This study investigates the role of deictic expressions in the IELTS speaking test, addressing a gap in research on how test-takers across proficiency levels use deixis in spoken language assessment. While previous studies have examined general discourse features in language testing, little attention has been given to the frequency, functions, and distribution of deixis in assessing spoken proficiency. The study analysed a corpus of 30 IELTS speaking test transcripts, covering proficiency levels from low-intermediate to advanced. Using Levinson’s classification of deixis, the study employed quantitative frequency analysis and qualitative discourse analysis to examine variations in the use of personal, temporal, and spatial deixis. The findings revealed that personal deixis was the most frequently used, followed by temporal and spatial deixis. However, the results of One-Way ANOVA test showed no significant differences in deixis usage across proficiency levels. These findings contribute to English language teaching and assessment by highlighting how deixis functions in test-taker discourse, offering insights for IELTS preparation and speaking proficiency evaluation. The study indicates the need for further exploration of discourse features in language assessment.
The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the resources of forming the English terminological system of inclusive education in the modern educational environment. The role of terminology as a tool for standardizing knowledge, communication and scientific understanding of inclusion problems is considered. It is shown that the development of inclusive education requires a clear delineation of the terminological apparatus, since it is the terms that ensure accuracy in defining concepts, unambiguousness in use and unity in the interpretation of international and national educational documents.
The formation of the English-language terminological system is based on international regulatory acts, such as the "Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities", "Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education", as well as numerous legislative acts of the USA (in particular the "Individuals with Disabilities Education Act" - IDEA). An important role in this process is played by glossaries, encyclopedias and textbooks on pedagogy, psychology and special education, which systematize, unify and disseminate professional vocabulary.
Particular attention is paid to the analysis of key concepts of English-language inclusive education: "inclusive education", "special educational needs", "learning disabilities", "barrier-free environment", "universal design for learning", "accessibility" and their Ukrainian counterparts. It is emphasized that when translating and adapting terms, it is necessary to take into account not only the lexical-semantic aspect, but also the cultural-pedagogical context in order to avoid shifting meanings.
The terminological base of inclusive education performs a number of functions: cognitive (ensuring the scientific validity of concepts), communicative (unification of interdisciplinary and intercultural communication), normative (consolidating standards in legislation and educational policy) and practical (ensuring the effective work of teachers, psychologists, social workers). It is noted that the terms must meet the criteria of accuracy, conciseness, unambiguousness and international comprehensibility.
Discourse analysis, Computational linguistics. Natural language processing
The relevance of addressing the understanding of the geography of religion as a section of religious studies is on the one hand due to the growing popularity of this discipline in the modern scientific space, and on the other its insufficient conceptualisation. The high interest in the geography of religion on the part of the scientific community is caused by its focus on the comprehension of theoretical and practical problems related to the spatial characteristics of religious life. Nowadays, the study of territorial aspects of the coexistence of different religious traditions acquires a special urgency due to the combination of globalisation trends and the desire to preserve authentic identity. Historically, the problem field and scientific apparatus of the geography of religion has been formed with reliance on theoretical developments and methodological tools of philosophy and various scientific disciplines, which supports terminological and methodological polyphony within this discipline and hinders its conceptualisation. The aim of this work is to identify possible grounds for attributing the geography of religion to the sections of religious studies. To achieve this goal the following tasks were solved: the origins of the formation of geography of religion were revealed; the approach to the formation of geography of religion from the perspective of geographical science was analysed; the influence of philosophy of religion on the methodological foundations of geography of religion was shown; the main vectors of interrelation between geography of religion and religious studies were determined. The research is limited to the European tradition of studying the relationship between religion and geography. The study is based on the texts of the classics of philosophical thought, as well as the works of Russian and foreign scholars devoted to the comprehension of the geography of religion as a scientific discipline. To reconstruct the thinkers' position on the issues raised, to identify their dependence on the intellectual context and to compare them, such methods as historical and philosophical analysis of the text, discourse analysis and comparative analysis were used. The result of the study was the substantiation of the conclusion about the possibility and expediency of attributing the geography of religion to the branches of religious studies. Such positioning of geography of religion does not contradict the modern understanding of the problem field and tasks of this discipline as they are formulated within the framework of geographical science, and at the same time allows us to identify promising research strategies in interaction with various religious studies disciplines such as: philosophy of religion, history of religion, anthropology of religion, sociology of religion and psychology of religion.
The status of educators, people who carry out education in a society, is reflected in big linguistic corpora as well. The material comprised of millions of linguistic forms can be used to examine the image created about certain phenomena in a specific linguistic community. For the purposes of this paper, the subcorpora related to preschool teachers, primary school teachers, subject teachers, and professors were selected from a wider corpus Public Discourse in the Republic of Serbia and examined. Concordances for 10 lemmas – neutral/masculine, and feminine, as well as different dialectal and orthographic forms – were excerpted and a smaller, randomly selected subsample was created for each of them. Based on this, critical discourse analysis showed how preschool teachers, primary school teachers, subject teachers, and professors are conceptualised in public discourse in Serbia. They are generally presented as people who try to give their best at workplace, despite many (un)expected obstacles. Notably, more concrete examples, which almost always include female counterparts, have more negative ratings. In addition, the analysis showed that there exists a hierarchy among different professions, wwith professors receiving the most attention and they are portrayed in public discourse as individuals who are, above all, reflective thinkers and convey “neutral” data.
The article examines presentational discourse as a “superstructural” type of discourse that is influenced by all current trends in the development of modern communicative space. The study explores two widespread yet pragmatically opposing approaches to self-presentation in web space: 1) the presentational content of linguistic universities in Russia, Belarus, and Germany, shaped by similar discourse agents sharing common objectives; 2) the presentational content of two global websites (in English and German) and a local one (in Russian) of the multinational company Bayer AG. The aim of the research is to identify prototypical characteristics of presentational texts through a comparative analysis of linguacultural topics and issues. The study of the linguosemiotic space of linguistic universities revealed that the dominant thematic focus of their presentational content is multilingualism as a defining feature of their specialized educational programs, along with references to technical resources, prestige, membership in organizations and research activities. The primary linguistic means in university presentational content include intertextuality, simple syntax, epithets, and first- and second-person pronouns. In contrast, the multilingual self-presentation of transnational corporations is characterized by the obligatory inclusion of thematic dominants across all versions of their official website depending on the linguacultural and sociopragmatic features of each language version. Multilingual presentational discourse demonstrates the signs of deglobalization, where, alongside content equivalence in global versions, transcreation techniques are extensively employed in localized versions to align with the values of the target linguacultural continuum.
Akram Aqil Syahru, Nasrullah, Aven Ghina Salsabila
et al.
Environmental degradation driven by negative externalities and fiscal inequality demands a reconfiguration of taxation grounded in the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP). This study aims to develop a normative–comparative framework for a green tax system that internalizes pollution costs while promoting fiscal justice. Using a normative legal research method, the analysis explores the theoretical and institutional foundations of green taxation, drawing from Indonesia’s environmental legislation, the Rio Declaration, and European Union guidelines, while examining fiscal equity and progressive redistribution. A comparative perspective highlights the implementation of PPP across jurisdictions: South Africa’s carbon tax, Portugal’s corporate and VAT-based green tax, and Indonesia’s emerging carbon pricing scheme. The study focuses on legal mechanisms of redistribution, including targeted cash transfers, tax credits, and tax-shift models, as well as the role of fiscal transparency and administrative oversight in mitigating regressive impacts. The findings indicate that a green tax framework rooted in PPP and supported by progressive redistribution and legal transparency enhances ecological accountability, social equity, and policy legitimacy. This paper contributes to environmental fiscal reform discourse by proposing a legally grounded and equitable model for sustainable green tax implementation.
IntroductionBibliometric analysis is widely acknowledged as a robust and systematic approach for examining extensive scholarly literature. It serves as a vital tool for mapping the landscape of contemporary research across various academic fields. The increase in bibliometric studies over the past decade highlights their growing importance in evaluating the evolution and impact of scientific inquiry. Among these methods, co-word analysis emerges as a powerful technique for uncovering conceptual connections between ideas and themes within a discipline. By analyzing term co-occurrences, this approach revealed underlying thematic clusters, prevailing trends, and evolving patterns over time, providing a dynamic perspective for interpreting the intellectual structure of a research domain. Materials & MethodsThis study utilized bibliometric analysis to examine scholarly literature. Data were processed using VOSviewer, UCINet, and BibExcel software. The data were extracted from the Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC) database using the keywords “globalization” or “globalisation”. Plain text files obtained from the ISC database were imported into BibExcel. Employing natural language processing techniques within this software, key terms (nouns or noun phrases) were extracted. A frequency threshold of 4 was established, meaning a term had to appear at least 4 times in the sample to be included in the bibliometric map. This threshold is recommended to effectively eliminate irrelevant terms. Following several processing steps, a symmetric matrix was created and converted into a correlation matrix. This matrix was then imported into VOSviewer, which assessed the strength of relationships between the remaining terms that met the threshold. The extracted data spanned 25 years (1999–2023) and included 1,281 documents containing 4,502 author keywords. After standardization, 2,169 unique keywords remained. By applying the threshold, a 162×162 matrix was generated with diagonal cell values set to zero. Cluster analysis was conducted using the K-means method in VOSviewer. Discussion of Results & ConclusionThe terms “globalization”, “Iran”, and “cultural globalization” ranked first to third with frequencies of 703, 54, and 45, respectively. The keyword “globalization” with 703 occurrences emerged as the central concept within the research domain.Cluster analysis in VOSviewer identified 11 clusters related to globalization concepts:Globalization and economyGeopolitics of globalizationGlocalizationGlobalization and anti-globalizationGlobalization and transnationalizationCultural globalizationGlobalization of educationGlobalization and national securityGlobalization and identityGlobalization and geocultureGlobalization and urban environmentUsing UCINet, centrality and density scores were calculated for each cluster, resulting in a strategic diagram. The origin of the diagram was set at the mean centrality (7.14) and density (0.541). Notably, Cluster 7 (globalization of education) exhibited the highest centrality (18.857) and density (1.451), indicating strong internal and external conceptual linkages. First Quadrant (High Density/Centrality): Clusters 6 (cultural globalization) and 7 (globalization of education) represented core themes characterized by high cohesion and centrality, demonstrating extensive interconnections with other aspects of globalization. Second Quadrant (High Density, Lower Centrality): Clusters 9 (globalization and identity) and 10 (globalization and geoculture) were specialized subfields that exhibited cohesion but had limited influence on broader research trends. Third Quadrant (Low Density/Centrality): Clusters 2 (geopolitics), 3 (glocalization), 4 (anti-globalization), 5 (transnationalization), 8 (national security), and 11 (urban environment) consisted of emerging or declining topics with underdeveloped connections. Fourth Quadrant (Low Density, High Potential): Cluster 1 (globalization and economy) showed low centrality but high potential for future growth, reflecting globalization impact on national and international economies through concepts like economic growth and the KOF Globalization Index.This study underscored globalization as an interdisciplinary topic that spans foundational concepts and specialized applications. Researchers are encouraged to investigate the emerging areas identified in the third quadrant: geopolitics of globalization, glocalization, anti-globalization, transnationalization, national security, and urban environment. Although currently underdeveloped, these themes hold significant potential for shaping future scholarly discourse.
This study analyzes the original version, Turkish and French dubbings of the movie Mona Lisa Smile, through the Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis (FCDA) method. The study aims to reveal the potential of the Turkish and French dubs of the movie to reproduce gender stereotypes towards women. The movie was chosen through purposive sampling, one of the non-random sampling methods. The observation-notetaking technique was used as the data collection method.10 examples were determined. These discourses were analysed through the FCDA method by comparing the original version with its French and Turkish dubs on the Netflix platform. Gender-based discourses were seen to be preserved in all examples in the French language. In Turkish dubbing, serious losses occurred in all examples from the perspective of gender roles. This study is the first research evaluating the French and Turkish dubbings of an audiovisual product through FCDA; therefore, it presents authentic data for future studies.
Artificial intelligence (AI) ethics has emerged as a global discourse within both academic and policy spheres. However, translating these principles into concrete, real-world applications for AI development remains a pressing need and a significant challenge. This study aims to bridge the gap between principles and practice from a regulatory government perspective and promote best practices in AI governance. To this end, we developed the Ethical Regulatory Framework for AI (ERF-AI) to guide regulatory bodies in constructing mechanisms, including role setups, procedural configurations, and strategy design. The framework was developed through a systematic review, thematic analysis, and the integration of interdisciplinary concepts. A comprehensive search was conducted across four electronic databases (PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, and Scopus) and four additional sources containing AI standards and guidelines from various countries and international organizations, focusing on studies published from 2014 to 2024. Thematic analysis identified and refined key themes from the included literature and integrated concepts from process control theory, computer science, organizational management, information technology, and behavioral psychology. This study adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and employed NVivo for thematic analysis. The resulting framework encompasses 23 themes, particularly emphasizing three feedback-loop processes: the ethical review process, the incentive and penalty process, and the mechanism improvement process, offering theoretical guidance for the construction of ethical regulatory mechanisms. Based on this framework, a seven-step process and case examples for mechanism design are presented, enhancing the practicality of ERF-AI in developing ethical regulatory mechanisms. Future research is expected to explore customization of the framework to remain responsive to emerging AI trends and challenges, supported by empirical studies and rigorous testing for further refinement and expansion.
The functioning of the Ukrainian language takes on special importance in the conditions of a full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war. Language is an important component of national identity, a powerful productive tool that strengthens the nation and enriches national culture. The purpose of the article is to describe and systematize innovative processes in the modern national lexical system of the Ukrainian language, which developed during the Russian-Ukrainian war. The article presents new resources of language thinking - neologisms and occasionalisms, which verbalize the current events of the wartime in Ukraine and remind of the close connection between history and language. An overview of linguistic studies on language as a weapon was made; the need for a new nomination is substantiated; examples are considered and the main functions of neolexes are defined; the emotional and expressive component in such word formation is noted; attention is focused on the active functioning of neologisms in the language; the prospects for the study of neologisms against the background of modern events in Ukrainian society and the world are outlined. Research methods. For the scientific interpretation of actual material, we use such general scientific methods as observation and analysis of linguistic material. We use the descriptive method, methods of component and linguistic stylistic analysis. Conclusions. The factual material of the article proves that the word is a special weapon on the language front. The formation and active functioning of new lexical units in military discourse is a kind of reflection of contemporary events; a vivid manifestation of the vocabulary of the Ukrainian language and the high intellectual potential of the Ukrainian people; attesting to the dynamism, continuity and uniqueness of language as a living organism.
History of medicine. Medical expeditions, Social Sciences
This article attempts a comprehensive discourse analysis of the metaphor using the lexeme “вкусный”
(tasty) as an example.
Considering that metaphor can be viewed from the perspective of its ability to create social reality,
and that reality images are discursively conditioned, the authors explore metaphor as a discursive agent
that implies information about the basic parameters of discursive instances: metasubject, metaobject, and
meta-addressee. The tasks of discourse analysis of metaphor in the article include: 1) consecutive explication of metaphorically conditioned components of meaning; 2) reconstruction of the constitutive parameters of discursive instances of subject, object, and addressee, based on these components; 3) reconstruction of the worldview and articulatory possibilities of the speaker who occupies the position of discursive
subject. The study was conducted on the material of the National Corpus of the Russian Language using descriptive, contextual, interpretative methods, and the method of component analysis.
Discourse analysis of linguistic material allows for the reconstruction of two possible types of discursive subject. The first one (nominally designated as DS1) represents the subject as a prepared listener, viewer, appreciator, or expert. Its discursive orientation realizes such intentions as: recognition of the
complexity and intrinsic value of objects in the surrounding world; readiness to expend one`s own resources to interact with them; existential needs to act as a subject of love, care, and knowledge; and transfer of
the value center from one`s own “self” to the surrounding world. With such a focus, the source of positive
emotions (“satisfaction”) becomes the discursive subject itself, which is characterized by the ability to valorize objects and endow them with meaning.
These constitutive parameters of discursive subject DS1 are implicated in such metaphorical constructions as “tasty music”, “tasty picture”, “tasty space”, “tasty design solution”, “tasty movie”, “tasty
goal”, “tasty opponent”, and so on.
The second type of discursive subject (DS2) can be reconstructed based on metaphors like “tasty assets”, “tasty prices”, “tasty discounts”, “tasty offer”, “tasty text”, “tasty position”, “tasty option”, “tasty
life”. Unlike DS1, its attitude towards things, phenomena, and events in the surrounding world is determined by the ratio of “resources spent – satisfaction received”, which characterizes the subject of this type
as a consumer. The main intentional characteristics of DS2 are: a primary desire for satisfaction of their
own needs and desires (receiving positive emotions, material benefits, achieving an attractive social status); the devaluation of the sovereign value of objects and the unwillingness to make an effort to interact
with them; the devaluation of all qualities and properties inherent in an object, except for the consumer
ones (capable of bringing satisfaction to the speaker); a fundamental unwillingness to expend their own
resources, avoidance of novelty, and a desire to maintain the stability of their own internal and external
space.
These two configurations of discursive subject allow the speaker to articulate almost diametrically
opposed attitudes towards the surrounding world. In general terms, they correspond to two worldviews:
modernist and postmodernist.
The paper examines how diversity is constructed and considered in the Finnish National Core Curriculum for Early Childhood Education and Care (Finnish National Agency for Education, 2018) by employing critical multicultural theory with a focus on essentialist and non-essentialist views of diversity. The text is examined through critical discourse analysis using concepts such as culture, identity, diversity and equity and equality. The results mainly point to the use of non-essentialist discourse within the Core Curriculum; however, the ambiguity of some expressions nevertheless allows for a more essentialist interpretation. An effort has clearly been made to recognize children’s diversity, and strong emphasis has been placed on the Non-Discrimination Act (1325/2014), which states that members of the community should be encountered and treated as equals, independently of personal characteristics. Despite this commendable aim, however, the complexities related to the language of diversity are not recognized. Consequently, the pedagogy that recognizes diversity is left for the individual teacher to interpret and implement.
Religious pluralism has characterized societies since time immemorial and has
been one of the sources of conflict in many societies. This article compares how
religious pluralism was handled in intertestamental Palestine and the manner it is
managed in post-apartheid South Africa. The study used academic literature which
applied the Apocrypha to describe the religious context of Palestine between 336
BC and 63 BC. The themes that emerged from this analysis were then used to
source academic literature that describes the religious context of South Africa from
1994 to 2021. This process led to the synthesis of the similarities and differences
of the two contexts. The findings latently reveal the contribution of the Apocrypha
to theological reflection while simultaneously showing that the Roman Empire’s
violent attempts to undermine religious pluralism in intertestamental Palestine
bred counterviolence. The paper further reveals that post-apartheid South Africa’s
use of legal instruments to promote religious pluralism seems to contribute to the
optimization of religious freedom and peaceful co-existence. These findings are
likely to contribute to the discourse of religious pluralism, interfaith dialogue, and
intercultural communication.
The final years of the 2010s marked an upturn in coverage on climate change. In Sweden, legacy media wrote more on the issue than ever before, especially in connection to the drought and wildfires in the summer of 2018 and the Fridays for Future movement started by Greta Thunberg. Reporting on climate change also reached unprecedented levels in the growingly influential far-right media ecosystem; from being a topic discussed hardly at all, it became a prominent issue. In this study, we use a toolkit from critical discourse analysis (CDA) to research how three Swedish far-right digital media sites reported on climate during the years 2018–2019. We show how the use of conspiracy theories, anti-establishment rhetoric, and nationalistic arguments created an antagonistic reaction to increased demands for action on climate change. By putting climate in ironic quotation marks, a discourse was created where it was taken for granted that climate change was a hoax.
The article explores the different modalities of the notion of bond in Rousseau’s philosophy (social, civil, political) according to the main axes of his thinking. We begin with the criticism of the sociability of Enlightenment developed in the Discourse on the Origins and Basis of Inequality among Men in order to compare it with the political remedy that emerges in the Social Contract, as well as the analysis that is conducted in the Émile around “the abstract man” cultivating his capacity for attachment. Thus the genealogy of the links can emerge from the relationships of need. Alongside the condemnation of mutual dependence, mapping the notions of link, bond, relationship, node and spring offers full meaning to the positive definition of Man as a “relative being”.
History (General) and history of Europe, Philosophy (General)
Em uma rápida e intensa alteração das configurações do debate público na cena republicana brasileira, temos observado a emergência insistente e reiterada da atualização de estereótipos e imagens cristalizadas tradicionais excludentes que ora se reforçam, ora se inscrevem em performances de combate. Esse redimensionamento, que se realiza pela intensidade de traços conservadores e excludentes, parece apropriar-se de modo singular das práticas discursivo-midiáticas, necessitando ser mais bem entendido, a partir de uma torção da compreensão a respeito da trajetória recente de consolidação das lutas por direitos empreendidas pelas chamadas minorias. Se essa torção se caracteriza, como aponta Rancière, pelo pretenso “combate à inflação dos direitos sociais”, fica evidente seu vetor autoritário e restritivo.
Following the profound changes in the Chinese socio-economic structure in the Post-Mao era (1976-), Chinese political language is also undergoing rapid changes – it is becoming more abstract and depoliticised. Alongside the Marxist-Leninist rhetoric, political language has enhanced its power by using concepts and linguistic forms which belong to traditional Chinese culture. The ‘Chinese dream’, the concept fostered by the current Chinese leadership, is a clear expression of this trend. In the view of the fifth generation of Chinese leaders, with president Xi Jinping at its ‘core’, the ‘Chinese dream’ is a grand process of ‘national renaissance’ following a century of ‘humiliation’ at the hands of the West and Japan, and is about to be realized. From this perspective, it is shared by all Chinese people and it will satisfy the dreams of all Chinese. But what exactly does this ‘common Chinese dream’ mean, and what does the metaphor of the dream obscure? In order to answer these questions and scrutinise the ideology which upholds Chinese political discourse, one of the most interesting levels of analysis is that of its figurative language, particularly metaphor. In light of Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) important contribution, the analysis of the meaning of the ‘Chinese dream’ is conducted through the examination and interpretation of the conceptual metaphors as used by Xi Jinping in two of his speeches, where he explains this concept. Metaphor is one of the most powerful persuasive means used by politicians, hence, its analysis is a useful tool for discovering and understanding the current Chinese leadership’s rhetoric strategy and its principal goals.
Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
This article analyzes the post-memory of grandchildren of former political prisoners who were imprisoned under the Chilean civic-military dictatorship. The participants in the study were 14 young people of an average age of 21.4 years, from the regions of Metropolitana and La Araucanía. The life story was the technique used for producing the information. A narrative analysis was done based on interdisciplinary inputs from the theory of interpretation and discourse theory. The results of the analysis made it possible to identify the use of the metaphor of the hero´s journey in the narratives. The tension with respect to the positions of victim, witness and hero is discussed, as well as the need for social confirmation of experiences of political violence.
The article has been prepared by carrying out the analysis of focus particles: just, even, and, etc. It is important to note that particles play a very important role in linguistic pragmatics: they convey additional meanings called the conventional implicatures, and in that way they strengthen their effect on the consumers. First, the article discusses slogans which were advertised in January – March 2014; then, it discusses how focus particles are used in these slogans, besides the attention which is drawn to the visual advertising and invitation design. The research of advertisements and slogans has approved the prior statement just partially, and for this reason two corpora of advertisement articles (from the fields of education and medicine) were formed. They were analysed separately and later on compared in order to find out whether the focus particles are used similarly in different discourse advertisements. The comparison of the data has disclosed that the focus particles are more commonly used in the original texts related to Lithuania’s education than in the medical advertisements, which are mostly translations used to inform about new medical tools or medical treatment innovations. The research has been carried out by applying the method of corpus linguistics.