Hasil untuk "Economic history and conditions"

J. Gallup, J. Sachs

R. Ceylan, B. Ozkan, Esra Mulazimogullari

Like wars and socio-politic shifts, contagious diseases have changed the economics and politics of the world throughout history. In 2020, the world faced COVID-19, a globally effective virus leading to mass losses and socio-economic panic. Due to apparent psycho-social conditions, analyzing the potential economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic was inevitable. Thus, discussing economic effects of previous global and regional epidemics is considered beneficial. This research evaluated most of the known epidemics and their effects on economics and socio-politics by reviewing scientific literature. In addition to the vast literature and observations on the ongoing process, we assessed the potential impacts of COVID-19 and potential ways to overcome these impacts. The most urgent socio-economic measures needed to combat the negative effects of a contagious disease are related to unemployment with its income effects and security of all sectors. To prevent persistent unemployment, service, retail, and even industrial sectors need to be supported. Additionally, we discussed the need for re-organizing the funding and managerial sustainability of healthcare services to be prepared for future.

Michael J. Andrews, Alexa Smith

Yingying Liu, Yang Ju, Yanjun Wang et al.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a chronic condition commonly observed in adults, particularly among the elderly, is characterized by a dysfunctional insulin response that impairs blood glucose regulation, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia. Ginseng, a medicinal plant with significant economic value and a longstanding history of therapeutic use in Asia, has shown efficacy against various diseases. Extensive clinical and experimental studies highlight ginsenosides, its primary bioactive compounds, for their multiple therapeutic effects across a range of conditions, including endocrine, cardiovascular, and central nervous system disorders. Various ginsenoside types have demonstrated potential in lowering blood glucose levels, reducing insulin resistance, and alleviating complications through the modulation of key protein targets and signaling pathways. This review consolidates the pharmacological actions and mechanisms of distinct ginsenosides in managing diabetes and its complications, offering a theoretical foundation for further pharmacological research and novel drug development for T2DM treatment, while also providing robust theoretical support for future clinical applications.

Bogusław Wacławik, Joanna Popławska, Arkadiusz Sułek et al.

ESG reporting is a key process through which companies provide detailed information regarding their impact on the environment (E), society (S) and corporate governance (G). The aim of the article is to present the authors' research results on the reporting of environmental information in the field of ESG among companies from the energy sector and the defence industry, represented by the example of PIT-RADWAR, listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in 2022-2023. The methodology was based on a review of the literature on the subject, legal acts and own research, which used non-financial reports of listed companies regarding ESG information. According to the authors, the article adds value to the literature on the subject, in particular in terms of gathering source material and discussing it. Considering the growing importance of ESG factors in the defence sector, the article also highlights the emerging trend of ESG reporting in this industry using the example of PIT-RADWAR S.A., emphasising its growing importance and the sector's first steps towards increasing the transparency of non-financial reporting. The subject matter of the article can form the basis for further detailed empirical research on ESG reporting.

Gabriel Brondino, Francisco Leiva, Hernán Alejandro Roitbarg

El trabajo desarrolla una estrategia de estimación no muestral de matriz de coeficientes insumo-producto intrarregionales de escala metropolitana, tomando como caso el Gran Santa Fe. La estrategia metodológica consiste en “regionalizar” la matriz de coeficientes técnicos nacionales. Las fuentes de información utilizadas son la tabla insumo-producto de Argentina de 2018 estimada por la OCDE y datos de empleo recabados por el INDEC. A partir de la estimación, se caracteriza la estructura productiva del GSF en términos de encadenamientos productivos y efectos multiplicadores. El análisis reconstruye el paisaje económico de la región, identificando sus sectores estratégicos, impulsores, clave e independientes

Samiya Bedoui, Asma Adouane

This study aims to assess satisfaction with the quality of education in educational institutions in Algeria and to determine the factors that significantly influence it. The study was based on a survey of inspectors representing the primary control body for educational institutions in Algeria. The questionnaire contained questions based on which the inspectors assessed the quality of education in 1,101 schools (representative sample). A three-point Likert scale was used to evaluate inspectors' agreement with the statements included in the questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 7 factors that characterize the quality of the professional development of pedagogical workers, the educational program, textbooks, the educational process, the conditions of school education, the evaluation process, and the effectiveness of the teacher's work. Correspondence of the data to the normal law of distribution was confirmed with the help of SENWEKS (asymmetry coefficient/skewness coefficient) and KIRTOSIS (variation coefficient or excess) indicators. The reliability of the research tools and the possibility of relying on the questionnaire data were confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and validity - using the overall internal consistency coefficient. The internal consistency reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using Pearson's linear correlation coefficients between the factors and the total score of the questionnaire. The study proved that the factors of the quality of education, with the highest level of satisfaction expressed by the respondents, were the quality of educational programs (inspectors have a favourable opinion about the educational content, considering it relevant and well structured) and textbooks (inspectors appreciate the clarity and richness of the content of the textbook, emphasizing its essential role in student learning), while they were the least satisfied with the quality of learning conditions (inspectors point to a lack of educational resources, inadequate infrastructure and a large number of students in the classroom). One-sample Student's t-test (one-sample T-Student Test) was used to identify the factors that have the most significant impact on measuring the quality of education in educational institutions in Algeria. The most important factors were the effectiveness of the teachers, the quality of the curriculum and the quality of the textbooks. The research emphasizes the importance of continuous learning and adequate support for teachers.

Sára Farkas

The purpose of this study is to shed light on the possibilities of higher-level development policy involvement of the financial intermediary institutional system, with particular regard to regional development. The investigation was primarily based on the analysis of the Hungarian financial intermediary system of refundable subsidies from the European Union that operated from 2007 through 2013. The reason for this is that, in terms of the diversity of the institutional system, both concerning the preceding and the 2014-2020 development cycle, this period had the highest diversity of institutions mediating subsidies, which plays a crucial role in the development of solutions that are more precisely suited to the financing needs of the final beneficiaries. After reviewing the available literature and development policy documents, I applied a research method based on a Delphi analysis. The investigation revealed a new finding: the market experience of the institutions' experts was the key factor in the successful placement of intermediary institutions' resources. This aspect had not been previously highlighted in evaluations or literature findings. In addition, the research pointed out, among other things, that for more optimal use of financial instruments for cohesion purposes, an integrated policy mix should be created at a higher level, including primarily the social and financial sectors, as well as the territorial development policy. All this would enable the introduction of combined support products at the implementation level, linking financial instruments with other non-financial types of support. For example, loan or guarantee products could be supplemented with consultancy, education, or mentoring support (especially concerning management, organization development, and strategic planning).

Bambang Sucipto, *Muhammad Yusuf, Yuyun Mulyati

It and internal company conditions strongly influence company performance in the consumer sector. This study examines how macroeconomic and company characteristics affect corporate financial performance in consumer goods companies. This study's population now seems to be goods sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The results of the systematic sampling technique and data analysis methods using several regression analyses confirmed that macroeconomic factors had no significant effect on company performance. Significant company. The characteristic is the level of corporate debt. The level of debt leverage has a negative and significant impact on company performance, indicating that the higher the company's debt, the reduced the company's performance. The sample size of this study is confined to consumer goods companies, so it cannot be generalized to other business sectors.

Cristina NICOLAESCU, Monica BIJA

Loosely, the subsidies represent non-repayable funds received by an entity subject to the fulfillment of certain conditions, as well as the donations for investments and the overstock like tangible/intangible assets. Consequently, in most cases, the non-compliance of the conditions related to the subsidies entails the transformation of non-repayable funds in loans, that is in amounts that must be returned on a given due date. Exactly due to this aspect, the way in which they are followed up, reflected in the accounting and reported is very important. For the economic entities to benefit from the advantage of these amounts, those responsible for the follow-up and registration in the accounting of the operations related to the amounts/goods received as a subsidy must know the legislation well, both the one regulating the respective subsidies, and the accounting and fiscal one, for the correct highlight of these subsidies from an accounting and tax perspective.

Roxana-Daniela PAUN

Distance doesn't separate people, silence does!" Artificial intelligence is a reality and it evolves every day, it simplifies life where it is used in the human’s interest, being already applied in many fields. Is there any risk of moving away from the noble goal of being at the service of the collective good and of being used against people to limit fundamental rights and freedoms? Is there any risk that the totalitarian society will re-establish itself, this time on a global level? The current study presents, in summary, a first analysis of the latest developments in this field, starting from the Chinese experience, as far as it is known and popularized regarding facial recognition made by artificial intelligence for monitoring citizens for the social credit system.

عبد الرحمان بن عمار , عمر سدي

      تعالج هذه الورقة البحثية الآليات والضمانات القانونية التي تحمي المستهلك من مخاطر المنتوجات المستوردة في ظل أحكام قانون09-03 المتعلق بحماية المستهلك وقمع الغش، وإبراز الأهمية في تعزيز المصالح المادية والمعنوية للمستهلك لكونه الطرف الأضعف في حلقة العقود الاستهلاكية، ومن جهة أخرى نبين الأحكام القانونية المقررة في ازدواج الجزاء المقرر لمخالفة المستورد للالتزامات المقررة ضمن قانون حماية المستهلك وقمع الغش. ومن جهة أخرى نبين أهمية الرقابة الإدارية التي يقوم بها أعوان الرقابة وقمع الغش وأعوان مصالح الجمارك في الكشف عن الجرائم الاقتصادية.

Balázs Taksás, Ernő Hegedűs

A 20. és 21. századi tapasztalatok alapján a nemzeti védelmi ipar létrehozásának 3 alapvető feltétele van: külső vagy belső biztonsági kihívások, politikai akarat, gazdasági és társadalmi erőforrások. Ez a cikk ez utóbbin keresztül mutatja be a magyar védelmi ipar jövőképét. Átfogóan elemzi a védelmi ipar erőforrásbázisát, megvizsgálja az olyan szükséges elemeket, mint a technológia és know-how, tőke, munkaerő, menedzsment tudás, beszállítói lánc, kapcsolódó ipar és szolgáltatás ágak, innovációs ökoszisztéma, kutatás- fejlesztési infrastruktúra. Bemutatja a védelmi iparpolitika céljait, lehetséges eszközeit, jövőbeni lehetőségeit és korlátait. Based on 20th and 21st century experiences the successful creation of national defense industry has three essential requirements: external or internal security challenges, strong political commitment, economic and social resources. Focusing on the last one, this article presents the vision of the Hungarian defense industry. It comprehensively analyzes the defense industrial base with all its required elements: technology and know-how, labour forces, entrepreneurship and management skills, domestic supply chains, connecting industrial and service branches, innovation ecosystem, research and development infrastructure. It is also a brief of the goals, possible tools, future opportunities and restrictions of the defense industrial policy.

László Trautmann

A Köz-Gazdaság interjút kért Kalotay Kálmántól, az UNCTAD korábbi vezető közgazdászától, aki jelenleg az ELKH KRTK Világgazdasági Intézetének kutatója. Kalotay Kálmán 1983 és 1990 között az akkori Marx Károly Budapesti Közgazdaságtudományi Egyetem Világgazdasági Tanszékének volt ösztöndíjasa, adjunktusa. 1990 és 1996 között az Egyesült Nemzetek Kereskedelmi és Fejlesztési Konferenciája (UNCTAD) Fejlődő Országok Közötti Gazdasági Együttműködési Főosztályának volt (ECDC) gazdasági ügyekkel foglalkozó segédmunkatársa, majd 1996-tól egészen 2021-ig az Egyesült Nemzetek Kereskedelmi és Fejlesztési Konferenciája (UNCTAD) Befektetési és Vállalkozásfejlesztési Főosztályának (DIAE) gazdasági ügyekkel foglalkozó munkatársa. Tagja volt a World Investment Reportokat és az Investment Policy Review-kat készítő csoportnak. Az előbbinek 1996–2010 és 2016–2021 között, az utóbbinak 2010–2016 között. Széles körű oktatási tapasztalattal rendelkezik, tanított Torinóban, Finnországban és Mexikóban is.

Y. Gladkiy, V. Sukhorukov, E. Samylovskaya et al.

The study of the Arctic has been and remains an urgent scientific and practical task. The Arctic region plays an exceptional role in modern world politics and economy. Russia is an active participant in all Arctic events. Arctic possessions of Russia are huge and rich in many kinds of valuable resources. The authors formulate General theoretical provisions and criteria of practical effectiveness, with the help of which it is possible to fix the strategy and objectives in the field of development of the Russian Arctic as an intensive living space (Ecumene). Such provisions and criteria are associated with so-called “codes of expansion”, among which the natural, civilizational, socio-economic, ecological, recreational and geopolitical are analyzed. It is emphasized that the main reason for the slow development and low population of the Arctic zone of Russia are extreme climatic conditions, including permanent ice cover and drifting ice in the Arctic seas.

Káposzta József

Szilvia Flanek, Artur Bálint Kis, Artur Bálint Kis

Munkánk fókuszába a Magyarországon egyelőre kevéssé ismert, de annál izgalmasabb M-Pesa bemutatását helyeztük, annak kenyai aspektusait a politikai gazdaságtan szemszögéből vizsgálva. Arra teszünk kísérletet, hogy az innovatív mobil pénzátviteli rendszer működését részletesen leírva, a kenyai siker feltételeit meghatározzuk. Kitérünk a magaskultúra mint gazdaságpolitikai irányító eszköz formáira és szerepére, valamit részletesen tárgyaljuk a bizalom kulcsfontosságú témáját. Célunk, saját kutatásainkra alapozva, hiánypótló jelleggel, egy olyan kulcs definiálása, amelynek tényezői mellett nemcsak lehetséges, de akár ajánlott is a kenyai rendszer átvétele.

Mats Morell, Martin Söderhäll

Celso J. Costa

The aim of the present study is to use an alternative approach to derive the term structure of interest rates in DSGE models, which is based on the theory of preferred habitat. We show that this approach yields a substantial term premium which is time-variant. In particular, by introducing bonds of longer maturity, we avoid the underestimation of the volatility of the output. In addition, by allowing longer-term bonds, we show that output is more responsive to technology shocks than it would otherwise. Therefore, the goal of stabilizing output around the nonstochastic level is more difficult to achieve.

A. Makarov

The history of Russian-Dutch relations dates back to the reign of Ivan the Terrible, when Dutch merchants first appeared in Arkhangelsk. Subsequently, at the end of the XVII centuryPeter I sent to European countries, including Netherlands, the Great Embassy, the results and experience of which played a recognized historical role in his large-scale socio-economic reforms in Russian Empire. At the present stage, Netherlands for Russia is one of the key suppliers of high-tech goods, services, competencies and management technologies mostly in all sectors of national economy, a transit country and a logistics hub for Russian exports, as well as an important partner in the field of cross-border investments. The article also analyzes the features of the Kingdom's economy, its place in global trade and key competitiveness rankings. In recent decades, Netherlands has confidently occupied one of the leading positions in European and world trade, ahead of many major economic partners and competitors. The author concludes that the importance of the progressive development of trade and economic relations with countries such as the Netherlands, cooperation with which has a generally positive impact on the transformation of the Russian economy, contributes to the diversification of exports, investments, attracting advanced competencies and innovations.