Urban economics and branches of mainstream economics – what we call the ‘housing as opportunity’ school of thought – have been arguing that shortages of affordable housing in dense agglomerations represent a fundamental barrier to economic development. Housing shortages are considered to limit migration into thriving cities, curtailing their expansion potential, generating rising social and spatial inequalities and inhibiting national growth. According to this dominant view, relaxing zoning and other planning regulations in the most prosperous cities is crucial to unleash the economic potential of cities and nations and to facilitate within-country migration. In this article, we contend that the bulk of the claims of the housing as opportunity approach are fundamentally flawed and lead to simplistic and misguided policy recommendations. We posit that there is no clear and uncontroversial evidence that housing regulation is a principal source of differences in home availability or prices across cities. Blanket changes in zoning are unlikely to increase domestic migration or to improve affordability for lower-income households in prosperous areas. They would, however, increase gentrification within metropolitan areas and would not appreciably decrease income inequality. In contrast to the housing models, we argue that the basic motors of all these features of the economy are the current geography of employment, wages and skills.
The Human Development Index (HDI) introduced by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) offers a unique quantitative measure that encompasses advancements in three fundamental aspects of human development: health, education, and living standards. However, focusing on only three dimensions when evaluating human development performance of countries is not adequate in today’s digital world. This study proposes a data envelopment analysis (DEA)-based composite index to provide an innovation-integrated human development performance assessment tool for countries. The novel two-stage common-weight DEA-based approach proposed in here is applied in a case study examining the performance assessment of European Union (EU) countries. The first stage of the developed methodology consists of solving the novel commonweight DEA-based approach with HDI indicators as the outputs and the Gini coefficient as the input. At the second stage, innovation-based indicators from World Bank database are used to evaluate innovation efficiency of EU countries. The composite index that yields the complete ranking of EU countries in terms of innovation-integrated human development performance is computed as the product of the efficiency scores resulting from these two stages. The rankings produced by the proposed approach are compared with the HDI rankings as well as the results obtained from various common-weight DEA-based models.
First published online 27 November 2025
Viacheslav Davydenko, Anna Kavunska, Viacheslav Barba
The study focuses on the conceptual, theoretical, empirical and methodological foundations of a legal and economic nature, concerning the legal support for the activities of operational units of the National Police in preventing cybercrime, in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. Methodology. The present study employed both general and special methods of cognition. Utilising the dialectical method, the author evaluated the essence of countering cybercrime by operational police units in terms of its prevention and prevention of these offences in the legal and economic planes, according to a diverse range of parameters. The analysis established the foundations for a multidimensional study of all the characteristic features of cybercrime prevention in the context of economic integration, in terms of economic and legal etymology. The synthesis established the conditions necessary for the generalisation of the distinctive features of the activities of police operational units. The formal legal method enabled the correct interpretation of the content of legal acts defining the general and special legal regimes of preventive activities of operational police units within the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. The purpose of the article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the potential areas for improvement in the activities of the operational units of the National Police in order to prevent cybercrime in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. The results of the study demonstrated that the role of the operational units of the National Police in preventing cybercrime in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges encompasses a range of complex measures in various areas of activity of the relevant police unit, primarily in ensuring cybersecurity. It has been determined that there are specific areas in which the operational units of the National Police can enhance their efforts to combat cybercrime. These areas have been identified in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. Conclusion. The advent of cybercrime can be attributed to the prevailing technological transformations in the economy, particularly with regard to the dissemination of information as the primary resource and catalyst for societal advancement. The author's position is that the implementation of economic policies aimed at curbing cybercrime should encompass the following measures: the establishment of a fair and balanced tax system, the formulation of a strategic economic development policy, the promotion of production-oriented initiatives, and the allocation of resources towards the enhancement of public services. From the standpoint of a company's economic security, measures to prevent cybercrime are crucial, due to both local and global economic factors. The analysis of cybercrime legislation enabled the identification of measures of general and special competence taken by the operational units of the National Police. Concurrently, within the legislative framework on national security, which encompasses cybersecurity, the National Police is delineated as a subject of counteraction to such crime, signifying a specialised competence. Concomitantly, the general competence in combating and preventing cybercrime is reflected in the primary function of the National Police, namely to ensure public safety and order, protect human rights and freedoms, the interests of society and the state, and combat crime, including in cyberspace. The primary focus of the implementation of the special competence of operational police units is the Cyber Police Department, which is an integral component of the National Police. The Cyber Police Department is responsible for conducting comprehensive operational and investigative activities as a component of the broader strategy to prevent cybercrime. The authors support the view that the following measures, carried out by operational police units, stand out as effective means of countering cybercrime under conditions of existential challenges associated with armed aggression. These measures include counterintelligence, operational and investigative work, and procedural work to counter relevant information threats; the introduction of incentive measures aimed at creating their own information product; the development of their own information and telecommunications infrastructure; and the establishment of communication between civil society and law enforcement agencies in this area.
The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive examination of the informational and organisational capabilities of marketing activities in the market for digital products and services. It highlights the importance of data analysis, web analytics and technology partnerships for success in the digital marketplace. It also examines modern organisational strategies to help IT companies effectively implement marketing initiatives and adapt quickly to changing business landscapes. Methodology. This article is based on a theoretical and methodological review of the existing scientific literature on digital technologies, the marketing of digital products and services, and an overview of current technological and organisational solutions in the digital field. In addition, it includes a survey of marketing managers from renowned IT companies with the aim of delineating the typology of organisational structures within marketing departments. Results. Information delivery, data analytics, monitoring tools and web analytics are critical to digital marketing in IT organisations, facilitating the collection and analysis of data from multiple sources such as websites, social media and CRM systems. By leveraging big data and machine learning algorithms, it is possible to identify complex dependencies and predict consumer behaviour. Technological partnerships and collaborations with startups are becoming increasingly important for IT companies' marketing efforts, providing access to fresh ideas, technologies and a competitive edge. Organisational structures in the marketing departments of IT companies emphasise agility and cross-functional teamwork, often using agile methodologies. This promotes adaptability to market changes. Marketing structures typically include inbound approaches, flexible growth-oriented setups, and streamlined hierarchies. Practical implications. These marketing tools and organisational methods are recommended for implementation in the marketing departments of IT companies. The correlation between informational and organisational capabilities contributes to the achievement of marketing goals and the competitive advantage of IT companies in the marketplace. Scrum and Kanban, widely used agile frameworks, are not limited to technology companies but are also common in financial services and retail. Value / Оriginality. In the context of the ongoing military conflict, successful operation of Ukrainian IT companies in the modern world requires not only technological superiority, but also effective marketing and a well-organised internal structure. To accelerate the recovery of the Ukrainian IT sector and improve existing practices, the following recommendations have been made.
Economics as a science, Management. Industrial management
Purpose In this paper, the heterogeneity of the linkages among financial development, productivity and growth across income groups is emphasized.Design/methodology/approach An empirical analysis is conducted with an illustrative sample of 130 economies over the period 1991–2019 and classified into four subsamples: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), developing, least developed and net food importing developing countries. Forecast error variance decompositions and panel vector auto-regressive estimations are computed, with insightful findings.Findings Higher levels of output stimulate the economic development in the agricultural sector, mainly via the productivity channel and, in the most developed economies, also through access to credit. Differently, in developing and least developed economies, the role of access to credit is marginal. The findings have practical implications for stakeholders involved in the planning of long-run investments. In less developed economies, priorities should be given to investments in technology and innovation, whereas financial markets are more suited to boost the development of the agricultural sector of developed economies.Originality/value The authors conclude on the credit–output–productivity nexus and contribute to the literature in (at least) three ways. First, they assess how credit access, agricultural output and agricultural productivity are jointly determined. Second, they use a novel approach, which departs from most of the case studies based on single-country data. Third, they conclude on potential causality links to conclude on policy implications.
Dr. Dan Durrant is a Lecturer in Infrastructure Planning at UCL’s Bartlett School of Planning. In addition to research into housing and local economic development he has conducted research into a number of controversial mega infrastructure projects both in the UK and in Germany. The latter was as an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow at the Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human-Environment Systems at Berlin’s Humboldt University. Dr. Christian Lamker is Assistant Professor Sustainable Transformation & Regional Planning at the University of Groningen (Netherlands). His research and teaching within the Department of Spatial Planning and Environment focuses on roles in planning, post-growth planning, regional planning, and leadership in sustainable transformation. He has studied and worked on spatial planning in Dortmund, Aachen, Auckland, Detroit, and Melbourne and coordinates the Master programme Society, Sustainability and Planning (SSP) in Groningen. Yvonne Rydin is Professor of Planning, Environment and Public Policy at the Bartlett School of Planning, University College London. She has written widely on planning theory and practice, and is currently working on a book about planning without growth. Her most recent books are the single-authored Theory in Planning Research (Palgrave) and the co-edited Regulation and Planning: Practices, Institutions, Agency (Routledge)
The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of the Internet as a soft infrastructure medium in the framework of international trade facilitation. as part of international trade facilitation which is expected to be able to reduce barriers in Indonesia's trade with 18 trading partners in the export of creative industry goods by HS codes: 49, 91, 92, 95 and 97. The analysis method used is a quantitative approach with panel data regression using a gravity model based on time series data with cross sections of 18 trading partners from 2008 to 2017. The results of the analysis show that the internet subscription price variable has a significant effect on increasing international trade. Other variables such as GDP, population, and distance have a significant positive or negative effect on international trade, while FTA does not have any effect on exports of creative industry goods.
Devyn Remme, Siddharth Sareen, Håvard Haarstad
et al.
Norway has the world-class ambition to make transport more sustainable and climate friendly. Its electric vehicle (EV) rollout is celebrated by and aspirational for other countries, manifesting the imaginary of technological solutions for sustainable mobility. This chapter undertakes a critically constructive analysis of the value chains of this rollout, tracing the production, usage and discard of EVs. Our point of departure in Norway’s EV rollout serves to map broader implications of a rapid, massive shift towards electric transport. We map relevant externalities associated with, for example, the mining of raw materials and with modes of digitalisation that run counter to circular economy principles. The requisite resources for the transition to renewably powered, electrified transportation―notably batteries―are sourced in the global South, whereas their consumption and industries that reuse and recycle valuable minerals are emerging in the global North. The uneven distribution of benefits and burdens is increasingly being criticised as green extractivism for an imperial mode of living. By paying attention to site-specific struggles over resources, our mapping demonstrates that practices of legitimation have yet to be welded with holistic accountability. By piecing together some major links along the value chains of Norway’s EV rollout, we argue for a global perspective on this transition.
Political science, Economic growth, development, planning
ABSTRACT Previous work on shrinking cities has mainly addressed shrinkage and its effects in large and former industrial cities and not as much in municipalities in rural areas. In this paper, we focus on infrastructure challenges, responsibilities, and growth strategies in Swedish municipalities. We argue that there is a tension between the responsibilities connected to the municipal operations and infrastructure challenges posed by being a shrinking municipality on the one hand, and the ways the municipalities are planning for growth on the other hand. The municipalities are all struggling with the effects of population decline, leading to economic strains in all areas, including infrastructure management and development, but investments in infrastructure are many times directed towards the establishment of specific industries such as the tourism or mining industry with the belief of attracting new inhabitants, visitors, firms and industry. In addition, many of the municipalities lack the capacity and jurisdiction needed to manage the infrastructure development in some areas such as fibre optics, district heating, and electricity grids. Also, in some municipalities, the populations are spread over large geographical areas but must still provide infrastructure services to all inhabitants.
As climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time, the legal and economic issues of global environmental security deserve high praise. In the area of industrial competitiveness, where the negative effects of global climate change include floods and droughts, forest fires, and rising sea levels, climate change is highly problematic. Climate impacts affect public and private agricultural infrastructure (including the coastal zone), resulting in lost productivity and increased costs for agriculture. The article applies climate change on a global scale in the form of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to determine how the mixtures and emissions of any one entity affect other areas (e.g., individual, community, company or country emissions). Exploring the theoretical and practical premises of climate change as a complex phenomenon, the novelty of this article is that it examines the current framework of the environmental-legal concept, not just the political implications of the legal framework. The research aim of the article lies in two dimensions: the European Union's current climate change policy framework (the climate and energy package, a set of climate change strategies and related policies targeting EU candidate countries); recent environmental operations in Ukraine as an EU candidate country under extraordinary conditions. This article examines recent changes in climate legislation and climate policy in EU member and candidate countries, as well as other highly developed countries, such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and China. Focusing on the impact of the EU Climate and Energy Package (2020 and 2030), this article examines the main implications of EU climate legislation regulating the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and promoting the role of renewable energy in global energy consumption and energy efficiency in general. As a result of this study, this analysis offers multifaceted conclusions based on the interaction of a number of current administrative acts on climate change and environmental policy on a global scale.
This study has two-fold objectives. First, analyze the rural income inequality and its decomposition by employment status and education of the household. Second, analyze the income inequality of districts of Pakistan located at the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Theil Index, a member of the generalized entropy inequality and inequality decomposition technique. Furthermore, the Geographic Information System GIS was used to map the rural income (agricultural and non-agricultural). Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (2012-13), provincial and district representative data set, was used. Results show that the households mainly earned from agriculture and those in which heads had the post-secondary qualification make the largest contributions to rural income inequality. A decomposition of income inequality within and between districts on CPEC routes indicates higher variations. GIS based mapping of rural income depicts districts on routes of CPEC having a
large non-agricultural income.
This paper shares findings from a detailed empirical analysis of seven development projects in Kenya that supported remote pastoral communities facing food insecurity and other difficulties linked to environmental degradation and climate change. The projects sought to address these challenges by trialing various livelihood innovations in partnership with communities. These project activities were assessed using a tailored cost–benefit analysis methodology to identify those offering the best use of scarce funds, thus informing future policy and programing for such areas. This evidence suggests that (a) the difficulties communities face are creating a desperate situation, and (b) some of the innovations trialed hold promise while others are problematic. The evidence presented includes an array of local voices that vividly convey community-level dynamics and prospects. This evidence is set in context using the literatures on human security and its wider impacts, notably migration from the Sahel. This analysis found the circumstances of pastoral communities can significantly impact neighboring regions, with ongoing instability posing a threat while smart interventions that create local opportunities offer more synergistic outcomes. The paper concludes by calling for greater recognition of the options facing such communities and their wider significance as a basis for scaled up support measures.
Economic growth, development, planning, Human settlements. Communities
The tourism industry was one of the world’s greatest markets, until the world was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Now, tourism managers have to carefully assess the impact of epidemics on their businesses and develop new risk management methods to cope with the crisis. The current pandemic has created an opportunity for the development of rural tourism. This study aims to present a mathematical modeling of the entropy of rural tourism in the context of COVID-19 and a differential equation verified by this entropy. The model presented in this paper reflects the entropy of the preference for this type of tourism and a differential equation that models its variation. This paper aims to offer a tool to measure uncertainty regarding this topic. The model can be generalized and applied to any epidemic. The model could be used by specialists in quality management and mathematical modeling, managers of rural tourism organizations, local authorities, to estimate the entropy regarding how rural tourism has been and is still impacted by the COVID-19. The results obtained will help policy makers take necessary strategic and operational decisions, along with maximizing the profit of the rural tourism organization as well as the safety of the tourists
This study aims to analyze the effect of credit rating, discretionary accrual, and financial distress on credit facilities, namely the rate spread, credit collateral, and maturity date extended by banks. This study uses static panel equations and panel data, consisting of 50 manufacturing companies in Indonesia from 2010 to 2017. The research methods used are the Pooled Least Square (PLS), Fixed Effect Model (FEM), Random Effect Model (REM), and logit panels. This study concludes that earnings management has a negative and insignificant impact on the rate spread and maturity date but positively and significantly affects the collateral variable. Financial distress has a positive and insignificant effect on the rate spread and maturity date but negatively impacts the collateral variable. The company’s investment rating has a negative and insignificant impact on the three dependent variables, namely, rate spread, collateral, and maturity date.
Keywords: Credit Rating, Discretionary Accrual, Financial Distress, Credit Facilities
JEL: C23, G21, G24
Economics as a science, Economic growth, development, planning
The close relationship between large dams and social development (i.e., water, food, and energy consumption) has been revealed in previous studies, and the vital role of large dams in sustaining societies has been recognized. With population projections indicating continued growth during this century, it is expected that further economic development of society, e.g., Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, will be greatly affected by possible challenges, such as water, food, and energy shortages in the future, especially if proper planning, development, and management strategies are not adopted. In our previous study, we have argued that construction of additional large dams will be considered as one of the best available options to meet future increases in water, food, and energy demands, which are all crucial to sustain economic development. In the present study, firstly, we will emphasize the vital role of dams in promoting economic growth through analyzing the relationship between large dam development and GDP growth at both global and national scales. Secondly, based on the projection results of future large dam development, we will preliminarily predict the future economic development represented by GDP. The results show that the impacts of large dams upon GDP are more significant in countries with higher levels of socioeconomic development, which generally supports large dams as the vital factor to promote economic development.
Women’s advancement and consequential gender equality have significant implications for human capital formation, increase in labour productivity, employment creation, poverty reduction, and overall socio-economic and human development. So, inclusive growth and sustainable development would not be possible without women’s empowerment and gender equality. Thus, targeting women’s empowerment is extensively relevant for Asian countries. In this context, this article explored the impact of the gender factors on the economic growth of 30 Asian economies over the period from 1997 to 2015 by using panel autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model. It provides the evidence of an overall positive impact of the gender parity index of health, education, employment and democratic representation on the economic growth of Asia in the long run. Therefore, gender equality is an important determinant of economic growth in Asian countries, and hence, should be on board while planning for the empowerment of women.
Rasoul Yarahmadi, Hamed Moridi, Ali Asghar Farshad
et al.
Abstract:
Aim and Background: Today, with the growth of different dimensions of sustainable development, managers at the organizational and governmental levels have become more and more interested in the components of sustainable development. A healthy and productive human being is at the core of sustainable development. Many factors are contributing to sustainable development, including human, economic, social, industrial, cultural, as well as health, safety, environmental and energy (HSEE) factors. In this regard, the existence of several processing indicators is important in promoting the program and organizational goals at the micro and macro levels. Since continuous evaluation and monitoring of all indicators is not feasible, developing a set of principles to facilitate managerial decision-making processes and monitoring continuous improvement of systems is an important issue in system performance management. Due to the vital role of correct selection of principles in the sustainability of the integrated management system, it is important to consider the key components involved in this choice. The present study aimed to prioritize the HSEE processing indexes in the integrated management system (HSEE IMS) of the Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade.
Methodology: The statistical population of this study is professionals and experts with occupational health, safety, environment, and energy orientation and work experience. In this study, to obtain process, safety, health, environmental and energy processing indicators, firstly, a list of environmental, safety, health, and energy indicators was prepared and evaluated, by using a set of indicators presented in scientific and credible research and articles, the Iranian Environmental Agency, HSE Ministry of Oil, HSEE Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade, including mining and industrial organizations, including Industrial Development and Renovation Organization of Iran (IDERO), Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization (IMIDRO) and other sources. In the present study, being SMART is the main selection criterion for indices, which are weighted as the five main affecting criteria by the AHP method. Weighted criteria were used to prioritize the eight principles of HSEE management including policy, continuous improvement, do, check, monitoring, and measurement of the system, commitment and leadership, planning and corrective action using the fuzzy TOPSIS technique.
Results: The results show that the executive strategic index with a closeness coefficient of 0.937 was selected as the first priority. Continuous improvement and corrective action with the coefficient of closeness of 0.133 and 0.108 were selected from the weaker priorities of the Eight HSEE indices, respectively.
Conclusion: Appropriate selection of indicators to facilitate managerial decision-making processes, optimal monitoring of these indicators with maximum efficiency and minimum cost is possible by using multi-criteria decision-making models. Based on the results, sustainable development can be achievable by ranking and prioritizing the HSEE processing indicators to facilitate managerial decision-making processes and monitor continuous improvement of systems to protect individuals, property and reduce accidents and pollution.
Keywords: Prioritization, HSEE, Sustainable Development, Fuzzy TOPSIS, Index, Weighting, AHP.
Introduction
Preventing health, safety, the environment, and energy injuries and accidents by taking into account the health, safety of employees, customers, contractors and others requires a unified management system structure. This system tries to create a healthy, pleasant and joyful environment free from accident, damage and waste by integration and synergy of human resources and facilities. The present study aims to key and prioritize strategic principles in the HSEE integrated management system of the Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade to evaluate the performance based on specific processes in subsidiary industrial-productive units.
Methodology
In this study, to obtain safety, health, environmental, and energy processing indexes, firstly, a list of environmental, safety, health, and energy indicators was prepared and evaluated, by using a set of indicators presented in scientific and credible research and articles, the Iranian Environmental Agency, HSE Ministry of Oil, HSEE Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade, including mining and industrial organizations, including Industrial Development and Renovation Organization of Iran (IDERO), Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization (IMIDRO) and other sources. Then, the SMART metrics including specificity, measurability, achievability, realism and being timely have weighted as five effective criteria by the AHP. After keying the HSEE strategic indicators of the Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade, including: policy, continuous improvement, do, check, system monitoring, commitment and leadership, planning and corrective action were selected. Initial questionnaire was prepared based on the fuzzy TOPSIS method and key indicators and research criteria. Then, the reliability (internal consistency) and validity of the questionnaire were assessed and finalized. After completing the questionnaires and receiving the information, the expertschr('39') answers in the form of verbal statements were transformed into triangular fuzzy numbers with the capability of analysis. In the present study, to obtain effective indicators for identification and evaluation of key indicators, the five SMART criteria were weighted based on the AHP method. After weighting the research criteria using the AHP method, this ratio is used for weighting the key indexes by the fuzzy TOPSIS method to rank and prioritize.
Results
The results show that the face validity and content validity of the questionnaire were determined by FVR = 78.08% and CVR = 88%, respectively which have acceptable validity based on Lawshe’s model. The reliability of the research questionnaire was estimated by the appropriate Cronbachchr('39')s alpha equivalent in 0.935, illustrating the intrinsic homogeneity of the evaluated indices. Regarding weighting results, research criteria, weighting criteria and indices are presented in Tables 1-2.
Table1. Final weight of criteria by the AHP method
Realism
Achievability
Timely
Specificity
Measurability
Criterion
0.300
0.203
0.135
0.231
0.341
Final Weight
Table 2. Closeness coefficient and rank of HSEE processing indicators of Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade
Ranking
CCi
Criterion
Commitment and Leadership
0.491
3
Policy
0.403
4
Planning
0.226
5
Do
0.937
1
Monitoring
0.699
2
Check
0.193
6
Corrective Action
0.108
8
Continuous Improvment
0.133
7
Conclusion
Appropriate selection of indicators to facilitate managerial decision-making processes, optimal monitoring of these indicators with maximum efficiency and minimum cost is possible using multi-criteria decision-making models. This study aimed to weight, key and prioritize HSEE process indicators for the first time in Iran at the level of the largest executive-economic system. According to the results of the study, due to the high speed and efficiency of HSEE units in subsidiary organizations, do index (CCi = 0.937) was first priority and continuous improvement (CCi = 0.133) and corrective actions (CCi = 0.108) were found as the weakest priorities of the HSEE eight indicators because of weaknesses in the regular and systematic follow-up of regulatory units or lack of appropriate tools to evaluate these indicators. The results of this study showed an interesting convergence between the weight and prioritization of SMART criteria of strategic indicators of Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade. This conclusion can help managers select key performance indicators based on SMART criteria and help them choose sustainability indicators that prevent wasting time and cost.