Hasil untuk "Civil law"

Yida Cai, Ranjuexiao Hu, Huiyuan Xie et al.

Legal relations form a highly consequential analytical framework of civil law system, serving as a crucial foundation for resolving disputes and realizing values of the rule of law in judicial practice. However, legal relations in Chinese civil cases remain underexplored in the field of legal artificial intelligence (legal AI), largely due to the absence of comprehensive schemas. In this work, we firstly introduce a comprehensive schema, which contains a hierarchical taxonomy and definitions of arguments, for AI systems to capture legal relations in Chinese civil cases. Based on this schema, we then formulate legal relation extraction task and present LexRel, an expert-annotated benchmark for legal relation extraction in Chinese civil law. We use LexRel to evaluate state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) on legal relation extractions, showing that current LLMs exhibit significant limitations in accurately identifying civil legal relations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that incorporating legal relations information leads to consistent performance gains on other downstream legal AI tasks.

Janneke Gerards, Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

Algorithmic decision-making and similar types of artificial intelligence (AI) may lead to improvements in all sectors of society, but can also have discriminatory effects. While current non-discrimination law offers people some protection, algorithmic decision-making presents the law with several challenges. For instance, algorithms can generate new categories of people based on seemingly innocuous characteristics, such as web browser preference or apartment number, or more complicated categories combining many data points. Such new types of differentiation could evade non-discrimination law, as browser type and house number are not protected characteristics, but such differentiation could still be unfair, for instance if it reinforces social inequality. This paper explores which system of non-discrimination law can best be applied to algorithmic decision-making, considering that algorithms can differentiate on the basis of characteristics that do not correlate with protected grounds of discrimination such as ethnicity or gender. The paper analyses the current loopholes in the protection offered by non-discrimination law and explores the best way for lawmakers to approach algorithmic differentiation. While we focus on Europe, the conceptual and theoretical focus of the paper can make it useful for scholars and policymakers from other regions too, as they encounter similar problems with algorithmic decision-making.

Madelyne Xiao, Andrew Sellars, Sarah Scheffler

Computer science research sometimes brushes with the law, from red-team exercises that probe the boundaries of authentication mechanisms, to AI research processing copyrighted material, to platform research measuring the behavior of algorithms and users. U.S.-based computer security research is no stranger to the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) in a relationship that is still evolving through case law, research practices, changing policies, and legislation. Amid the landscape computer scientists, lawyers, and policymakers have learned to navigate, anti-fraud laws are a surprisingly under-examined challenge for computer science research. Fraud brings separate issues that are not addressed by the methods for navigating CFAA, DMCA, and Terms of Service that are more familiar in the computer security literature. Although anti-fraud laws have been discussed to a limited extent in older research on phishing attacks, modern computer science researchers are left with little guidance when it comes to navigating issues of deception outside the context of pure laboratory research. In this paper, we analyze and taxonomize the anti-fraud and deception issues that arise in several areas of computer science research. We find that, despite the lack of attention to these issues in the legal and computer science literature, issues of misrepresented identity or false information that could implicate anti-fraud laws are actually relevant to many methodologies used in computer science research, including penetration testing, web scraping, user studies, sock puppets, social engineering, auditing AI or socio-technical systems, and attacks on artificial intelligence. We especially highlight the importance of anti-fraud laws in two research fields of great policy importance: attacking or auditing AI systems, and research involving legal identification.

Natali Helberger, Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius, Agustin Reyna

In modern markets, many companies offer so-called 'free' services and monetize consumer data they collect through those services. This paper argues that consumer law and data protection law can usefully complement each other. Data protection law can also inform the interpretation of consumer law. Using consumer rights, consumers should be able to challenge excessive collection of their personal data. Consumer organizations have used consumer law to tackle data protection infringements. The interplay of data protection law and consumer protection law provides exciting opportunities for a more integrated vision on 'data consumer law'.

Lindsay DeMarchi

This paper presents an overview of the U.S. federal civil space budget between FY23 and proposed spending in FY25, providing a foundational reference dataset for civil space budget analyses. Projects that support, enable, or leverage space activities for civil purposes are found in more than 100 individual line items spread across 17 federal departments and agencies and are funded by 4 different appropriations bills. Across all these elements, civil space-related appropriations total roughly 44 billion dollars in FY25, of which NASA constitutes about 58 percent (Figure 1). To better view the cross-cutting nature of space missions and the support that enables them, the second half of this report introduces a novel representation of the civil space budget by organizing the data into six national priority areas: American Leadership and Manufacturing; Workforce Development; Fundamental Science; Efficiency, Improvements, and Growth; Homeland Security; Infrastructure, Energy, and Resiliency; and Remote Sensing Applications (Figure 2). This organization of the data highlights the ubiquity of space-related activity throughout diverse sectors to reach the same common goal.

Viacheslav Davydenko, Anna Kavunska, Viacheslav Barba

The study focuses on the conceptual, theoretical, empirical and methodological foundations of a legal and economic nature, concerning the legal support for the activities of operational units of the National Police in preventing cybercrime, in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. Methodology. The present study employed both general and special methods of cognition. Utilising the dialectical method, the author evaluated the essence of countering cybercrime by operational police units in terms of its prevention and prevention of these offences in the legal and economic planes, according to a diverse range of parameters. The analysis established the foundations for a multidimensional study of all the characteristic features of cybercrime prevention in the context of economic integration, in terms of economic and legal etymology. The synthesis established the conditions necessary for the generalisation of the distinctive features of the activities of police operational units. The formal legal method enabled the correct interpretation of the content of legal acts defining the general and special legal regimes of preventive activities of operational police units within the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. The purpose of the article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the potential areas for improvement in the activities of the operational units of the National Police in order to prevent cybercrime in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. The results of the study demonstrated that the role of the operational units of the National Police in preventing cybercrime in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges encompasses a range of complex measures in various areas of activity of the relevant police unit, primarily in ensuring cybersecurity. It has been determined that there are specific areas in which the operational units of the National Police can enhance their efforts to combat cybercrime. These areas have been identified in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. Conclusion. The advent of cybercrime can be attributed to the prevailing technological transformations in the economy, particularly with regard to the dissemination of information as the primary resource and catalyst for societal advancement. The author's position is that the implementation of economic policies aimed at curbing cybercrime should encompass the following measures: the establishment of a fair and balanced tax system, the formulation of a strategic economic development policy, the promotion of production-oriented initiatives, and the allocation of resources towards the enhancement of public services. From the standpoint of a company's economic security, measures to prevent cybercrime are crucial, due to both local and global economic factors. The analysis of cybercrime legislation enabled the identification of measures of general and special competence taken by the operational units of the National Police. Concurrently, within the legislative framework on national security, which encompasses cybersecurity, the National Police is delineated as a subject of counteraction to such crime, signifying a specialised competence. Concomitantly, the general competence in combating and preventing cybercrime is reflected in the primary function of the National Police, namely to ensure public safety and order, protect human rights and freedoms, the interests of society and the state, and combat crime, including in cyberspace. The primary focus of the implementation of the special competence of operational police units is the Cyber Police Department, which is an integral component of the National Police. The Cyber Police Department is responsible for conducting comprehensive operational and investigative activities as a component of the broader strategy to prevent cybercrime. The authors support the view that the following measures, carried out by operational police units, stand out as effective means of countering cybercrime under conditions of existential challenges associated with armed aggression. These measures include counterintelligence, operational and investigative work, and procedural work to counter relevant information threats; the introduction of incentive measures aimed at creating their own information product; the development of their own information and telecommunications infrastructure; and the establishment of communication between civil society and law enforcement agencies in this area.

Emine Sümeyye Kökçam

Bu çalışmada diplomasi, diplomatik temsilci ve diplomatik temsilcilerin sahip oldukları dokunulmazlık ve ayrıcalıkların tanımı yapılmış ve bu kavramların İslam-Osmanlı hukuku açısından nasıl değerlendirildiğine yer verilmiştir. İslam hukukunda diplomatik dokunulmazlık kavramı bulunmadığı için, şer’i ve örfi olmak üzere ikili bir yapıdan oluşan Osmanlı hukukunda bu kavramın nasıl uygulandığı incelenmiştir. Yabancı diplomatik temsilcilerin Osmanlı Devleti’ndeki ayrıcalıkları ve dokunulmazlıkları özellikle yargı bağışıklığı yönünden incelenmiştir. Çalışmada diplomatik temsilci olarak elçilerin yanı sıra konsolos ve konsolosluk çalışanları da (tercüman ve kavas) ele alınmıştır. Nitekim daimî diplomatik temsilin ilk dönemlerinde elçi ve konsolos birbiriyle iç içe geçmiş kavramlardır. Konsoloslara tanınan hak ve ayrıcalıklar yabancı devletlerle yapılan ikili anlaşmalarda açıkça belirtilmiştir. Bu bağlamda kapitülasyonlar Osmanlı diplomasi ilişkilerini şekillendirmiştir. Ancak zamanla yabancı devletlere tanınan imtiyazlar kötüye kullanılmıştır. 9 Ağustos 1863 tarihli Memalik-i Mahruse-i Şahanede Bulunan Düvel-i Ecnebiyye Konsoloslukları Hakkında Tanzim Kılınan Nizamname ile Osmanlı Devleti konsolosluklarla ilgili sorunlara dair kapsamlı bir düzenleme yapmıştır. Çalışmada, bu nizamname de diplomatik yargı dokunulmazlığı çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir.

C-Y Law, Jonathan C. Tan, Raphael Skalidis et al.

Magnetic fields may play a crucial role in setting the initial conditions of massive star and star cluster formation. To investigate this, we report SOFIA-HAWC+ $214\:μ$m observations of polarized thermal dust emission and high-resolution GBT-Argus C$^{18}$O(1-0) observations toward the massive Infrared Dark Cloud (IRDC) G28.37+0.07. Considering the local dispersion of $B$-field orientations, we produce a map of $B$-field strength of the IRDC, which exhibits values between $\sim0.03 - 1\:$mG based on a refined Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi (r-DCF) method proposed by Skalidis \& Tassis. Comparing to a map of inferred density, the IRDC exhibits a $B-n$ relation with a power law index of $0.51\pm0.02$, which is consistent with a scenario of magnetically-regulated anisotropic collapse. Consideration of the mass-to-flux ratio map indicates that magnetic fields are dynamically important in most regions of the IRDC. A virial analysis of a sample of massive, dense cores in the IRDC, including evaluation of magnetic and kinetic internal and surface terms, indicates consistency with virial equilibrium, sub-Alfvénic conditions and a dominant role for $B-$fields in regulating collapse. A clear alignment of magnetic field morphology with direction of steepest column density gradient is also detected. However, there is no preferred orientation of protostellar outflow directions with the $B-$field. Overall, these results indicate that magnetic fields play a crucial role in regulating massive star and star cluster formation and so need to be accounted for in theoretical models of these processes.

Joern Ploennigs, Markus Berger, Martin Mevissen et al.

Quantum computing is a new computational paradigm with the potential to solve certain computationally challenging problems much faster than traditional approaches. Civil engineering encompasses many computationally challenging problems, which leads to the question of how well quantum computing is suitable for solving civil engineering problems and how much impact and implications to the field of civil engineering can be expected when deploying quantum computing for solving these problems. To address these questions, we will, in this paper, first introduce the fundamentals of quantum computing. Thereupon, we will analyze the problem classes to elucidate where quantum computing holds the potential to outperform traditional computers and, focusing on the limitations, where quantum computing is not considered the most suitable solution. Finally, we will review common complex computation use cases in civil engineering and evaluate the potential and the limitations of being improved by quantum computing.

Holli Sargeant, Ahmed Izzidien, Felix Steffek

This paper addresses a critical gap in legal analytics by developing and applying a novel taxonomy for topic classification of summary judgment cases in the United Kingdom. Using a curated dataset of summary judgment cases, we use the Large Language Model Claude 3 Opus to explore functional topics and trends. We find that Claude 3 Opus correctly classified the topic with an accuracy of 87.13% and an F1 score of 0.87. The analysis reveals distinct patterns in the application of summary judgments across various legal domains. As case law in the United Kingdom is not originally labelled with keywords or a topic filtering option, the findings not only refine our understanding of the thematic underpinnings of summary judgments but also illustrate the potential of combining traditional and AI-driven approaches in legal classification. Therefore, this paper provides a new and general taxonomy for UK law. The implications of this work serve as a foundation for further research and policy discussions in the field of judicial administration and computational legal research methodologies.

Dan Braha

Phase transitions, characterized by abrupt shifts between macroscopic patterns of organization, are ubiquitous in complex systems. Despite considerable research in the physical and natural sciences, the empirical study of this phenomenon in societal systems is relatively underdeveloped. The goal of this study is to explore whether the dynamics of collective civil unrest can be plausibly characterized as a sequence of recurrent phase shifts, with each phase having measurable and identifiable latent characteristics. Building on previous efforts to characterize civil unrest as a self-organized critical system, we introduce a macro-level statistical model of civil unrest and evaluate its plausibility using a comprehensive dataset of civil unrest events in 170 countries from 1946 to 2017. Our findings demonstrate that the macro-level phase model effectively captures the characteristics of civil unrest data from diverse countries globally and that universal mechanisms may underlie certain aspects of the dynamics of civil unrest. We also introduce a scale to quantify a country's long-term unrest per unit of time and show that civil unrest events tend to cluster geographically, with the magnitude of civil unrest concentrated in specific regions. Our approach has the potential to identify and measure phase transitions in various collective human phenomena beyond civil unrest, contributing to a better understanding of complex social systems.

Itok Dwi Kurniawan, Shalahuddien Noor Muhammad

This research aims to explore and examine the civil law implications for individuals who are Khuntsa and have changed their identities, with a focus on the perspectives of Islamic Law and Civil Law in Indonesia. The research adopts a normative legal approach with a prescriptive nature, emphasizing the analysis of legislation and case studies. If this process is carried out and followed by a legal application to change their gender identity through the court system, and the judge approves it, there will be legal implications. Additionally, it is essential to consider religious perspectives, especially Islam. To address the issues arising from the civil law implications for Khuntsa individuals who have changed their identities based on court rulings, specific regulations governing their status and position are necessary. This is aimed at ensuring legal certainty in such cases.

Novita Putri Yunardi

The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze the implementation of the execution of the fiduciary guarantee, the obstacles encountered in the implementation of the execution of the fiduciary guarantee after the Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019 in Jambi City and the countermeasures carried out in overcoming the obstacles encountered. Research Methods, the research used is empirical juridical. First, the results of the research are that the execution of fiduciary guarantees in Jambi City is still not in accordance with the Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019. This can be seen from the three cases that the author raised in this study, it was stated that only one case carried out parate execution in accordance with the Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019, and two other cases did not comply with the Court's decision. This means that there are still creditors who immediately carry out executions before submitting an Application for Confiscation of Execution to the District Court. Second, the obstacles encountered in implementing the execution of fiduciary guarantees after the Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019 and the countermeasures made to overcome the obstacles faced, namely the obstacle since the entry into force of this decision is very difficult to collect from customers due to regulations -rule of law. Which if the rule of law is violated, PT. Adira Dinamika Multi Finance will bear the consequences. In addition, the debtor insists on not letting go of his unit and violates the payment deadline. The countermeasures carried out in overcoming the obstacles faced by PT. Adira Dinamika Multi Finance, namely if the debtor defaults, namely does not pay the installments that have been determined properly and has been given a subpoena, if the debtor becomes bankrupt, and the debtor dies and the heirs are absent. Abstrak Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pelaksanaan parate eksekusi, kendala yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaan parate eksekusi jaminan fidusia pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU-XVII/2019 di Kota Jambi dan upaya penanggulangan yang dilakukan dalam mengatasi kendala yang dihadapi. Metode Penelitian Penelitian yang digunakan bersifat yuridis empiris. Hasil penelitian Pertama, pelaksanaan parate eksekusi jaminan fidusia di Kota Jambi masih belum sesuai dengan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU- XVII/2019. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari tiga kasus yang Penulis angkat dalam penelitian ini dinyatakan hanya satu kasus saja yang melakukan parate eksekusi sesuai dengan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU- XVII/2019, dan dua kasus lainnya tidak sesuai Putusan Mahkamah tersebut. Artinya, masih terdapat pihak kreditur yang langsung melakukan eksekusi sebelum pengajukan Permohonan Sita Eksekusi ke Pengadilan Negeri. Kedua, kendala yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaan parate eksekusi jaminan fidusia pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU- XVII/2019 dan upaya penanggulangan yang dilakukan dalam mengatasi kendala yang dihadapi, yakni kendalanya sejak berlakunya putusan ini sangat sulit untuk melakukan penagihan terhadap nasabah karena adanya aturan-aturan hukum. Yang mana jika aturan hukum tersebut dilanggar, PT. Adira Dinamika Multi Finance yang menanggung konsekuensinya, selain itu debitur bersikeras untuk tidak mau mepaskan unitnya dan melanggar batas waktu pembayaran. Adapun upaya penanggulangan yang dilakukan dalam mengatasi kendala yang dihadapi PT. Adira Dinamika Multi Finance yaitu jika debitur melakukan wanprestasi, yaitu tidak membayar angsuran telah ditentukan sebagaimana mestinya dan telah diberi somasi, jika debitur jatuh pailit, dan Debitur meninggal dunia dan ahli warisnya tidak ada.

Andrea Tagarelli, Andrea Simeri

Modeling law search and retrieval as prediction problems has recently emerged as a predominant approach in law intelligence. Focusing on the law article retrieval task, we present a deep learning framework named LamBERTa, which is designed for civil-law codes, and specifically trained on the Italian civil code. To our knowledge, this is the first study proposing an advanced approach to law article prediction for the Italian legal system based on a BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) learning framework, which has recently attracted increased attention among deep learning approaches, showing outstanding effectiveness in several natural language processing and learning tasks. We define LamBERTa models by fine-tuning an Italian pre-trained BERT on the Italian civil code or its portions, for law article retrieval as a classification task. One key aspect of our LamBERTa framework is that we conceived it to address an extreme classification scenario, which is characterized by a high number of classes, the few-shot learning problem, and the lack of test query benchmarks for Italian legal prediction tasks. To solve such issues, we define different methods for the unsupervised labeling of the law articles, which can in principle be applied to any law article code system. We provide insights into the explainability and interpretability of our LamBERTa models, and we present an extensive experimental analysis over query sets of different type, for single-label as well as multi-label evaluation tasks. Empirical evidence has shown the effectiveness of LamBERTa, and also its superiority against widely used deep-learning text classifiers and a few-shot learner conceived for an attribute-aware prediction task.

S. K. Ocker, J. M. Cordes, S. Chatterjee et al.

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are millisecond-timescale radio transients, the origins of which are predominantly extragalactic and likely involve highly magnetized compact objects. FRBs undergo multipath propagation, or scattering, from electron density fluctuations on sub-parsec scales in ionized gas along the line-of-sight. Scattering observations have located plasma structures within FRB host galaxies, probed Galactic and extragalactic turbulence, and constrained FRB redshifts. Scattering also inhibits FRB detection and biases the observed FRB population. We report the detection of scattering times from the repeating FRB 20190520B that vary by up to a factor of two or more on minutes to days-long timescales. In one notable case, the scattering time varied from $7.9\pm0.4$ ms to less than 3.1 ms ($95\%$ confidence) over 2.9 minutes at 1.45 GHz. The scattering times appear to be uncorrelated between bursts or with dispersion and rotation measure variations. Scattering variations are attributable to dynamic, inhomogeneous plasma in the circumsource medium, and analogous variations have been observed from the Crab pulsar. Under such circumstances, the frequency dependence of scattering can deviate from the typical power-law used to measure scattering. Similar variations may therefore be detectable from other FRBs, even those with inconspicuous scattering, providing a unique probe of small-scale processes within FRB environments.

reza dehghannezhad, farajollah hedayatniya

There is no doubt about the legitimacy of temporary marriage in Shiite jurisprudence. This kind of marriage is recognized in Iran’s civil law and family support law, and some of its ruls is indicated. But there are some ambiguities about some of the issues such as the juridical effects of the wife's disobedience. Disobedience of wife in permanent marriage could lead to loss of alimony right entitled to her but in temporary marriage wife not entitled to alimony right. So, the important question is proposed here: what is the effect of a wife’s disobedience on her rights, and in other words, what is the executive guarantee of the husband’s right to submission in temporary marriage? There is no commentary about this issue in Civil Law, while this issue is important and should be investigated. In this paper, this issue is studied through descriptive and analytical methods from a jurisprudential perspective. The findings of the study are shown that if the divorced wife refuses to obey without a valid excuse, her disobedience would be fulfilled. On other hand, disobedience of the wife in temporary marriage leads to nulling her right of marriage portion or dowry, and the husband could deduct from the dowry considering proportion to the period of disobedience, and if the husband had paid the full dowry, he should demand its return in the same proportion through the court.

Aslan Kh. Abashidze, Elena E. Gulyaeva, Elena N. Trikoz

The article presents the main trends in rule-making practice in the field of international law, which were summarized on the basis of expert reports and abstracts at the Conference of the European Society of International Law (ESIL) in autumn of 2021. The authors of the article are ESIL members and have previously made reports at its forums. In this review, they analyzed the materials of thematic seminars of “working groups”, “agoras” and “forums” of the Conference. The debates touched upon the impact of the digital revolution on the form and content of international lawmaking, discussed the influx of informal norms and standards in this area, maintaining the integrity of national systems and rationality of “soft law”, spread of the so-called “expert codifications”, ensuring the harmonization of domestic legality and lawmaking of non-state actors, taking into account corporate and civil-public interests in the law-making process, international negotiations and practice of states, demand for interdisciplinary paradigms, approaches and methods in situations of collisions of legal regimes and formation of “living law”. The authors of the review conclude that modern international law is under-going significant “digital recalibration” and is developing on the basis of new technologies from hyperformalism to hyperfactualism.

Anthony J. Spires

With the passage of a nationwide Charity Law in March 2016, Chinese nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) entered a new and unprecedented era of legal regulation, one that dramatically transformed the formal rules governing state–civil society relations. This article highlights problems experienced under earlier regulations and outlines the major features of the new law. Drawing on multiple focus groups and interviews with grassroots NGOs around China, the article highlights gaps between NGO leaders’ understandings of their work and several of the law’s key provisions, revealing civil society’s skepticism and pessimism about prospects for change. It concludes by considering the law’s likely implications for civil society development in China and lessons for other authoritarian states, suggesting that regulation in such regimes should be seen more properly as a tool of political control.

Nahuel Freitas, Massimiliano Esposito

The Gibbs distribution universally characterizes states of thermal equilibrium. In order to extend the Gibbs distribution to non-equilibrium steady states, one must relate the self-information $\mathcal{I}(x) = -\log(P_\text{ss}(x))$ of microstate $x$ to measurable physical quantities. This is a central problem in non-equilibrium statistical physics. By considering open systems described by stochastic dynamics which become deterministic in the macroscopic limit, we show that changes $Δ\mathcal{I} = \mathcal{I}(x_t) - \mathcal{I}(x_0)$ in steady state self-information along deterministic trajectories can be bounded by the macroscopic entropy production $Σ$. This bound takes the form of an emergent second law $Σ+ k_b Δ\mathcal{I}\geq 0$, which contains the usual second law $Σ\geq 0$ as a corollary, and is saturated in the linear regime close to equilibrium. We thus obtain a tighter version of the second law of thermodynamics that provides a link between the deterministic relaxation of a system and the non-equilibrium fluctuations at steady state. In addition to its fundamental value, our result leads to novel methods for computing non-equilibrium distributions, providing a deterministic alternative to Gillespie simulations or spectral methods.

Jiaqi Xu, Derek Doyle, Fernando Moreu

Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology superimposing interactional virtual objects onto a real environment. Since the beginning of the millennium, AR technologies have shown rapid growth, with significant research publications in engineering and science. However, the civil infrastructure community has minimally implemented AR technologies to date. One of the challenges that civil engineers face when understanding and using AR is the lack of a classification of AR in the context of capabilities for civil infrastructure applications. Practitioners in civil infrastructure, like most engineering fields, prioritize understanding the level of maturity of a new technology before considering its adoption and field implementation. This paper compares the capabilities of sixteen AR Head-Mounted Devices (HMDs) available in the market since 2017, ranking them in terms of performance for civil infrastructure implementations. Finally, the authors recommend a development framework for practical AR interfaces with civil infrastructure and operations.