological satellites POES15, POES19, MetOp3; and MAVEN - a NASA mission orbiting Mars. GRB221009A had a structure of four bursts: less intense Pulse 1 - the triggering impulse - was detected by gamma-ray observatories at 131659 UT (near the Earth); the most intense Pulses 2 and 3 were detected on board all the spacecraft from the list, and Pulse 4 detected in more than 500 s after Pulse 1. Due to their different scientific objectives, the spacecraft, which data was used in this study, were separated by more than 1 AU (Solar Orbiter and MAVEN). This enabled tracking GRB221009A as it was propagating across the heliosphere. STEREO-A was the first to register Pulse 2 and 3 of the GRB, almost 100 seconds before their detection by spacecraft in the vicinity of Earth. MAVEN detected GRB221009A Pulses 2, 3, and 4 at the orbit of Mars about 237 seconds after their detection near Earth. By processing the time delays observed we show that the source location of the GRB221009A was at RA 288.5 degrees, Dec 18.5 degrees (J2000) with an error cone of 2 degrees

Mónika F. Molnár

A. Sobolewska

ABSTRACT Shortly after World War II, psychoanalytic societies in Central Europe were gradually resuming their pre-war activities. Starting in 1945, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Poland saw the revival of their psychoanalytic circles which subsequently engaged in psychoanalytic knowledge transmission, especially in the face of the Communist state institutions’ growing disapproval of psychoanalysis. This article traces the history of the psychoanalytic movement’s rebirth in Central Europe. The author discusses the activities of Viennese, Budapestian, Praguian and Varsovian circles post-1945 in order to examine the practices of collective thinking and identify diverse models of the transmission of Freudianism. The attempt to explore the complex mechanisms of psychoanalytic knowledge dissemination in the immediate post-war period, both in its theoretical and practical dimensions, can contribute to a more profound understanding of the history of psychoanalysis in Central Europe after 1945. It also points to the significance of a more inquisitive approach to the internal dynamics of these intellectual circles which were forced to develop outside of state academic institutions due to socio-political reasons.

Peter Sherwood

László Krasznahorkai is now the best-known Hungarian writer in the English-speaking world (perhaps in the world, period). But what is the precise nature of the relationship between his Hungarian works and their English translations that have been, on the whole, so well received in Britain and especially the USA? This article takes a very close linguistic look at one his shorter works, ÁllatVanBent, in a version by Ottilie Mulzet, co-recipient with George Szirtes of the translators’ share of the 2015 Man Booker International Prize, which recognized Krasznahorkai for his “achievement in fiction on the world stage.”  I argue that Ottilie Mulzet’s translation is in a hybrid English that in some places evidences a misunderstanding of the Hungarian, and in others claims to be a foreignized, “Krasznahorkai-English” that is, however, insufficiently justified by the original. More broadly, the article thus takes issue with the increasingly widely held view that the translator is not merely a co-author but enjoys a kind of authorial autonomy that implies that the translation can be judged without close reference to the original. As Krasznahorkai’s known views on translation suggest the acceptance of this notion, he is therefore, to a degree, complicit in the partial misrepresentation (and hence misconstrual) of his work.

M. Forêt

The article deals with comics' (re)presentation of conceptual – political and ideological – content and how the semiotic potentials of non-representational ideas associated with social upheaval and political crises are expressed. After considering comics' potential to express abstract (non-depictive) concepts, we examine three Czech graphic novels, which concern crucial moments in Czech political history: the Austrian- Hungarian Empire's collapse and the creation of Czechoslovakia in 1918; the disintegration of Czechoslovakia after the Nazi occupation in 1938; and the reformists' defeat by the invading Warsaw pact armies in the Prague Spring of 1968. In each case, we investigate the semiotic resources chosen by the individual artists to present these events. Finally, we describe how the selected historiographical graphic novels reflect the ideology of a transforming nation and express a sense of non-self-evidentness for the nation as an independent state.

Nicolae Sabău

"American and Jewish Art Historians in Correspondence with Prof. C. Petranu (1893-1945). This article is part of the correspondence Prof. C. Petranu, founder of the education and scientific research in the field of art history in Transylvania and at King Ferdinand University of Cluj, conducted with prestigious American fellow specialists, professors, researchers, museographers, directors of publishing houses and magazines in this field. Among Prof. Petranu’s most frequent correspondents we can mention fellow specialists and researchers residing in the United States of America, as well as in many other European countries such as Finland, Sweden, Norway, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Austria, Germany , Switzerland, France, Italy, Spain and England, and even Africa (Egypt). The collection of letters seems to depict a genuine story of the evolution and stage of development of art history in the interwar period. Keywords: American correspondence, American and Jewish fellows, John Shapley, A.Ph. MacMahon, Helen Mason, Alfred Salamony, Trygve Barth. "

Jeroen van Dongen

String theorists are certain that they are practicing physicists. Yet, some of their recent critics deny this. This paper argues that this conflict is really about who holds authority in making rational judgment in theoretical physics. At bottom, the conflict centers on the question: who is a proper physicist? To illustrate and understand the differing opinions about proper practice and identity, we discuss different appreciations of epistemic virtues and explanation among string theorists and their critics, and how these have been sourced in accounts of Einstein's biography. Just as Einstein is claimed by both sides, historiography offers examples of both successful and unsuccessful non-empirical science. History of science also teaches that times of conflict are often times of innovation, in which novel scholarly identities may come into being. At the same time, since the contributions of Thomas Kuhn historians have developed a critical attitude towards formal attempts and methodological recipes for epistemic demarcation and justification of scientific practice. These are now, however, being considered in the debate on non-empirical physics.