Hasil untuk "Economics"

Avi Goldfarb, Catherine Tucker

Digital technology is the representation of information in bits. This technology has reduced the cost of storage, computation, and transmission of data. Research on digital economics examines whether and how digital technology changes economic activity. In this review, we emphasize the reduction in five distinct economic costs associated with digital economic activity: search costs, replication costs, transportation costs, tracking costs, and verification costs. (JEL D24, D83, L86, O33, R41)

D. Rodrik

J. Bergmann, A. Weigelt, F. Plas et al.

Collaboration broadens the “root economics space” ranging from “do-it-yourself” to “outsourcing” to mycorrhizal partners. Plant economics run on carbon and nutrients instead of money. Leaf strategies aboveground span an economic spectrum from “live fast and die young” to “slow and steady,” but the economy defined by root strategies belowground remains unclear. Here, we take a holistic view of the belowground economy and show that root-mycorrhizal collaboration can short circuit a one-dimensional economic spectrum, providing an entire space of economic possibilities. Root trait data from 1810 species across the globe confirm a classical fast-slow “conservation” gradient but show that most variation is explained by an orthogonal “collaboration” gradient, ranging from “do-it-yourself” resource uptake to “outsourcing” of resource uptake to mycorrhizal fungi. This broadened “root economics space” provides a solid foundation for predictive understanding of belowground responses to changing environmental conditions.

J. Chave, D. Coomes, S. Jansen et al.

T. Persson, G. Tabellini

D. Kahneman, J. Knetsch, R. Thaler

Paul R. Milgrom, John E. Roberts

C. Freeman

A. Deaton, J. Muellbauer

Willi Hock, K. Schittkowski

K. Judd

J. Heckman, R. Lalonde, Jeffrey A. Smith

E. Hanushek

J. Heckman

M. Peters, K. Timmerhaus

E. Fehr, S. Gächter

This paper shows that reciprocity has powerful implications for many economic domains. It is an important determinant in the enforcement of contracts and social norms and enhances the possibilities of collective action greatly. Reciprocity may render the provision of explicit incentive inefficient because the incentives may crowd out voluntary co-operation. It strongly limits the effects to competition in markets with incomplete contracts and gives rise to noncompetitive wage differences. Finally, reciprocity it is also a strong force contributing to the existence of incomplete contracts.

D. Held, Anthony Mcgrew, D. Goldblatt et al.

J. Kagel, A. Roth

K. Rennings

G. Stigler