Hasil untuk "History of Asia"

Vagheesh M. Narasimhan, N. Patterson, Priya Moorjani et al.

Ancient human movements through Asia Ancient DNA has allowed us to begin tracing the history of human movements across the globe. Narasimhan et al. identify a complex pattern of human migrations and admixture events in South and Central Asia by performing genetic analysis of more than 500 people who lived over the past 8000 years (see the Perspective by Schaefer and Shapiro). They establish key phases in the population prehistory of Eurasia, including the spread of farming peoples from the Near East, with movements both westward and eastward. The people known as the Yamnaya in the Bronze Age also moved both westward and eastward from a focal area located north of the Black Sea. The overall patterns of genetic clines reflect similar and parallel patterns in South Asia and Europe. Science, this issue p. eaat7487; see also p. 981 Genome-wide analysis of ancient DNA from more than 500 individuals from Central and South Asia illuminates the spread of Indo-European languages. RATIONALE To elucidate the extent to which the major cultural transformations of farming, pastoralism, and shifts in the distribution of languages in Eurasia were accompanied by movement of people, we report genome-wide ancient DNA data from 523 individuals spanning the last 8000 years, mostly from Central Asia and northernmost South Asia. RESULTS The movement of people following the advent of farming resulted in genetic gradients across Eurasia that can be modeled as mixtures of seven deeply divergent populations. A key gradient formed in southwestern Asia beginning in the Neolithic and continuing into the Bronze Age, with more Anatolian farmer–related ancestry in the west and more Iranian farmer–related ancestry in the east. This cline extended to the desert oases of Central Asia and was the primary source of ancestry in peoples of the Bronze Age Bactria Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC). This supports the idea that the archaeologically documented dispersal of domesticates was accompanied by the spread of people from multiple centers of domestication. The main population of the BMAC carried no ancestry from Steppe pastoralists and did not contribute substantially to later South Asians. However, Steppe pastoralist ancestry appeared in outlier individuals at BMAC sites by the turn of the second millennium BCE around the same time as it appeared on the southern Steppe. Using data from ancient individuals from the Swat Valley of northernmost South Asia, we show that Steppe ancestry then integrated further south in the first half of the second millennium BCE, contributing up to 30% of the ancestry of modern groups in South Asia. The Steppe ancestry in South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of people that affected both regions and that likely spread the unique features shared between Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages. The primary ancestral population of modern South Asians is a mixture of people related to early Holocene populations of Iran and South Asia that we detect in outlier individuals from two sites in cultural contact with the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), making it plausible that it was characteristic of the IVC. After the IVC’s decline, this population mixed with northwestern groups with Steppe ancestry to form the “Ancestral North Indians” (ANI) and also mixed with southeastern groups to form the “Ancestral South Indians” (ASI), whose direct descendants today live in tribal groups in southern India. Mixtures of these two post-IVC groups—the ANI and ASI—drive the main gradient of genetic variation in South Asia today. CONCLUSION Earlier work recorded massive population movement from the Eurasian Steppe into Europe early in the third millennium BCE, likely spreading Indo-European languages. We reveal a parallel series of events leading to the spread of Steppe ancestry to South Asia, thereby documenting movements of people that were likely conduits for the spread of Indo-European languages. The Bronze Age spread of Yamnaya Steppe pastoralist ancestry into two subcontinents—Europe and South Asia. Pie charts reflect the proportion of Yamnaya ancestry, and dates reflect the earliest available ancient DNA with Yamnaya ancestry in each region. Ancient DNA has not yet been found for the ANI and ASI, so for these the range is inferred statistically. By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asians is a prehistoric genetic gradient between people related to early hunter-gatherers of Iran and Southeast Asia. After the Indus Valley Civilization’s decline, its people mixed with individuals in the southeast to form one of the two main ancestral populations of South Asia, whose direct descendants live in southern India. Simultaneously, they mixed with descendants of Steppe pastoralists who, starting around 4000 years ago, spread via Central Asia to form the other main ancestral population. The Steppe ancestry in South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of people that affected both regions and that likely spread the distinctive features shared between Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages.

Cuiyan Wang, M. Tee, A. Roy et al.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted the economy, livelihood, and physical and mental well-being of people worldwide. This study aimed to compare the mental health status during the pandemic in the general population of seven middle income countries (MICs) in Asia (China, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam). All the countries used the Impact of Event Scale–Revised (IES-R) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to measure mental health. There were 4479 Asians completed the questionnaire with demographic characteristics, physical symptoms and health service utilization, contact history, knowledge and concern, precautionary measure, and rated their mental health with the IES-R and DASS-21. Descriptive statistics, One-Way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and linear regression were used to identify protective and risk factors associated with mental health parameters. There were significant differences in IES-R and DASS-21 scores between 7 MICs (p<0.05). Thailand had all the highest scores of IES-R, DASS-21 stress, anxiety, and depression scores whereas Vietnam had all the lowest scores. The risk factors for adverse mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic include age <30 years, high education background, single and separated status, discrimination by other countries and contact with people with COVID-19 (p<0.05). The protective factors for mental health include male gender, staying with children or more than 6 people in the same household, employment, confidence in doctors, high perceived likelihood of survival, and spending less time on health information (p<0.05). This comparative study among 7 MICs enhanced the understanding of metal health in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Chuan‐Chao Wang, Hui-Yuan Yeh, A. Popov et al.

The deep population history of East Asia remains poorly understood owing to a lack of ancient DNA data and sparse sampling of present-day people1,2. Here we report genome-wide data from 166 East Asian individuals dating to between 6000 bc and ad 1000 and 46 present-day groups. Hunter-gatherers from Japan, the Amur River Basin, and people of Neolithic and Iron Age Taiwan and the Tibetan Plateau are linked by a deeply splitting lineage that probably reflects a coastal migration during the Late Pleistocene epoch. We also follow expansions during the subsequent Holocene epoch from four regions. First, hunter-gatherers from Mongolia and the Amur River Basin have ancestry shared by individuals who speak Mongolic and Tungusic languages, but do not carry ancestry characteristic of farmers from the West Liao River region (around 3000 bc), which contradicts theories that the expansion of these farmers spread the Mongolic and Tungusic proto-languages. Second, farmers from the Yellow River Basin (around 3000 bc) probably spread Sino-Tibetan languages, as their ancestry dispersed both to Tibet—where it forms approximately 84% of the gene pool in some groups—and to the Central Plain, where it has contributed around 59–84% to modern Han Chinese groups. Third, people from Taiwan from around 1300 bc to ad 800 derived approximately 75% of their ancestry from a lineage that is widespread in modern individuals who speak Austronesian, Tai–Kadai and Austroasiatic languages, and that we hypothesize derives from farmers of the Yangtze River Valley. Ancient people from Taiwan also derived about 25% of their ancestry from a northern lineage that is related to, but different from, farmers of the Yellow River Basin, which suggests an additional north-to-south expansion. Fourth, ancestry from Yamnaya Steppe pastoralists arrived in western Mongolia after around 3000 bc but was displaced by previously established lineages even while it persisted in western China, as would be expected if this ancestry was associated with the spread of proto-Tocharian Indo-European languages. Two later gene flows affected western Mongolia: migrants after around 2000 bc with Yamnaya and European farmer ancestry, and episodic influences of later groups with ancestry from Turan. Genome-wide data from 166 East Asian individuals dating to between 6000 bc and ad 1000 and from 46 present-day groups provide insights into the histories of mixture and migration of human populations in East Asia.

Nitwara Wikan, Duncan R. Smith

David Chi-Leung Lam, C. Liam, S. Andarini et al.

The incidence and mortality of lung cancer are highest in Asia compared to Europe and USA, with the incidence and mortality rates being 34.4 and 28.1 per 100,000 respectively in East Asia. Diagnosing lung cancer at early stages makes the disease amenable to curative treatment and reduces mortality. In some areas in Asia, limited availability of robust diagnostic tools and treatment modalities, along with variations in specific healthcare investment and policies, make it necessary to have a more specific approach for screening, early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of lung cancer patients in Asia compared to the West. A group of 19 advisors across different specialties from 11 Asian countries, met on a virtual Steering Committee meeting, to discuss and recommend the most affordable and accessible lung cancer screening modalities and their implementation, for the Asian population. Significant risk factors identified for lung cancer in smokers in Asia include age 50-75 years and smoking history of >20 pack-years. Family history is the most common risk factor for non-smokers. Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening is recommended once a year for patients with screening-detected abnormality and persistent exposure to risk factors. However, for high-risk heavy smokers and non-smokers with risk factors, reassessment scans are recommended at an initial interval of 6 to 12 months with subsequent lengthening of reassessment intervals, and it should be stopped in patients > 80 years of age or are unable or unwilling to undergo curative treatment. Asian countries face several challenges in implementing LDCT screening, such as economic limitations, lack of efforts for early detection, and lack of specific government programs. Various strategies are suggested to overcome these challenges in Asia.

Jagad Aditya Dewantara, Dasim Budimansyah, Wibowo Heru Prasetiyo et al.

This paper examines the civic identity of the Dayak people in the West Kalimantan border region within the context of ethnic transnationalism, emphasizing the role of custom and cross-border mobility. Recognizing that Dayak communities have historically lived beyond the boundaries of modern states, the study conceptualizes citizenship as a lived social experience that does not always align with nation-state logic. Using ethnographic methods, the research explores how Dayak people interpret citizenship through everyday practices, kinship relations, and cross-border interactions. The findings show that citizenship is understood situationally and pragmatically, particularly in relation to administrative needs and access to state services, while ethnic and customary identities remain the primary basis of social loyalty. Custom functions as a value framework regulating community membership, social relations, and attachment to ancestral lands across borders. Continuous mobility sustains a transnational social space where borders are negotiated administrative structures rather than rigid social boundaries. The study highlights the layered and dynamic nature of border citizenship and contributes to scholarship on indigenous transnationalism.

J. Powell, A. Gloria-Soria, Panayiota Kotsakiozi

&NA; Aedes aegypti bears the common name “the yellow fever mosquito,” although, today, it is of more concern as the major vector of dengue, chikungunya, and, most recently, Zika viruses. In the present article, we review recent work on the population genetics of this mosquito in efforts to reconstruct its recent (approximately 600 years) history and relate these findings to epidemiological records of occurrences of diseases transmitted by this species. The two sources of information are remarkably congruent. Ae. aegypti was introduced to the New World 400‐550 years ago from its ancestral home in West Africa via European slave trade. Ships from the New World returning to their European ports of origin introduced the species to the Mediterranean region around 1800, where it became established until about 1950. The Suez Canal opened in 1869 and Ae. aegypti was introduced into Asia by the 1870s, then on to Australia (1887) and the South Pacific (1904).

Malashri Lal

Elsa Lafaye de Micheaux, Muriel Périsse

As China has taken its place at the heart of the ASEAN economy, as well as global maritime and financial traffic, it has continued to internationalise its businesses at an accelerated rate and in some of the most technologically advanced ways. Singapore has been a key destination since it began its massive investments in the region. Like other foreign investors, Chinese companies have targeted logistics, manufacturing and high value-added services. But now it seems that Chinese investment is focusing on the digital economy, which can be traced through the study of the projects and acquisitions of two key players: Alibaba and Huawei. This paper measures, characterises and contextualises Chinese OFDIs in Singapore from 2000 to 2022 in order to show how, through increasing investment in Southeast Asia's richest economy, China is consolidating both its own power in the digital domain and Singapore's position of regional superiority.

Grigoreva Julia G.

Introduction. The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing role of North-East Asia as one of the world and political centers, as well as the growth of various challenges and threats in the region, affecting safe and stable development of the world community as a whole. The study of the problem of regional security in Northeast Asia and the participation of Mongolia in its ensuring is important for the formation of theoretical and practical conclusions and assessments regarding its international status. Since the 1980s Mongolia has been consistently pursuing the policy of creating a mechanism for dialogue in Northeastern Asia. The result of these efforts was the Ulaanbaatar Northeast Asia Security Dialogue initiative. Mongolia's active foreign policy and the will to fully participate in regional cooperation in Northeastern Asia and in as many international and multilateral organizations as possible is one of the hallmarks of the phenomenon of modern Mongolia. The purpose of the study is to review the “Ulaanbaatar Dialogue on Security in Northeast Asia” and analyze its role in creating conditions for the interaction of all stakeholders in the interests of maintaining peace in Northeastern Asia. Results. This study presents a brief history of the formation and development of the Ulaanbaatar Dialogue, identifies advantages over similar discussion platforms in the region, and shows the importance of this event in increasing the international status of Mongolia. It is concluded that in the nearest future Mongolia may become an analogue of Asian Switzerland, the main platform for negotiations between countries in Northeast Asia due to the fact that Ulaanbaatar pursues an open, multifaceted foreign policy, and the adherence of this country to the “third neighbor” doctrine makes Mongolia a neutral state that does not participate in military-political blocks.

A. Malik, P. Kongsil, V. Nguyễn et al.

In Asia, cassava (Manihot esculenta) is cultivated by more than 8 million farmers, driving the rural economy of many countries. The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), in partnership with national agricultural research institutes (NARIs), instigated breeding and agronomic research in Asia, 1983. The breeding program has successfully released high-yielding cultivars resulting in an average yield increase from 13.0 t ha–1 in 1996 to 21.3 t ha–1 in 2016, with significant economic benefits. Following the success in increasing yields, cassava breeding has turned its focus to higher-value traits, such as waxy cassava, to reach new market niches. More recently, building resistance to invasive pests and diseases has become a top priority due to the emergent threat of cassava mosaic disease (CMD). The agronomic research involves driving profitability with advanced technologies focusing on better agronomic management practices thereby maintaining sustainable production systems. Remote sensing technologies are being tested for trait discovery and large-scale field evaluation of cassava. In summary, cassava breeding in Asia is driven by a combination of food and market demand with technological innovations to increase the productivity. Further, exploration in the potential of data-driven agriculture is needed to empower researchers and producers for sustainable advancement.

H. Zeller, W. van Bortel, B. Súdre

N. N. Trubnikova, M. V. Babkova

“Konjaku monogatari-shu”, a collection of Japanese Buddhist setsuwa tales composed in XII c., has been studied by Japanese scholars using Western methodology from the end of XIX and the beginning of XX cc. That is also the time when Western scholars start mentioning it in their works. From the very beginning untill recent times publications dealing with “Konjaku” gave special attention to the appraising of the text: the authors speculated if we could put this record amidst other chefs d’oeuvres of Japanese literature, its main outcomes? Review of those speculations shows us some particularities of the history of XX c. Japanese studies. Depending on the period when this of those study was made we can find there problems of the origins of “Konjaku”, should they be found in folklore or in the literature, of the religious and artistic tasks of “Konjaku”. The answers to all these questions are determinative to a large extent for the suggestions made by scholars about the circumstances of creation of “Konjaku”, its author(s), its composition in the whole and the meaning of its particular tales.

Erika Caranti

Named after the Hindu spring festival of Holī, horī songs generally portray the frolicsome play of the day with the throwing of coloured powders by Kṛṣṇa as the main protagonist pranking Rādhā and the gopī-s in Braj. The horī analysed in the present paper shows idiosyncrasies unveiling religious, theological, and ritual significance, besides offering precious insights into a ‘living tradition’: the celebration of Holī in the city of Banaras, at the cremation ground in Maṇikarṇikā ghāṭ where śaiva devotees enact and ‘actualise’ the horī. The song depicts Śiva playing Holī in the cremation ground with his retinue of ghostly creatures that are his favourite companions along with Aghorī-s. In place of colours, Śiva tosses the ashes from funeral pyres. In his divine dance and drumming, Mahādev uses the poisonous snakes adorning him as water-guns to squirt venom instead of gulāl. The atypical choice of Śiva in one of his fearful manifestations as the subject of a horī is discussed through references to philosophical and theological interpretations and specific symbolism. The apparent contradiction of the celebration of a lively festival in the setting of the cremation ground, resolved in the divine character of Śiva, is illustrated and contextualised starting from textual analysis.

Putra Desa Azren, S. Y. Lee, Diana Emang et al.

G. He, Z. Wang, Jianxin Guo et al.

Xiang-Qin Yu, Lianming Gao, D. Soltis et al.

Laura Suzanne K Suarez, Larnelle N Simms, Khaled Deeb et al.

Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis (RPC) is a condition found almost exclusively in individuals who lived in Southeast Asia. We report a case of a Caucasian veteran diagnosed with RPC after presenting with a 5-year history of recurrent fevers and abdominal pain 20 years after serving in Japan, South Korea, and Guam. Extensive evaluation led to the diagnosis of RPC with improvement after biliary decompression and antibiotics. Although rare, RPC should be considered in individuals who present with recurrent bouts of abdominal pain and fevers regardless of race.

Chingis Ts. Tsyrenov

Introduction. The southern Chinese empire of Eastern Jin, which lost its northern lands in 316, did not lose hope of reclaiming its territories. The East Jin commander Huan Wen undertook three military expeditions to Northern China: the first campaign of 354 (against the northwestern “barbarian” kingdom of the Di clan — Former Qin), the second campaign of 356 (against the rebellious Northern Chinese barbarian general Yao Xiang), and the third campaign of 368 (against the Xianbei kingdom of Former Yan). The purpose of the article was to give a general overview and a brief analysis of the events associated with the three campaigns, as well as to identify the causes and consequences of the victories and defeats of the Chinese side. Materials and methods. The main research methods were historical-genetic, historical-biographical, and historical-geographical analysis of relevant events and personalities. The major source of information about the events associated with Huan Wen’s three campaigns to the North is the official dynastic history “History of the Jin [Dynasty]” (“Jin Shu”), namely the Zaiji section and the Liezhuan biographical section. Results. The unsuccessful outcome of the initially successful campaigns of Huan Wen may be explained by the factional struggle between the capital (Yangzhou) and regional (Jingzhou) groupings of the ruling elite of the Eastern Jin state, as well as the general degradation of the central government apparatus. The crushing defeat of the third northern campaign led to the loss of the territories in Central China previously conquered by the Jin army and the decline of the court career of Huan Wen himself. But his clan remained an influential power in the Jingzhou region.

Apriles Lusein Sukirno, Eka Prabawa, Sopan Mukti

<div><p class="Els-history-head">Based on the fact that as an archipelago, Indonesia shares borders with neighboring countries in Southeast Asia. With a large number of territorial borders of Indonesia and other countries, it has resulted in various cooperative relationships or various border problems between Indonesia and these neighboring countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the form of defense diplomacy and its analysis to include the Tanjung Datu Phase as the Indonesia-Malaysia Outstanding Boundary Problem (OBP). The writing method used is qualitative, wherein in this analysis, the writer does not make calculations. The findings of this study are the subject of Indonesia's defense diplomacy to include the Tanjung Datu Phase as OBP Indonesia-Malaysia, namely the national regional coordination committee (Pankorwilnas), Directorate of Topography of the Army, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Home Affairs, and Outstanding Boundary Problem  (OBP). Meanwhile, the object of Indonesia's defense diplomacy to include the Tanjung Datu Phase as OBP Indonesia-Malaysia is in the form of Indonesia's goal, namely as the implementation of national interests in achieving its territorial sovereignty, and this is included in the scope of the defense.</p></div>