Hasil untuk "Details in building design and construction. Including walls, roofs"

Jesna Mathew, Gnanasambandam Subbaiyan, Hareesh Krishnan H

Institutional kitchens often experience inadequate thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ) due to intense heat generation and pollutant emissions from cooking activities, increasing workers’ exposure to heat stress and related health risks. Providing adequate ventilation is essential to ensure acceptable IAQ and comfortable working conditions. Enhancing natural ventilation through architectural design can reduce reliance on mechanical systems and energy consumption. This study investigates the influence of two key design parameters, building height and window configuration, on ventilation performance and thermal environment in institutional kitchens. A validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model developed in ANSYS Fluent was used to evaluate airflow patterns, IAQ, and temperature distribution across 53 design configurations that varied in height, cross-ventilation pattern, window–ventilator combination, and window distribution. The impact of these variables was assessed using a performance score derived from Principal Component Analysis. Results indicate that the configuration with a 4 m building height and 40% window-to-wall ratio (WWR) on both windward and leeward sides achieved the best performance, whereas the configuration with a 4.5 m height, 40% WWR on the windward side, and 10% on the leeward side performed the poorest. The findings provide design insights for improving natural ventilation and thermal comfort in institutional kitchens.

Luca Caloni, Ricardo Z. Ferreira, Lara Sousa et al.

We analyse CMB constraints on stable networks of cosmic strings and domain walls using for the first time full Planck 2018 data together with BICEP/Keck 2018 $B$-mode measurements. The defect-induced anisotropies are computed using the Unconnected Segment Model for Nambu-Goto and Abelian-Higgs strings, as well as for stable domain walls, and included in a full Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis jointly varying all $Λ$CDM parameters, the tensor-to-scalar ratio, and the string/domain wall tension. No statistically significant evidence for defects is found, although we observe a mild preference for non-zero cosmic string tension. Our results improve previous constraints on the defect power spectrum by up to a factor of two. In the particular case of strings, the improvement is driven by the $B$-mode data, and is especially pronounced for Abelian-Higgs strings. We also present forecasts for the Simons Observatory and the LiteBIRD satellite: the former will improve string tension constraints by about a factor of three, while the latter those on the domain wall tension by about a factor of ten. Finally, we assess the impact of Nambu-Goto string loops on CMB anisotropies in light of both current and future observations.

Anastasiia Bakhmach, Paul Dufossé, Andrea Vaglio et al.

Feature selection (FS) is essential for biomarker discovery and clinical predictive modeling. Over the past decades, methodological literature on FS has become rich and mature, offering a wide spectrum of algorithmic approaches. However, much of this methodological progress has not fully translated into applied biomedical research. Moreover, challenges inherent in biomedical data, such as high-dimensional feature space, low sample size, multicollinearity, and missing values, make FS non-trivial. To help bridge this gap between methodological development and practical application, we propose ROOFS (RObust biOmarker Feature Selection), a Python package available at https://gitlab.inria.fr/compo/roofs, designed to help researchers in the choice of FS method adapted to their problem. ROOFS benchmarks multiple FS methods on the user's data and generates reports summarizing a comprehensive set of evaluation metrics, including downstream predictive performance estimated using optimism correction, stability, robustness of individual features, and true positive and false positive rates assessed on semi-synthetic data with a simulated outcome. We demonstrate the utility of ROOFS on data from the PIONeeR clinical trial, aimed at identifying predictors of resistance to anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy in lung cancer. Of the 34 FS methods gathered in ROOFS, we evaluated 23 in combination with 11 classifiers (253 models) and identified a filter based on the union of Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate-adjusted p-values from t-test and logistic regression as the optimal approach, outperforming other methods including widely used LASSO. We conclude that comprehensive benchmarking with ROOFS has the potential to improve the reproducibility of FS discoveries and increase the translational value of clinical models.

Maureen De Gastines, Darío Jaime, Andrea E. Pattini

Windows significantly contribute to thermal discomfort in high solar irradiance climates by allowing excessive heat gains and uneven indoor temperatures. This study introduces a solar-adjusted analytical framework for evaluating year-round indoor thermal comfort, integrating dynamic shortwave solar radiation effects, spatial zoning, and occupant behavior into comfort assessments. The methodology employs the Predicted Mean Vote adjusted via the SolarCal model and long-term comfort metrics to evaluate the effectiveness of Solar Control Films (SCFs) across twelve orientations at 30º intervals, in a cold arid (BWk) climate. Results demonstrate that absorbing SCFs with solar transmittance values between 0.22 and 0.40 reduce heat-related discomfort by 70–90% on average across all orientations, while the reflective film completely eliminates heat-related discomfort under all studied conditions. Although SCFs increase cold discomfort hours, the overall impact remains beneficial. Integrating hourly clothing adjustments into the framework reduces predicted warm discomfort by more than half and cold discomfort by 28% on average, offering a more realistic evaluation of occupant experience. Importantly, the choice of metric influences performance rankings: for average Thermal Comfort Availability (TCAmean), the reflective film excels in north, northwest, and west orientations, while absorbing films perform best in east and northeast. For time Thermal Comfort Usability (tTCU10-90), the reflective film outperforms other options across most orientations, doubling hours with 90% of the space in comfort conditions in north and northeast orientations, where heat discomfort is most critical. SCFs also reduce overheating near windows and homogenize thermal comfort across spaces, enabling optimized HVAC operation. This work highlights the potential of integrating solar radiation impacts and dynamic, spatially resolved metrics into thermal comfort assessments, providing insights for retrofitting strategies and climate-responsive design.

Ecenur Kızılörenli, Ahmet Vefa Orhon

This study emphasizes the importance of daylight performance in interior spaces as a critical factor in achieving global Sustainable Development Goals, including energy efficiency, environmental sustainability, and healthy living conditions. It introduces a novel façade system inspired by tessellation-based origami principles, designed to mitigate exposure, glare and optimize daylight utilization, directly contributing to user comfort and well-being. The research employs a movable folding façade system with modular adaptability through different tessellation patterns. Performance analyses were conducted to evaluate the system's effectiveness in reducing exposure (Annual Sunlight Exposure), glare (Glare Autonomy) and improving daylight performance (Spatial Daylight Autonomy). The system’s compliance with LEED v4.1 criteria was also assessed to ensure alignment with sustainable building standards. The proposed façade system effectively reduced overexposure levels to 2.42%, enhanced sDA to 87.87% and also improved glare values by up to 50.26%. These results highlight the system’s potential to improve daylighting performance while addressing user comfort. This research presents an innovative façade system that integrates tessellation-based origami principles to optimize daylight performance. It contributes to sustainable architectural practices by demonstrating the transformative potential of movable and adaptive façade designs in achieving sustainable development goals, addressing both environmental and user comfort.

Fataneh Shoghi, Seyed Morteza Hosseini, Shahin Heidari et al.

Outdoor urban spaces are essential to residents’ well-being, yet their thermal comfort is increasingly compromised by urbanization and climate change. Although urban morphology has been widely studied, its effects on human thermal comfort within mi-croclimates remain inadequately understood. This study addresses this gap by exam-ining the interactions between urban morphology, microclimate, and pedestrian ther-mal comfort. We employed a systematic literature review guided by the PRISMA framework, alongside parametric thinking using General Morphological Analysis (GMA) to systematically explore how variations in urban form parameters influence microclimatic conditions and pedestrian thermal comfort. The study’s objectives were threefold: (1) to systematically analyze the existing literature, identify key trends, and uncover knowledge gaps; (2) to explore the psychological, physical, and social factors influencing thermal perception; and (3) to assess how urban morphological features affect microclimate and pedestrian thermal comfort. To address these challenges, we developed a novel framework, Design Tools, which quantitatively links urban mor-phology parameters, outdoor thermal indices, and pedestrian comfort. By prioritizing outdoor thermal comfort in urban design, this approach offers valuable insights to en-hance climate-responsive design strategies and improve pedestrian well-being amid the growing challenges of urban heat islands.

Dalia Abdelfattah, Sahar Abdelwahab, Mohamed Z. Eldars et al.

Lighting is a key element of design that plays a significant role in affecting workers’ health and safety in industrial workspaces. Given the scarcity of scientific studies addressing visual environments in relation to workers health in industrial buildings, this field study was conducted to explore workers' responses to multiple lighting scenarios inside production halls on their occupational health and safety in six factories in Sadat City, Egypt. Self-assessments of 456 factory workers during day and night shifts were collected and correlated to light measurements collected at the factories. The statistical analysis of data revealed a significant reduction in workers reporting eye strain, alleviating headaches, and enhancing the ability to concentrate under daylight conditions compared to mixed and/or artificial lighting conditions. Moreover, it was found that lighting levels lower than 140 lux led to visual fatigue(p=0.03), headaches (p=0.014), drowsiness (p=0.004), and rapid loss of concentration (p=0.149) among workers. Poor lighting was shown to increase the likelihood of making occupational errors. Despite the health benefits of natural light compared to artificial lighting, glare from sunlight can sometimes cause headaches. This study emphasizes the importance of improving lighting quality in production halls within industrial environments, as it is a crucial factor in maintaining the health and safety of workers and enhancing professional performance.

Chaikal Amrullah, Daniel Panangian, Ksenia Bittner

The growing demand for detailed building roof data has driven the development of automated extraction methods to overcome the inefficiencies of traditional approaches, particularly in handling complex variations in building geometries. Re:PolyWorld, which integrates point detection with graph neural networks, presents a promising solution for reconstructing high-detail building roof vector data. This study enhances Re:PolyWorld's performance on complex urban residential structures by incorporating attention-based backbones and additional area segmentation loss. Despite dataset limitations, our experiments demonstrated improvements in point position accuracy (1.33 pixels) and line distance accuracy (14.39 pixels), along with a notable increase in the reconstruction score to 91.99%. These findings highlight the potential of advanced neural network architectures in addressing the challenges of complex urban residential geometries.

Guneet Mutreja, Ksenia Bittner

Accurate classification of building roof types from aerial imagery is crucial for various remote sensing applications, including urban planning, disaster management, and infrastructure monitoring. However, this task is often hindered by the limited availability of labeled data for supervised learning approaches. To address this challenge, this paper investigates the effectiveness of self supervised learning with EfficientNet architectures, known for their computational efficiency, for building roof type classification. We propose a novel framework that incorporates a Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) to enhance the feature extraction capabilities of EfficientNet. Furthermore, we explore the benefits of pretraining on a domain-specific dataset, the Aerial Image Dataset (AID), compared to ImageNet pretraining. Our experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our approach. Employing Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representations (SimCLR) with EfficientNet-B3 and CBAM achieves a 95.5% accuracy on our validation set, matching the performance of state-of-the-art transformer-based models while utilizing significantly fewer parameters. We also provide a comprehensive evaluation on two challenging test sets, demonstrating the generalization capability of our method. Notably, our findings highlight the effectiveness of domain-specific pretraining, consistently leading to higher accuracy compared to models pretrained on the generic ImageNet dataset. Our work establishes EfficientNet based self-supervised learning as a computationally efficient and highly effective approach for building roof type classification, particularly beneficial in scenarios with limited labeled data.

W Hokenmaier, R Jurasek, E Bowen et al.

Why do security cameras, sensors, and siri use cloud servers instead of on-board computation? The lack of very-low-power, high-performance chips greatly limits the ability to field untethered edge devices. We present the NV-1, a new low-power ASIC AI processor that greatly accelerates parallel processing (> 10X) with dramatic reduction in energy consumption (> 100X), via many parallel combined processor-memory units, i.e., a drastically non-von-Neumann architecture, allowing very large numbers of independent processing streams without bottlenecks due to typical monolithic memory. The current initial prototype fab arises from a successful co-development effort between algorithm- and software-driven architectural design and VLSI design realities. An innovative communication protocol minimizes power usage, and data transport costs among nodes were vastly reduced by eliminating the address bus, through local target address matching. Throughout the development process, the software and architecture teams were able to innovate alongside the circuit design team's implementation effort. A digital twin of the proposed hardware was developed early on to ensure that the technical implementation met the architectural specifications, and indeed the predicted performance metrics have now been thoroughly verified in real hardware test data. The resulting device is currently being used in a fielded edge sensor application; additional proofs of principle are in progress demonstrating the proof on the ground of this new real-world extremely low-power high-performance ASIC device.

Kyle Shih-Huang Lo, Jörg Peters, Eric Spellman

Accurate completion and denoising of roof height maps are crucial to reconstructing high-quality 3D buildings. Repairing sparse points can enhance low-cost sensor use and reduce UAV flight overlap. RoofDiffusion is a new end-to-end self-supervised diffusion technique for robustly completing, in particular difficult, roof height maps. RoofDiffusion leverages widely-available curated footprints and can so handle up to 99\% point sparsity and 80\% roof area occlusion (regional incompleteness). A variant, No-FP RoofDiffusion, simultaneously predicts building footprints and heights. Both quantitatively outperform state-of-the-art unguided depth completion and representative inpainting methods for Digital Elevation Models (DEM), on both a roof-specific benchmark and the BuildingNet dataset. Qualitative assessments show the effectiveness of RoofDiffusion for datasets with real-world scans including AHN3, Dales3D, and USGS 3DEP LiDAR. Tested with the leading City3D algorithm, preprocessing height maps with RoofDiffusion noticeably improves 3D building reconstruction. RoofDiffusion is complemented by a new dataset of 13k complex roof geometries, focusing on long-tail issues in remote sensing; a novel simulation of tree occlusion; and a wide variety of large-area roof cut-outs for data augmentation and benchmarking.

Luca Collini, Siddharth Garg, Ramesh Karri

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools offer rapid hardware design from C code, but their compatibility is limited by code constructs. This paper investigates Large Language Models (LLMs) for automatically refactoring C code into HLS-compatible formats. We present a case study using an LLM to rewrite C code for NIST 800-22 randomness tests, a QuickSort algorithm, and AES-128 into HLS-synthesizable C. The LLM iteratively transforms the C code guided by the system prompt and tool's feedback, implementing functions like streaming data and hardware-specific signals. With the hindsight obtained from the case study, we implement a fully automated framework to refactor C code into HLS-compatible formats using LLMs. To tackle complex designs, we implement a preprocessing step that breaks down the hierarchy in order to approach the problem in a divide-and-conquer bottom-up way. We validated our framework on three ciphers, one hash function, five NIST 800-22 randomness tests, and a QuickSort algorithm. Our results show a high success rate on benchmarks that are orders of magnitude more complex than what has been achieved generating Verilog with LLMs.

Hanlong Wan, Jian Zhang, Yan Chen et al.

This paper investigates the transformative potential of Generative AI (Gen-AI) technologies, particularly large language models, within the building industry. By leveraging these advanced AI tools, the study explores their application across key areas such as automated compliance checking and building design assistance. The research highlights how Gen-AI can automate labor-intensive processes, significantly improving efficiency and reducing costs in building practices. The paper first discusses the two widely applied fundamental models-Transformer and Diffusion model-and summarizes current pathways for accessing Gen-AI models and the most common techniques for customizing them. It then explores applications for text generation, such as compliance checking, control support, data mining, and building simulation input file editing. Additionally, it examines image generation, including direct generation through diffusion models and indirect generation through language model-supported template creation based on existing Computer-Aided Design or other design tools with rendering. The paper concludes with a comprehensive analysis of the current capabilities of Gen-AI in the building industry, outlining future directions for research and development, with the goal of paving the way for smarter, more effective, and responsive design, construction, and operational practices.

Firdha Ayu Atika, Esty Poedjioetami

Sidoarjo Regency Government has made many efforts to make the mushroom village more famous and attract tourists to visit. So that efforts are needed to revive Home Based Enterprise (HBE) / household businesses and oyster mushroom cultivation centers, to continue to be the pride of Sidoarjo Regency. The HBE concept supports the economic aspect in realizing Sustainable Development. This can be achieved by realizing environmental integration, socio-cultural interests and maximizing local economic benefits. Of course, the existence of HBE supports the concept of Sustainable Tourism, which can increase people's income in accessing jobs and getting good services in the housing sector. This study uses a mixed method with a combination of quantitative and qualitative. This research begins by collecting information or data in the field. Data collection techniques used in this study include field observations, in-depth interviews and documentation of activities. To support the sustainability of the village, it is necessary to revive marketing facilities in the form of cafes or restaurants that support mushroom village tourism. In addition, the institution that oversees the mushroom cultivation and processed products also needs to be added to control the business management system. The existing environment needs to be improved by adding street furniture elements that support the image of a tourist village. Tourist villages must also be supported by the latest technology to support HBE production. Political relations with government and business CSR can also develop the business of the mushroom village HBE, in helping to invest in capital and equipment.

Irvan Maulana, Diana Susilowati

The mosque is a place of worship for the Muslim community which has the capacity for a large number of congregations, over time the mosque is not only a place of worship but the mosque can also be a place for socializing in religious matters, in every city and region it has its own characteristics regarding the design and style that is in the mosque. The style of a marker or pattern on a building based on a certain period is usually the style of the mosque found on the exterior and interior of the building such as the shape of the door, the shape of the column, the shape of the roof, the shape of the ceiling and so on. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative by searching and collecting data related to research from journals, literature, books and direct surveys to research locations. The results of the research are knowledge of what styles exist in the Al-Mi'raj mosque (Masjid Raya Bogor) and find out which form of mosque design follows.

Bahereh Vojdani Fakhr, Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad, Morteza Rahbar et al.

In terms of sustainable design, lateral windows and skylights are important. Daylighting has become a vital component in office buildings because it increases occupants' productivity, well-being, and energy savings via windows and skylights. As a result, various factors have an impact on achieving Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) and lowering overheating and glare discomfort. First the merits of the skylight and the window are compared in this study. Second, this study constructs an intelligent optimization method NSGA-II based on Pareto front approaches that allows low energy use of the office building while maintaining excellent thermal and lighting comfort for the inhabitants. Finally, all optimum solutions look at Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) for visual comfort. Isfahan, Iran (32° N, 51° E) as a hot and dry climatic condition, is selected for the simulation. A variety of geometries with different parameters, were applied to meet the goal. Among the different cases, the optimization’s findings highlight the pyramidal design with the highest aperture on the floor. It's best for a hot, dry area and a space with a square or rectangular form. The degree of glare in all ideal geometries, on the other hand, was reasonable—furthermore, these findings aid designers in selecting the appropriate window for the building's form and environment.

Nurul Jamala, Baharuddin Hamzah, Rosady Mulyadi et al.

Lighting control integrated with daylighting is recognized as an important and useful strategy in energy efficient building design. One of the right factors to reduce energy consumption for artificial lighting during the day is the maximum utilization of sunlight. The aim of this research, distribution of daylight into the building analysis with five models of building facades and value of illuminance in the morning, afternoon and evening with orientation of the window openings to the northeast and southwest. Bank Mega is one of the tall buildings in Makassar Indonesia, which is located in a coastal area that is not blocked by other tall buildings, so this building is the object of research as a basis for designing façade models on building envelopes. The methodology this study is quantitative, analyzing the performance of sunlight as a source of daylighting in office buildings. This paper presents field measurements in office buildings, namely in rooms that are oriented northeast and southwest. The analysis in the two spaces is a reference to determine the effect of sunlight on the orientation of the building. In this study also conducted visual perception experiments by submitting questionnaires to 43 respondents. the results show that there are some complaints for employees, because of the high illuminance value in certain areas. Furthermore, simulate using the Radiance Illuminance Program software to determine the illuminance value of room in the morning, noon and afternoon with five building facade model designs, i.e., massive glass, vertical, horizontal, diagonal, and vertical-diagonal model. The results presented in this paper show that the distribution of daylight in an east-oriented room is higher in the morning than in the evening and noon. Whereas in the southwest orientation it is inversely proportional, the value of light distribution is higher in the afternoon than in the morning and noon. Accordingly, orientation of the building affects distribution of daylight. The massive glass facade model without using sun shading has the highest light distribution value compared to other façade models, but can cause glare and excessive brightness. Furthermore, the second highest distribution of daylight with the vertical facade model, but there are also areas that exceed the standard illuminance level for workspaces, but only in areas near window openings. The combined model of the vertical-diagonal facade which also has a high distribution of illuminance value and to redirect daylight deep into building interior simultaneously in the morning, afternoon and evening. Accordingly, façade model on envelope of building affects distribution of daylight. The aesthetic value of architectural design shows that the appearance of the building does not look monotonous or massive, when using the building facade models because there are attractive areas in the building envelope.

Muhammad Poeji Hartadinata, Yohannes Firzal, Gun Faisal

Culture movement in society has a linear relationship with the development of the art. To face the demands of the times, the artists start to integrate the arts with other disciplines in the process of the creation of works of art considered to be more able to accommodate the expression and the communication is conveyed in a work of art. This is known as new media art. New media art which is the result of undue hybridisation between pure art with technology capable of growing very rapidly. This development extends to all regions in Indonesia. In Pekanbaru, new media art was getting very enthusiasm of the pop art from a variety of backgrounds and ages, but it is unfortunate development is still lacking. This problem can be seen from the lack of facilities or container that can overshadow and accommodate creativity and introduce the work of new media art. Based on these problems, it needed a container that can overshadow the pop art new media as well as introduce new media art to the community, therefore drafted a center for creativity of new media art which can facilitate the activities in the field of new media art whether in the form of the process of creation of works of new media art and activities pertujukkan Design Creativity Center New Media Art is applying the principles of the Architecture of Deconstruction which has the meaning of freedom of the rhetorical structures of composition that is formal. The freedom of form that is a representation of the way of thinking the architecture of the deconstruction that do not want to be bound from the rules that have been there to interpret the freedom of the air-creativity, innovative and always fresh in the new media art. So in the hope Center for the arts creative media this can bring out the creativity of the artist through the architectural elements dekontruktif.

Furkan Burak Bagci, Ahmet Alp Kindriroglu, Metehan Yalcin et al.

Extracting building heights from satellite images is an active research area used in many fields such as telecommunications, city planning, etc. Many studies utilize DSM (Digital Surface Models) generated with lidars or stereo images for this purpose. Predicting the height of the buildings using only RGB images is challenging due to the insufficient amount of data, low data quality, variations of building types, different angles of light and shadow, etc. In this study, we present an instance segmentation-based building height extraction method to predict building masks with their respective heights from a single RGB satellite image. We used satellite images with building height annotations of certain cities along with an open-source satellite dataset with the transfer learning approach. We reached, the bounding box mAP 59, the mask mAP 52.6, and the average accuracy value of 70% for buildings belonging to each height class in our test set.

Seyed Morteza Hosseini, Fodil Fadli, Masi Mohammadi

Many recent studies in the field of the kinetic façade developed the grid-based modular forms through primary kinetic movements which are restricted in the simple shapes. However, learning from biological analogies reveals that plants and trees provide adjustable daylighting strategies by means of multilayered and curvature morphological changes. This research builds on a relevant literature study, observation, biomimicry morphological approach (top-down), and parametric daylighting simulation to develop a multilayered biomimetic kinetic façade form, inspired by tree morphology to improve occupants’ daylight performance. The first part of the research uses a literature review to explore how biomimicry influences the kinetic façade’s functions. Then, the study applies the biomimicry morphological approach to extract the formal strategies of tress due to dynamic daylight. Concerning functional convergence, the biomimicry principles are translated to the kinetic façade form configuration and movements. The extracted forms and movements are translated into the design solutions for the kinetic façade resulting in the flexible form by using intersected-multilayered skin and kinetic vectors with curvature movements. The comprehensive annual climate-based metrics and luminance-based metric simulation (625 alternatives) confirm the high performance of the bio-inspired complex kinetic façade for improving occupants’ daylight performance and preventing visual discomfort in comparison with the simple plain window as the base case. The kinetic façade provides daylight performance improvement, especially the best case achieves spatial Daylight Autonomy, Useful Daylight Illuminance, and Exceed Useful Daylight Illuminance of 50.6, 85.5, 7.55 respectively.