Hasil untuk "Hazardous substances and their disposal"

Mariana I. Manetti, M. Laura Migliori, M. Florencia Kronberg et al.

Pesticides are extensively used in agriculture to protect crops, but their environmental release, particularly as mixtures, raises concerns about effects on non-target organisms and ecosystem health. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of five pesticides used extensively on soybean crops - glyphosate, 2,4-D, paraquat, chlorpyrifos, and lambda-cyhalothrin- and their binary mixtures on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a model organism in toxicology. Locomotion and growth assays were conducted to assess acute and chronic effects, and the RISK21 matrix framework was used to convey environmental risks based on the bioassay results combined with surface water monitoring data and modeled exposure estimates. Our results demonstrate significant reductions in locomotion and body length for all tested pesticides, with synergistic effects observed in binary mixtures. However, the risk-based analysis suggests that the estimated environmental concentrations of these pesticides pose minimal ecological risks. In conclusion, our work highlights the novelty of combining C. elegans-based toxicity assays in a risk-based approach to evaluate pesticide mixtures, offering a practical approach for predicting environmental impacts and promoting sustainable agriculture.

Dario Savoca, Vincenzo Arizza, Gaetano Cammilleri et al.

A monitoring of organic contaminants in the muscles of the Procambarus clarkii and environmental samples of water and sediment was conducted in three Sicilian wetlands (Italy). The substances investigated in the biological samples were per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), phthalic acid esters (PAEs), pesticides, antibiotics, and microcystins (MCs), all of which were below the detection limit. Given that the Louisiana red swamp crayfish is considered a bioaccumulator, the results of this study indicate that these environments are not significantly contaminated by the selected pollutants. Furthermore, the study suggests the potential uses of the edible portions of this alien species. Despite P. clarkii cannot be marketed in several countries, including Italy, it is possible that the animal biomass obtained in the frame of the monitoring, control and eradication activities carried out by local authorities, could be exploited for various purposes, such as food, feed and biotechnology. This would reduce the costs associated with disposal and make these activities more sustainable in the long term, thereby contributing to the preservation of ecosystems that are currently threatened by this invasive species.

Lisa Lowe, Jamie Leonard, Sanjay Mohanty

Chewing gums typically contain plant-based or synthetic plastic polymers to improve their texture and flavor retention. These polymer fragments or microplastics can be released into the environment when disposed of improperly or ingested while chewing gums. Yet, how many microplastics a person may ingest while chewing gums is unknown. Analyzing microplastics released into saliva from 5 natural and 5 synthetic chewing gums, we found that each gram of chewing gum could release up to 637 microplastics, and 94 % of microplastics were released within the first 8 min of chewing. Surprisingly, synthetic chewing gum released a similar (p > 0.8) number of microplastics as natural or plant-based chewing gums. Microplastics released from the chewing gums were predominantly small, with a median size of 45.4 µm. Both of the chewing gum types released four types of plastic polymers—polyolefins, polyterephthalates (PET), polyacrylamides, and polystyrenes,— among which polyolefins were the most abundant. The result reveals that chewing gum consumption, irrespective of the type of chewing gums, could result in direct ingestion of microplastics.

Hallie Webb, Stephen Rosansky, Samer Mohamad Al-Dirani et al.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have become a top environmental concern for the military due to the prevalence of PFAS contamination from aqueous film-forming-foams (AFFFs) used to suppress fires in emergencies and training exercises. Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) has emerged as a promising technology for the removal and destruction of PFAS in aqueous media. This project used the SCWO-based PFAS Annihilator® at Peterson Space Force Base to treat unconcentrated, 50 %, and 79 % concentrated PFAS-contaminated water onsite and demonstrate the efficacy of the technology. This study analyzed target PFAS, total organofluorine, and non-PFAS contaminants removed by the SCWO system. Here, 94.3 % of target PFAS in the unconcentrated influent, 99.2 % in the 50 % concentrated influent, and 99.7 % in the 79 % concentrated influent were destroyed, while removing > 95.5 % of total organofluorine, with limited byproducts in the aqueous and vapor effluent. The mass balance achieved 52–102 % fluoride recovery across the three concentrations. A novel cost assessment demonstrates improved economic efficiency with increasing influent concentration, suggesting that SCWO can efficiently remove and destroy PFAS from contaminated water to levels below regulatory requirements, solidifying itself as an innovative solution to PFAS contamination.

Хмыз, Д.А., Боголюбова, В.О., Заикин, А.С. et al.

В статье рассматриваются ключевые проблемы, связанные с качеством паспортов безопасности химической продукции (ПБ) в Российской Федерации, и предлагаются пути их решения через формализацию процедуры экспертизы. На основе анализа статистики за последние годы выявлены типичные ошибки и несоответствия, приводящие к возвратам и отказам при регистрации ПБ. Авторы акцентируют внимание на критически важных разделах документа ‒ 2, 3, 5, 11 и 14, ошибки в которых напрямую влияют на достоверность информации об опасности, токсичности и условиях безопасного обращения с химической продукцией. В статье представлена разработанная Ассоциацией «НП КИЦ СНГ» балльная система оценки несоответствий и внутренний регламент экспертизы, направленные на повышение объективности и прозрачности процедуры. Реализация данного подхода позволит унифицировать экспертную оценку, снизить количество ошибок и повысить доверие к отечественной химической продукции в преддверии введения технического регламента «О безопасности химической продукции» в 2026 году. Ключевые слова: паспорт безопасности, химическая продукция, экспертиза, регламент, балльная система, технический регламент, безопасность.

Тойчуев, Р.М., Жилова, Л.В., Мамашарипов, К.М. et al.

В статье приведены результаты исследований грудного молока (ГМ) на хлорорганические пестициды (ХОП). Образцы ГМ взяты у 37-ми обратившихся к нам матерей больных детей в возрасте до 5 месяцев, которые находились на грудном вскармливании и лечились в различных стационарах, инфекционных отделениях и в частных клиниках по поводу острой кишечной инфекции (ОКИ), включая патологии новорожденных и ОКИ с неустановленным возбудителем. Проведен ряд обследований на кишечную группу инфекций, энтеровирусы, внутриутробные и другие инфекции. Обнаружено, что у 36 из 37 (97,34%) кормящих женщин в ГМ содержатся ХОП. У одной женщины ХОП в ГМ не обнаружены, но в последующем у ее ребенка выявлена ферментопатия. Таким образом, в условиях г. Ош у детей, находящихся на грудном вскармливании с диагнозом ОКИ с неустановленным источником инфекции, необходимо обследовать ГМ их матерей на содержание ХОП.

Atif Aziz Chowdhury, Nilendu Basak, Ekramul Islam

Plastic waste accumulation is a significant environmental concern as it promotes microbial growth and acts as a carrier for heavy metals. This study focuses on a Bacillus sp. strain isolated from the surface of a used plastic bottle, tolerant to various potential toxic elements (PTEs) such as chromium, nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, arsenite [As(III)], but sensitive to uranium (U) and arsenate [As(V)] toxicity. The strain demonstrates growth under different abiotic stress conditions, with the optimal pH range of 5.0–8.0 and a temperature of 30 °C. It shows remarkable removal capabilities, removing > 23.3% of U, > 38% of As(III)), and > 22.6% of As(V) from an initial dose of 100 mg L−1 in an aqueous solution. The biosorption capacity for U, As(III), and As(V) is 3.12, 3.1, and 1.8 mg g−1 of biomass, respectively. Kinetic modelling suggests that the biosorption of U and As(V) follows a pseudo-second-order mechanism, while As(III) biosorption follows a pseudo-first-order mechanism. Moreover, the strain has the ability to precipitate > 38.1% and ∼67% of U using bacterially released phosphate from inorganic and organic sources, respectively. These findings highlight the strain's potential for bioremediation of PTE-contaminated environments, providing valuable insights for optimizing metal removal and immobilization processes in future research.

Irédon Adjama, Hemen Dave, Bachir Yaou Balarabe et al.

The prevalence of microplastics (MPs) in food items is of significant concern due to their potential to cause various human health issues when ingested. Milk and dairy products are widely consumed for their nutritional value and have been found to contain MPs, as evidenced by numerous research studies. This review paper examines the current contamination levels of MPs in dairy products and breast milk, as well as evaluates the environmental impact of the analytical methods used for MPs analysis. The highest contamination levels in dairy products and human breast milk have been found up to 2590 MPs/L. Hence policymakers should enforce stringent regulations to ensure food quality. Additionally, it has been noted that existing analytical methods for detecting MPs in dairy products often fail to adhere to the principles of green analytical chemistry, with many scorings below 0.58 on the AGREE scale. These findings emphasize the urgent necessity for the development of rapid and green analysis methods for detecting MPs in dairy products and breast milk.

Sakineh Gerayllo, Najmeh Shahini, Somayeh Ghorbani et al.

Background: Aging and increase in the elderly population are the most important issues in recent years in developed countries and some developing countries. Mental health is one of the crucial aspects of elderly well-being and must be addressed to improve community health. This study is conducted to examine the mental health of the elderly and the related factors in Gorgan city, 2022. Methods: The present study is descriptive-analytical and was conducted using a two-stage cluster random sampling method. First, four comprehensive health service centers were selected as a cluster from among the centers of Gorgan city, and then 263 people were randomly selected from the chosen centers, proportionate to the number of registered elderly individuals in the electronic service system. The standard depression questionnaire for the elderly was utilized for assessment. Data were then entered into SPSS software version 18 and with descriptive and analytical statistical tests, including the Mann-Whitney test, Chi-square test, and logistic regression (The significance level was less than 0.05(. Results: A total of 263 elderly people were evaluated with a mean age of 68.64 ± 7.2 . 143 (54.4%) were male and 120 (45.6%) were female. The prevalence of depression was reported to be 27.8. The occurrence of depression was significantly associated with age, marital status, and the presence of underlying disease conditions (p < 0.05). However, gender, place of residence, and BMI did not show a statistically significant relationship with the occurrence of depression. Aging, underlying diseases, and not being married increase the chance of depression in the elderly. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of depression in the elderly is lower than the average of the whole country in this study, they are in a better condition. However, due to the fact that they are a special target group, as well as the various risk factors of the disease, including age, lack of marriage, and the presence of an underlying disease in this group, it is suggested that more appropriate planning be done to improve their mental health status

Tae-Kyoung Kim, Donghyun Lee, Griffin Walsh et al.

To assess the performance of hazardous waste sites remediation technologies like in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) with persulfate (S2O82−) researchers must periodically measure concentrations of target contaminants. Due to the presence of relatively high concentrations of the residual oxidant expected in many samples, the standard analytical method requires the addition of a relatively high concentration of ascorbic acid to prevent the oxidation process from continuing after sample collection. We discovered that addition of ascorbic acid quencher results in a radical chain reaction that transforms two common halogenated solvents (i.e., tetrachloroethene and hexachloroethane). To avoid the artifact associated with the radical chain reaction, a small quantity of n-hexane can be added to aqueous samples to extract target compounds and protect them from the radical chain reaction initiated by addition of the quencher. We recommend the use of this alternative sample preservation method whenever high concentrations of residual S2O82− are expected to be present in water samples that are contaminated with halogenated solvents.

Samuel Adesina Okueso, Victor Olusegun Adefarasin, Ademola Ridwan Adekola

Background: Insects’ stings and bites are common phenomenon among school children in rural areas primarily due to closeness to bushes. Knowledge of teachers on allergies and anaphylaxis due to insect bites and stings is important to promote healthy school living; hence, this study investigated the knowledge of primary school teachers on stinging insects and allergic reactions. Methods: This was a descriptive survey research with 120 participants. Knowledge of insect stings prevention questionnaire (KISPQ r = 8.27) and knowledge of insect stings first aid treatment questionnaire (KISFATQ, r = 7.68) were the main instruments used for the study.  Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the four research questions while linear regression analysis was used to test the two postulated hypotheses at 0.05 alpha levels. Results: Findings revealed that teachers were not significantly knowledgeable about insects’ stings regarding allergies and anaphylactic reactions. This was because only about 50% of the teachers could recognize the insects causing allergies and anaphylactic reactions. The result of F-value of 81.760 whose probability was close to zero percent showed that, statistically, the teachers' knowledge of the prevention and first aid treatment of allergy due to insect bite had a significant influence on prevention of anaphylaxis. The result of F-value of 110.618 whose probability was close to zero percent indicated that teachers' knowledge of aetiology and prevention of allergy regarding insect bite had a significant influence on first aid skills. Conclusion: There is lack of knowledge in these areas at primary school level and that allergies and anaphylactic prevention should be added to health education curriculum content in school to improve knowledge of both the teachers and the pupils. Therefore, this study focuses on training teachers regarding prevention of insect stings and improving first aid treatment skills for stings and bites.

Yasmin Termeh-Zonoozi, P. Dilip Venugopal, Vyomesh Patel et al.

Background: Increasing use prevalence of waterpipe tobacco products raises concerns about environmental impacts from waterpipe waste disposal. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is required to assess the environmental impact of its tobacco regulatory actions per the National Environmental Policy Act. This study builds on FDA’s efforts characterizing the aquatic toxicity of waterpipe wastewater chemicals. Methods: We compiled a comprehensive list of waterpipe wastewater chemical concentrations from literature. We then selected chemicals for risk assessment by estimating persistence, bioaccumulation, and aquatic toxicity (PBT) characteristics (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), and hazardous concentration values (concentration affecting specific proportion of species). Results: Of 38 chemicals in waterpipe wastewater with concentration data, 20 are listed as harmful or potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in tobacco smoke and tobacco products by FDA, and 15 are hazardous waste per U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Among metals, six (cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel and selenium) are included in both HPHC and hazardous waste lists and were selected for future risk assessments. Among non-metals, nicotine, and 4-methylnitrosamino-1-(3-pyridyl)− 1-butanone (NNK) were shortlisted, as they are classified as persistent and toxic. Further, N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), with a low hazardous concentration value (HC50; concentration affecting 50 % of aquatic species) for chronic aquatic toxicity, had high aquatic toxicity concern and is selected. Conclusions: The presence of multiple hazardous compounds in waterpipe wastewater highlights the importance of awareness on the proper disposal of waterpipe wastewater in residential and retail settings. Future studies can build on the hazard characterization provided in this study through fate and transport modeling, exposure characterization and risk assessments of waterpipe wastewater chemicals.

Behzad Roozbeh, Mahsa Naemi, Maryam Soltani Gerdefaramarzi et al.

Background: Cancer is the most common disease in the present century and the number of affected children is increasing. It can cause many problems for family caregivers. This study assessed the correlation between social support and care-giving burden among parents of children with cancer. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted by convenience sampling method on 230 parents (115 mothers and 115 fathers) referring to Oncology Clinic and Oncology Ward  in Yazd Shahid Sadoughi Hospital (Iran) from March to August 2020 (Covid-19 Pandemics). Researchers asked the patients' parents to answer the questionnaires. The data were gathered by the demographic questionnaire, Care Burden Scale (CBS), and Social Support Scale and analyzed with SPSS21 using Pearson correlation coefficient, Chi-square, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (P=0.05). Results: The mean of the care burden of parents was 52.19 2.48 and the social support of them was higher than that (78.78± 13.21). There was no significant correlation between social support and domains of general strain (P=0.90), disappointment (P=0.52), emotional involvement (P=0.53), environment (P=0.95), and isolation (P=0.40) of the care burden. Conclusions: There was no correlation between social support and care burden in the parents of children with cancer.  Other factors may be involved in care burden of the parents. More research  is needed with more samples in the future.

Zohreh Karimiankakolaki

Men's smoking is a source of exposure to tobacco smoke, which is linked to the amount of cotinine in pregnant women (Taylor et al., 2014). The rate of exposure to secondhand smoke in pregnant women in Iran was 23.1% (MazloomyMahmoodabad et al., 2019). Addressing SHS exposure in pregnancy in low-

Mahdi Abdolkarimi, Fatemeh Ayeneh Heydari, Seyedeh Shirin Lotfi et al.

Background: Determining the level of physical activity and factors in female teachers can be effective in planning health promotion interventions. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the level of physical activity and social factors affecting female teachers in Rafsanjan. Methods: in this descriptive study, the level of physical activity and the social factors were examined in 198 female high school teachers in Rafsanjan City in 2019. The International Short Form Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to determine physical activity levels. Sallis's social support questionnaire for exercise was used to determine the level of social support. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18 and chi-square and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results: The level of physical activity in female teachers was lower than the recommended level so that only 34.3% had the minimum physical activity at the recommended level. In terms of intensity of physical activity, most physical activities were reported as walking. The physical activity of this group was not statistically significant based on age (p = 0.09), work experience (p = 0.70), level of education (p = 0.28), and income level (p = 0.082). Also, there was a significant correlation between all types of physical activity and social support in all aspects. Conclusion: Providing social support for exercise by family and friends has been identified as an effective physical activity factor. Therefore, it seems necessary to design educational programs to improve teachers' awareness and attitude, emphasizing the creation of a supportive environment by family, friends, and even related organizations.

Khim Hoong Chu

Fixed bed adsorption of toxic metal ions such as chromium is a research area of current interest. Mathematical models are routinely used to summarize breakthrough results of metal ions, which often display varying degrees of curve asymmetry. This work introduces the Weibull function as a simple model for correlating asymmetric breakthrough curves of chromium. The Weibull function is similar to the widely used Bohart-Adams model in several aspects. For example, they both produce sigmoid or S-shaped curves. Their simple mathematical forms can be linearized and linear regression can then be used to estimate their parameters. However, the Weibull function, unlike the Bohart-Adams model, can track the trajectory of asymmetric breakthrough data. Applying the Weibull function to published breakthrough data of chromium, this article illustrates its outright superiority versus the Bohart-Adams model in representing highly asymmetric data. Both equations provide satisfactory fits to breakthrough data exhibiting a moderate degree of curve asymmetry.

Annesh Borthakur, Patience Olsen, Gregory P. Dooley et al.

Subsurface soil naturally experiences dry-wet and freeze-thaw cycles, which could affect the leaching of previously adsorbed pollutants. A slow release of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from impacted subsurface soil may serve as a long-term diffuse source of PFAS to groundwater. Yet, the extent to which these weathering conditions may affect the subsurface release of PFAS is unknown. We subjected columns packed with soil pre-adsorbed with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) to dry-wet and freeze-thaw cycles and observed a spike in PFOA concentration in leachate following each weathering treatment compared to no weathering treatment. Weathering conditions released a high concentration of soil colloids, which were confirmed by particle-size distribution analysis, SEM-EDS, and XRD. Fractionation of PFOA in the water sample reveals that up to 36 % of leached PFOA was associated with soil colloids. Thus, previous studies that did not account for colloids might have underestimated the leaching of PFAS from the soil. Overall, the results indicate that natural weathering conditions can enhance subsurface leaching of colloids and colloid-associated PFOA. Therefore, current conceptual site models to quantify the leaching of PFAS from source zones should account for weathering and the contribution of colloids.

Ibnu Sutoko, Latipun Latipun

Background: The alcoholic drink level of consumption is still high, particularly among adolescents and adults. Continuous consumption of alcoholic drinks can lead to addiction, making it difficult to cope with; however, some individuals with such a situation are could cease the habit. This study aims to explore the process of individuals breaking away from alcohol dependence. Methods: The research approach used qualitative with a phenomenological design. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to obtain in-depth data from eight subjects selected according to purposive sampling criteria. The data was analyzed using a descriptive phenomenological method. Results: The study results found four main themes for quitting alcoholic beverages: the influence of the experience of becoming an addict, a strong internal desire to quit, being threatened by biological impacts, internal and external driving factors to quit. Conclusion: Based on the findings, individuals who want to quit addiction must have a strong desire, consider the biological impact on health and have internal and external driving factors.

Ameneh Marzban, Masoud Soleymani-rad

This articles hasnot abstract.

Manish Kumar, Alok Kumar Thakur, Payal Mazumder et al.

Increased concern has recently emerged pertaining to the occurrence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in aquatic environment during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. While infectious SARS-CoV-2 has yet to be identified in the aquatic environment, the virus potentially enters the wastewater stream from patient excretions and a precautionary approach dictates evaluating transmission pathways to ensure public health and safety. Although enveloped viruses have presumed low persistence in water and are generally susceptible to inactivation by environmental stressors, previously identified enveloped viruses persist in the aqueous environment from days to several weeks. Our analysis suggests that not only the surface water, but also groundwater, represent SARS-CoV-2 control points through possible leaching and infiltrations of effluents from health care facilities, sewage, and drainage water. Most fecally transmitted viruses are highly persistent in the aquatic environment, and therefore, the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in water is essential to inform its fate in water, wastewater and groundwater and subsequent human exposure.