Hasil untuk "City planning"

Amir Reza Khavarian-Garmsir, Ayyoob Sharifi, A. Sadeghi

The purpose of this study is to explore the 15-minute city concept's underlying principles, sustainability contributions, and implementation challenges. We show that it relies on the seven basic principles of human-scale urban design, density, diversity, flexibility, proximity, digitalization, and connectivity. These principles can contribute to social, economic, and environmental sustainability in various ways. However, the 15-minute city can also been criticized for being physically deterministic, failing to take into account the needs of different social groups, biodiversity, energy-efficiency, clean energies, and culture and heritage.

O. Marquet, Isabelle Anguelovski, Samuel Nello-Deakin et al.

Abstract Science skeptics have spent years attacking climate science, but it has only been recently that post-COVID-19 conspiracy theorists have directed their attention to local city planning, with misinformation campaigns throwing vitriol at the idea of the 15-minute city and denouncing planning best practices as a global form of social engineering with hidden agendas to restrict private freedoms. In this context, urban planners and practitioners need to understand the nature of conspiracy claims and distinguish legitimate concerns about the 15-minute city model. As science skeptics and conspiracy theories gain ground in all sectors of our societies, researchers and city planners need to communicate evidence-based decision making and address science-driven concerns.

Juan Manuel Lozano de Poo

La interacción social se ha transformado significativamente por la omnipresencia en el hogar de dispositivos portátiles conectados a la red. Las plataformas digitales son parte de la vida doméstica y abarcan prácticamente el espectro completo de la actividad humana. Los cambios y las permanencias en las formas de habitar dan cuenta del fenómeno de la digitalización y las implicaciones que tienen las formas de comunicación impuestas en la era de la información sobre las personas. Este trabajo explora la producción y reproducción de nuevos patrones de interacción y modos de habitar desde lo privado, bajo una multiplicidad intergeneracional de conformaciones familiares (solteros, nido completo, nido vacío y madres/padres solteros) que se encuentran en las tres etapas del ciclo de la vida. Los nuevos usos y organizaciones espaciotemporales en el hogar digitalizado están resignificando las dimensiones de corporeidad y contigüidad; ambas cualidades constitutivas para el cuidado del ser y la existencia humana. Como consecuencia, las alteraciones en la proximidad y el aislamiento entre los seres humanos producto de la digitalización exhiben una domesticidad supeditada a la interacción ciberfísica acrítica en el habitar de la tercera década de siglo XXI.

Pohsun Wang, Wu Song, Junling Zhou et al.

Confronting the age of artificial intelligence, exploring art through technology has become one of the directions of interdisciplinary development. Not only does artificial intelligence technology explore sustainability on a technical level; it can also take advantage of itself to focus on the visual perception of the living environment. People frequently interpret environmental features through their eyes, and the use of intuitive eye-tracking can provide effective data that can contribute to environmental sustainability in managing the environment and color planning to enhance the image of cities. This research investigates the visual responses of people viewing the historic city of Macau through an eye movement experiment to understand how the color characteristics of the physical environment are perceived. The research reveals that the buildings and plantings in the historic district of Macau are the most visible objects in the environment, while the smaller scale of St. Dominic’s Square, the Company of Jesus Square, and St. Augustine’s Square, which have a sense of spatial extension, have also become iconic environmental landscapes. This also draws visual attention and guides the direction of travel. The overall impressions of the Historic Centre of Macau, as expressed by the participants after the eye movement experiment, were mainly described as “multiculturalism”, “architectural style”, “traditional architecture”, “color scheme”, and “garden planting”. The 60 colors representing the urban color of Macau are then organized around these deep feelings about the environment. Therefore, for future inspiration, the 60 colors can be applied through design practice to create color expressions that fit the local characteristics, and thereby enhance the overall visual image of the city.

Hannah Widmer

Conviviality can briefly be defined as togetherness among strangers despite their differences. While most of the research on conviviality focuses on (inter-)cultural differences, this article argues that considering other kinds of differences (e.g., socio-economic status, gender, age, stage of the life course, etc.) may increase our understanding of conviviality. In addition, to help us measure the convivial use of public space, the article looks at participation in “optional activities” (e.g., enjoying the sun, playing), which contribute to a convivial atmosphere by encouraging people to be co-present, thus offering the potential for “thicker sociability.” Based on fieldwork consisting of behavioural mapping (n = 1,448) and an intercept survey (n = 1,474), this study explores key factors that increase the likelihood of people using three small public squares in Zurich, Switzerland, in a convivial way. A logistic regression model based on survey data shows that, even when controlling for individual factors, the squares and their affordances contribute substantially to convivial use, e.g., by providing ample seating. The model furthermore suggests that gender, people’s relationship to the neighbourhood, their occupation, and the time of day, are more significant factors in shaping convivial use of the squares than the cultural background, socio-economic status, age, or having children.

N. Komninos, C. Kakderi, A. Panori et al.

ABSTRACT In the theory of urban development, the evolutionary perspective is becoming dominant. Cities are understood as complex systems shaped by bottom-up processes with outcomes that are hard to foresee and plan for. This perspective is strengthened by the current turn towards smart cities and the intensive use of digital technologies to optimize urban ecosystems. This paper extends the evolutionary thinking and emerging dynamics of cities to smart city planning. It is based on recent efforts for a smart city strategy in Thessaloniki that enhances the economic, environmental, and social sustainability of the city. Taking advantage of opportunities offered by the IBM Smarter Cities Challenge, the Rockefeller 100 Resilient Cities, the World Bank, and the EU Horizon 2020 Program, Thessaloniki shaped a strategy for an inclusive economy, resilient infrastructure, participatory governance, and open data. This process, however, does not have the usual features of planning. It reveals the complex dimension of smart city planning as a synthesis of technologies, user engagement, and windows of opportunity, which are fuzzy at the start of the planning process. The evolutionary features of cities, which until now were ascribed to the working of markets, are now shaping the institutional aspects of planning for smart cities.

Astrid Bjørgen, Kristin Ystmark Bjerkan, O. Hjelkrem

Abstract E-grocery is developing into a frequent and prominent form of online shopping. While some empirical studies suggest that online shopping substitutes personal shopping travel, others indicate a limited or no impact on number of trips and travel distance. Mobility for passengers and freight is one of the key issues in integrated planning in urban areas, and the growth of e-commerce and home deliveries is likely to affect the structure and performance of the urban freight chain. This study explores the use of home delivery services through a survey among Norwegian users of services connected to food and groceries. The study draws on insight from the survey to discuss how city municipalities can integrate trends of urbanisation and digitalisation into planning for sustainable mobility and efficient urban freight transport. A prominent finding is that home delivery of food and groceries is associated with fewer trips to physical grocery stores and reduced car use on these trips. In considering implications for city planning, several strategies and potential instruments are presented and discussed.

Adolfo F. L. Baratta

Liliana Caughman

Purpose – The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (UN SDG) number 13 calls for urgent action to combat climate change impacts. Urban resilience planning documents often articulate partnerships and collaborations (P&Cs) as critical strategies. This study aims to identify the actors, the topics, processes, and visions of collaboration. Design/methodology/approach – This paper explores the characterization of urban resilience partnerships via a thematic content analysis of resilience strategy documents produced in US cities through the 100 Resilient Cities Project. Findings – P&Cs are defined broadly, taking several forms to meet various objectives. They act as boundary objects engaging across social groups, but the details of the P&Cs are rarely articulated, which is problematic for their implementation. P&Cs are commonly discussed in relation to the focus of the work; therefore, they less often define the specific actors, processes or transformative visions involved. Research limitations/implications – This research focuses only on the resilience plans written in US cities, showing the perspective of US policymakers. Documents analyzed were produced via the Rockefeller Foundation's 100 Resilient Cities Project. Practical implications – Understanding and categorizing the who, what, when and why of P&Cs for urban resilience provide a deeper understanding of how these strategies are being described and offer a starting point for tangibly actualizing partnerships and collaborations outside planning documents. Social implications – To reach vital urban resilience goals, P&Cs must be designed and managed appropriately. Understanding the shortcoming of current P&C policies can help managers mitigate problems and find better approaches. Originality/value – To the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper is the first to analyze how P&Cs are being articulated and described in urban resilience plans. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal number 13 calls for urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. As urbanization continues and the effects of climate change escalate, city governments are finding themselves responsible for the resilience of large populations. To cope, increasing numbers of municipalities are developing urban resilience plans. These documents often articulate partnerships and collaborations (P&Cs) as critical strategies for enhancing resilience capacity and implementing resilience policies. Although specific case studies of resilience-related collaborative practices are well documented in urban resilience literature, little is known about the proliferation of P&C strategies collectively. Furthermore, questions remain regarding the characterization of resilience P&Cs by practitioners, including who is involved and what types of projects they undertake. Therefore, this analysis explores urban resilience P&Cs via a thematic content analysis of resilience strategy documents produced in 16 US cities through the 100 Resilient Cities Project. Results indicate that cities prioritize P&Cs in resilience policy implementation, but they often fall short in defining the key components of P&Cs that are vital to their success. The analysis exposes the most common actors, topics, processes and visions described in resilience P&Cs and makes recommendations for how urban resilience P&Cs can be improved in the future.

Palash Chandra Das, Md. Esraz-Ul-Zannat

The increased risks of storm flood occurrences in large cities are the result of land use changes due to rapid urbanization. This study examines the influence of land use changes in Khulna City Corporation (KCC) area on surface runoff over a period of 15 years, from 2005 to 2020. Land use–land cover (LULC) maps for 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 were created employing support vector machine (SVM)-based supervised image classification using time-series satellite data, and the surface runoff was determined using Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number model. The major land use change drivers of surface runoff were determined through a correlation analysis. Surface runoff was observed to follow a similar trend as that of impervious urban areas, which went up by 5.44% from 2005 to 2020 (17.00 mm increment in average runoff) and the opposite trend was found in vegetation land cover, which declined by 13.34% in areal extent throughout the study period. In comparison with other types of land use, surface runoff changes were most significantly associated with the changes in urban impervious areas and vegetation land use-land cover (LULC) class. In fast-growing cities across the world, and especially in developing nations, the results of this study may serve as a guide for urban storm flood management and urban planning efforts. HIGHLIGHTS Between 2005 and 2020, the urban area increased by 9.82%, while vegetation cover dropped by 13.24%.; During 2005–2020, the relative degree of average runoff depth on a particular day with a 100-year rainfall event rose by 5.44% (17.00 mm).; The increase in runoff depth was found to be positively and negatively correlated with the expansion of urban impervious areas and changes in vegetation land cover class, respectively.;

Enkelejda Velo, Fabrizio Balestrino, Fabrizio Balestrino et al.

The pathogen transmitting Aedes albopictus mosquito is spreading rapidly in Europe, putting millions of humans and animals at risk. This species is well-established in Albania since its first detection in 1979. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is increasingly gaining momentum worldwide as a component of area-wide-integrated pest management. However, estimating how the sterile males will perform in the field and the size of target populations is crucial for better decision-making, designing and elaborating appropriate SIT pilot trials, and subsequent large-scale release strategies. A mark-release-recapture (MRR) experiment was carried out in Albania within a highly urbanized area in the city of Tirana. The radio-sterilized adults of Ae. albopictus Albania strain males were transported by plane from Centro Agricoltura Ambiente (CAA) mass-production facility (Bologna, Italy), where they were reared. In Albania, sterile males were sugar-fed, marked with fluorescent powder, and released. The aim of this study was to estimate, under field conditions, their dispersal capacity, probability of daily survival and competitiveness, and the size of the target population. In addition, two adult mosquito collection methods were also evaluated: BG-Sentinel traps baited with BG-Lure and CO2, (BGS) versus human landing catch (HLC). The overall recapture rates did not differ significantly between the two methods (2.36% and 1.57% of the total male released were recaptured respectively by BGS and HLC), suggesting a similar trapping efficiency under these conditions. Sterile males traveled a mean distance of 93.85 ± 42.58 m and dispersed up to 258 m. Moreover, they were observed living in the field up to 15 days after release with an average life expectancy of 4.26 ± 0.80 days. Whether mosquitoes were marked with green, blue, yellow, or pink, released at 3.00 p.m. or 6.00 p.m., there was no significant difference in the recapture, dispersal, and survival rates in the field. The Fried competitiveness index was estimated at 0.28. This mark-release-recapture study provided important data for better decision-making and planning before moving to pilot SIT trials in Albania. Moreover, it also showed that both BG-traps and HLC were successful in monitoring adult mosquitoes and provided similar estimations of the main entomological parameters needed.

D. Maye

Abstract This paper develops a conceptual link between smart city planning and urban food systems research in terms of governance and innovation. The ‘smart city’ concept is linked to an urban research agenda which seeks to embed advances in technology and data collection into the infrastructures of urban environments. Through this neoliberal framework, market-led and technological solutions to city governance and development are prioritised. The urban food movement has a different trajectory compared to the smart city agenda, comprising a diverse mix of urban food production practices, including community and grassroots-based social innovations, and associated more recently with food security discourses. Recognising these ideological and epistemological differences (between the smart city and the urban food movement) is important for conceptualisations of ‘smart food city’ governance. Based on theoretical reflections, review material and findings from a European project on city-region food systems, the paper argues that smart technology can be an important part of the solution to city food challenges but in combination with social innovations to enable flexible modes of governance that are inclusive, technologically and socially-orientated and linked to specific city-region contexts. Key elements include city regionalism, new organisational structures and connectivities, a circular model of metabolism and social practices.

M. Lennon

ABSTRACT The paper traces the emergence of urban public green space as an issue of concern for planning. This is used as a platform to discuss the emergence of the compact city idea and how this conceives the design and use of such spaces. The paper then identifies a series of issues that need to be prioritised in future research for the planning of urban green space in the ‘new normal’ of social distancing consequent on COVID-19. Issues requiring attention and a series of outline examples of potential solutions are grouped beneath four categories: form & features, distribution, connectivity and resilience.

Amalachukwu Chijindu Ananwude, Steve Nkem Ibenta, Gideon Kasie Ezu et al.

Purpose - This paper investigates the effect of commercial bank regulations, namely the price, product, and geographic regulations, on the intermediation function of commercial banks in Nigeria.  Methods - Using secondary data from 1986 to 2017 from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the World Bank, this study employs the Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) model and Granger causality framework. Findings - This paper provides evidence of a long-run relationship between commercial bank regulation and intermediation function represented by private sector credit to RGDP (regional gross domestic product). It also finds that commercial banks' regulation index through price, product, and geographic regulation has a positive relationship with intermediation function. Furthermore, the long-run relationship between commercial bank regulation and intermediation function described by private sector credit to RGDP is affirmed. Implication - The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) needs to relax the product regulation to allow commercial banks to engage in various conventionally non-banking activities. Originality - The paper contributes to the literature by ascertaining the commercial banks' intermediation function to Nigeria's economic growth and development.

Sergio Nesmachnow, Claudio Risso

This article addresses timetable synchronization in public transportation, an important problem in modern smart cities, in order to guarantee a proper quality of service to citizens. Two variants of the bus timetabling synchronization problem considering extended transfer zones are studied: optimizing offsets and optimizing offsets and headways for each line. An exact mixed integer programming and an evolutionary algorithm are developed to solve both problem variants. The algorithms are evaluated on 45 instances of a real case study, the intelligent transportation system of Montevideo, Uruguay. Experimental results reported significant improvements over the current timetable implemented by the city administration. The number of successful synchronizations improved up to 66.6% and 179.9% for the first and second problem variant, respectively. The average waiting times for transfers improved, especially in tight problem instances (up to 57.8% and 158.3% for the first and second problem variant, respectively). The proposed planning methods are useful to help decision makers to configure public transportation systems.

Zihan Zhao, Yuhan Zhang

With the progress of urbanization, urban management is facing a series of challenges in the new situation. The scale of the city is growing, urban management problems are increasingly prominent, the urban population is showing a rapid growth trend, and various elements of urban infrastructure management, such as rapid growth and urban expansion, have increased the load of urban infrastructure. To make overall planning for urban transportation, municipal administration, economic industry, and public service, intelligent urban planning and construction came into being. Big data technology provides important support for the construction and development of smart city, which is not only an effective means to improve the design of smart city, but also the premise for the development of smart city. Therefore, this paper first introduces the characteristics of smart city, analyses the application of big data technology in smart city design, and finally evaluates the impact of smart city planning and construction based on big data on economic and social benefits.

K. Axelsson, Malin Granath

Many of today's city planning projects aim to realize smart city ambitions. In order to plan and build a smart city district, where ICT is integrated in critical infrastructure and used to control ...

S. Yamamura, Liyang Fan, Yoshiyasu Suzuki

Abstract Smart city has been becoming nowadays a very popular topic that not only in developed countries but also in developing countries. There are variety of definitions for smart city in different fields and regions. Generally, it aims for a sustainable city development through the optimal management of the resources and potential, offering a comprehensively higher quality life to the citizens. The planning of area energy system is one of the most important issues, which is related to the energy generation, the energy consumption by facilities, transportation system, and any other city infrastructures. Especially for Japan, one of the countries facing the complex issues of an aging society, disaster management and energy dependency need a new methodologies for optimal urban energy planning that integrates all information from these sectors. Smart city with highly developed information and communications technology (ICT) is considered as such an important approach. To encourage the smart city concept in Japan, this paper proposes a “GIS-BIM” based urban energy planning system to access the optimal technical and policy solution for readjust city infrastructure beyond the integrated analysis. Firstly, it introduces the concept of Japanese smart city which covers from urban planning to infrastructure. Secondly, the research proposes a GIS-BIM based urban energy planning system including the database construction and analysis by GIS, the optimal energy system design aided by BIM and 3D visualization with user-friendly interface. Finally, center of Tokyo is adopted as a case study, suggesting the potential to access the optimal technical and policy solution.

G. Swensen

ABSTRACT The ‘compact city’ is generally considered to represent a sustainable urban form. However, transformation of urban sites as consequence of compact city planning potentially conflicts with heritage interests. A reading of a selection of scientific articles in land-use and heritage journals, supplemented with thematic plans, indicates that there is a need to bridge the gap between urban heritage policy and planning for the compact city. When challenged by strong pro-development partners to present convincing alternative perspectives, specialised heritage competence would benefit from skills within land-use planning and vice versa. Disciplinary and sectorial barriers need to be crossed.

C. Permana, Budi Harsanto

The purpose of this paper is to explore sustainable city planning concepts and practices in emerging economies. Using a systematic review, peer-reviewed articles in an academic database were systematically searched and reviewed. The process included selecting appropriate keywords to assist in screening relevant articles, allowing more comprehensive and integrated findings of the concepts and practices of sustainable city planning in emerging economies, assisted by the NVivo 12 qualitative software package and Microsoft Excel. This paper also developed a framework comprised of key elements to measure the sustainability of city planning. The findings showed that, by reviewing more than 30 peer- reviewed articles, it was understood that Western sustainable city planning concepts have been directly adopted into the policy agendas of emerging countries without significant changes. However, such concepts were interpreted into a number of different practices dealing with the local socio-cultural and political characteristics of the adopting countries. Lastly, during the systematic review, this paper offers a comprehensive evaluation of the overall mapping of literature in the framework of sustainable city planning in emerging countries, indicating a number of areas that have been explored by existing studies as well as certain areas that are still lacking and could be potentially explored by future studies.