Hasil untuk "History"

M. J. Thompson

David Harvey has established himself as one of the most insightful and politically relevant social scientists on the left. By extending Marxian political economy into new spheres of social reality – such as the urban environment and space – he has been able to make significant contributions to our understanding of the ways that capitalism shapes everyday life. His seminal work, Social Justice and the City, published over thirty years ago, in 1973, provoked a profound reorientation in urban studies and in the study of capitalism. Harvey proposed the important thesis that urbanism, the city, and all related phenomena, were epiphenomena to the processes of capital. Against the most important urban theorists of the time, such as Henri Lefebvre, whose influential book, The Urban Revolution, argued that the urban was a sphere into itself, separate and, indeed, capable of being a way of life which was anti-capitalist, Harvey reasserted the notion that capital structured space, the city, and the political and cultural life associated with it. Our attention, Harvey suggested, ought never to leave the processes of capital since it was capital that was the dominant force in modern social, and of course, urban, life.

M. Foucault

1 . Genealogy i s gray, meticulous, and patiently documentary . It operates on a field of entangled and confused parchments, on d ocuments that have been scratched over and recopied many times . O n this basis, it i s obvious that Paul Reel was wrong to follow the English tendency in describing the history of morality in terms of a linear development-in reducing its entire history and genesis to an exclusive concern for utility . He assumed that words had kept their meaning, that desires still pointed in a single direction, and that ideas retained their logic; and he ig­ nored the fact that the world of speech and desires has known invasions, struggles, plundering, disguises, ploys. From these elements, however, genealogy retrieves an indispensable re­ straint: it must record the singularity of events outside of any monotonous finality; it must seek them in the most unpromising places, in what we tend to feel is without history-in sentiments, love, conscience, instincts; it must be sensitive to their recur­ rence, not in order to trace the gradual curve of their evolution, but to isolate the different scenes where they engaged in dif­ ferent roles . Finally, genealogy must define even those in­ stances when they are absent, the moment when they remained unrealized (Plato, at Syracuse, did not become Mohammed) . Genealogy, consequently, requires patience and a knowl­ edge of details, and it depends on a vast accumulation of source

M. Setterfield

R. C. Stebbins, Nathan W. Cohen

This is a book for all readers who want to learn about amphibians, the animal group that includes frogs, toads, salamanders, and caecilians. It draws on many years of classroom teaching, laboratory experience, and field observation by the authors. The authors explore some of nature's most interesting creatures, interspersing their own observations throughout the book. The book can serve as a textbook for students and independent learners, as an overview of the field for professional scientists and land managers, and as an introduction for general readers. The class Amphibia contains more than 4500 known living species. New species are being discovered so rapidly that the number may grow to more than 5000 during our lifetimes. However, their numbers are being rapidly diminished around the globe, largely due to the encroachment of humans on amphibian habitats and from growing human-caused environmental pollution, discussed at length in the final chapter. The authors focus our attention on the "natural history" of amphibians world-wide and emphasize their interactions with their environments over time: where they live; how they reproduce; how they have been affected by evolutionary processes; what factors will determine their destinies over time.

N. Patterson, Priya Moorjani, Yontao Luo et al.

Population mixture is an important process in biology. We present a suite of methods for learning about population mixtures, implemented in a software package called ADMIXTOOLS, that support formal tests for whether mixture occurred and make it possible to infer proportions and dates of mixture. We also describe the development of a new single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array consisting of 629,433 sites with clearly documented ascertainment that was specifically designed for population genetic analyses and that we genotyped in 934 individuals from 53 diverse populations. To illustrate the methods, we give a number of examples that provide new insights about the history of human admixture. The most striking finding is a clear signal of admixture into northern Europe, with one ancestral population related to present-day Basques and Sardinians and the other related to present-day populations of northeast Asia and the Americas. This likely reflects a history of admixture between Neolithic migrants and the indigenous Mesolithic population of Europe, consistent with recent analyses of ancient bones from Sweden and the sequencing of the genome of the Tyrolean “Iceman.”

G. Stone, A. Maehara, A. Lansky et al.

P. Nora

R. Cann

D. D. Murphey

C. Goodhart, M. Friedman, A. Schwartz

J. Bamford, P. Sandercock, M. Dennis et al.

M. Friedman, A. Schwartz

D. Wiebers, J. Whisnant, J. Huston et al.

P. Pierson

E. Wolf

J. Hage, R. Hollingsworth, F. Fukuyama

G. Haertling

R. Lazarus

K. Poole, H. Rosenthal

W. Lewis, C. Kindleberger