Hasil untuk "By religion"

A. D. R.

H. Koenig

H. Koenig, M. McCullough, D. Larson

L. Guiso, Paola Sapienza, Paola Sapienza et al.

L. Iannaccone

Peter C. Hill, K. Pargament, R. Hood et al.

P. Berger, Berger, 高师宁

P. Boyer

R. Barro, Rachel M. Mccleary

Empirical research on the determinants of economic growth typically neglects the influence of religion. To fill this gap, this study uses international survey data on religiosity for a broad panel of countries to investigate the effects of church attendance and religious beliefs on economic growth. To isolate the direction of causation from religiosity to economic performance, the estimation relies on instrumental variables suggested by an analysis in which church attendance and religious beliefs are the dependent variables. The instruments are variables for the presence of state religion and for regulation of the religion market, the composition of religious adherence, and an indicator of religious pluralism. Results show that economic growth responds positively to religious beliefs, notably beliefs in hell and heaven, but negatively to church attendance. That is, growth depends on the extent of believing relative to belonging. These results accord with a model in which religious beliefs influence individual traits that enhance economic performance. The beliefs are an output of the religion sector, and church attendance is an input to this sector. Hence, for given beliefs, higher church attendance signifies more resources used up by the religion sector.

Brian Steensland, Jerry Z. Park, Mark Regnerus et al.

Heidi A. Campbell, Ruth Tsuria

Redacted by arXiv

This document consolidates publicly reported technical details about Metas Llama 4 model family. It summarizes (i) released variants (Scout and Maverick) and the broader herd context including the previewed Behemoth teacher model, (ii) architectural characteristics beyond a high-level MoE description covering routed/shared-expert structure, early-fusion multimodality, and long-context design elements reported for Scout (iRoPE and length generalization strategies), (iii) training disclosures spanning pre-training, mid-training for long-context extension, and post-training methodology (lightweight SFT, online RL, and lightweight DPO) as described in release materials, (iv) developer-reported benchmark results for both base and instruction-tuned checkpoints, and (v) practical deployment constraints observed across major serving environments, including provider-specific context limits and quantization packaging. The manuscript also summarizes licensing obligations relevant to redistribution and derivative naming, and reviews publicly described safeguards and evaluation practices. The goal is to provide a compact technical reference for researchers and practitioners who need precise, source-backed facts about Llama 4.

B. Spilka

Where We Are And Where We Should Go * An Agenda Item for Psychology of Religion: Getting Respect C. Daniel Batson. * Toward Motivational Theories of Intrinsic Religious Commitment Richard L. Gorsuch. Why Religion? Functions of Religious Belief and Behavior * Toward a Theory of Religion: Religious Commitment Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge. * In Times of Stress: The Religion-Coping Connection Kenneth I. Pargament and Crystal L. Park. * Proposed Agenda for a Spiritual Strategy in Personality and Psychotherapy Allen E. Bergin and I. Reed Payne. Social Concerns * An Integrated Role Theory for the Psychology of Religion: Concepts and Perspectives Nils G. Holm. * An Integrated Role Theory for the Psychology of Religion: Concepts and Perspectives Nils G. Holm. * Religion and Moral Evaluation Discrepancy Theory Robert A. Embree. Development of Individual Religion * The Origins of Religion in the Child David Elkind. * Integrating Differing Theories: The Case of Religious Development K. Helmut Reich. * An Attachment-Theory Approach to the Psychology of Religion Lee A. Kirkpatrick. Believing Is Seeing: How Religion Shapes Our Worlds * Attribution Theory and the Psychology of Religion Wayne Proudfoot and Phillip R. Shaver. * A General Attribution Theory for the Psychology of Religion Bernard Spilka, P. R. Shaver, and L. A. Kirkpatrick. * Religion-as-Schema, with Implications for the Relation Between Religion and Coping Daniel N. McIntosh. * Toward an Attitude Process Model of Religious Experience Peter C. Hill. * In the Eye of the Beholder: A Social-Cognitive Model of Religious Belief Elizabeth Weiss Ozorak. The Experience of Religion * A Taxonomy of Religious Experience R. Stark. * The Empirical Study of Mysticism Ralph W. Hood Jr.

John Hick

Book file PDF easily for everyone and every device. You can download and read online Philosophy of Religion: An Anthology file PDF Book only if you are registered here. And also you can download or read online all Book PDF file that related with Philosophy of Religion: An Anthology book. Happy reading Philosophy of Religion: An Anthology Bookeveryone. Download file Free Book PDF Philosophy of Religion: An Anthology at Complete PDF Library. This Book have some digital formats such us :paperbook, ebook, kindle, epub, fb2 and another formats. Here is The Complete PDF Book Library. It's free to register here to get Book file PDF Philosophy of Religion: An Anthology.

E. Gentile, G. Staunton

Acknowledgments ix INTRODUCTION: The Sacralization of Politics xi Chapter 1: A Never-Never Religion, A Substitute for Religion, or a New Religion? 1 Chapter 2: Civil Religions and Political Religions: From Democratic Revolutions to Totalitarian States 16 Chapter 3: The Leviathan as a Church: Totalitarianism and Political Religion 45 Chapter 4: The Invasion of the Idols: Christians against Totalitarian Religions 68 Chapter 5: Toward the Third Millennium: The Sacralization of Politics in States both New and Old 110 Chapter 6: Religions of Politics: Definitions, Distinctions, and Qualifications 138 Notes 147

Oliwia S. Kowalczyk, K. Roszkowski, Xavier Montané et al.

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted religion and faith in different ways. Numerous restrictions have been implemented worldwide. Believers are in conflict with authorities’ warnings that gatherings must be limited to combat the spread of the virus. Religion has always played a role of the balm for the soul, and the regular religious participation is associated with better emotional health outcomes. In our study, we examined whether the exposure to COVID-19 enhances the faith. The instrument used was a survey verifying the power of spirituality in the face of the coronavirus pandemic.

Yingqiang Gao, Fabian Winiger, Patrick Montjourides et al.

Religion and spirituality (R/S) are complex and highly domain-dependent concepts which have long confounded researchers and policymakers. Due to their context-specificity, R/S are difficult to operationalize in conventional archival search strategies, particularly when datasets are very large, poorly accessible, and marked by information noise. As a result, considerable time investments and specialist knowledge is often needed to extract actionable insights related to R/S from general archival sources, increasing reliance on published literature and manual desk reviews. To address this challenge, we present SpiritRAG, an interactive Question Answering (Q&A) system based on Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). Built using 7,500 United Nations (UN) resolution documents related to R/S in the domains of health and education, SpiritRAG allows researchers and policymakers to conduct complex, context-sensitive database searches of very large datasets using an easily accessible, chat-based web interface. SpiritRAG is lightweight to deploy and leverages both UN documents and user provided documents as source material. A pilot test and evaluation with domain experts on 100 manually composed questions demonstrates the practical value and usefulness of SpiritRAG.

Agrima Seth, Monojit Choudhary, Sunayana Sitaram et al.

Representational bias in large language models (LLMs) has predominantly been measured through single-response interactions and has focused on Global North-centric identities like race and gender. We expand on that research by conducting a systematic audit of GPT-4 Turbo to reveal how deeply encoded representational biases are and how they extend to less-explored dimensions of identity. We prompt GPT-4 Turbo to generate over 7,200 stories about significant life events (such as weddings) in India, using prompts designed to encourage diversity to varying extents. Comparing the diversity of religious and caste representation in the outputs against the actual population distribution in India as recorded in census data, we quantify the presence and "stickiness" of representational bias in the LLM for religion and caste. We find that GPT-4 responses consistently overrepresent culturally dominant groups far beyond their statistical representation, despite prompts intended to encourage representational diversity. Our findings also suggest that representational bias in LLMs has a winner-take-all quality that is more biased than the likely distribution bias in their training data, and repeated prompt-based nudges have limited and inconsistent efficacy in dislodging these biases. These results suggest that diversifying training data alone may not be sufficient to correct LLM bias, highlighting the need for more fundamental changes in model development. Dataset and Codebook: https://github.com/agrimaseth/How-Deep-Is-Representational-Bias-in-LLMs

Jabulile Z. Manyike, Amon Taruvinga, Leocadia Zhou

This study explores the factors influencing smallholder farmers' decisions on livestock ownership and herd size in the context of climate change. A cross-sectional approach was employed, using a multi-stage sampling method to survey 600 smallholder farmers, 495 of whom were engaged in livestock production. Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using a double hurdle model. The findings reveal that the decision to own livestock is positively influenced by adherence to African traditional religion, access to climate information, membership in farming organizations, income diversification, possession of formal housing, exposure to high average temperatures, and the likelihood of being in female-headed households. In contrast, higher educational attainment and larger household sizes are associated with a lower likelihood of livestock ownership. The intensity of livestock herd is positively influenced by male-headed households, farm organization affiliation, access to diversified income streams, and higher average annual precipitation. While male-headed households are less likely to engage in livestock ownership initially, those that do, tend to have larger herds. The study concludes that both household capital and environmental factors significantly shape smallholder farmers’ livestock ownership decisions. The findings suggest that smallholder farmers in the study area may increasingly rely on livestock as a sustainable and adaptive strategy in response to changing temperature patterns and evolving socio-economic needs. Based on these findings, policy recommendations include promoting gender-inclusive livestock policies to empower female-headed households, enhancing access to climate information, supporting farm organizations and income diversification, and fostering adaptation to environmental changes, to improve the sustainability and resilience of smallholder livestock farming.

Muhamad Yusrul Hana

Rifa'iyah women in Pekalongan managed to break free from constraints of patriarchal culture, enabling them to actively participate in the public sphere. Over time, they have initiated changes in their understanding and interpretation of religion, adapting these to contemporary developments. Their courage and consistency in these efforts have facilitated evolutionary adaptability within the social and cultural systems of the Rifa'iyah community, ultimately realizing complete freedom for women in public activities. This study employs the historical research method, encompassing heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The findings reveal, first, that Rifa'iyah women have driven societal change by challenging cultural norms through innovative interpretations of the Qur'an and Hadith. They also hold that their actions align with the teachings of K.H. Ahmad Rifa'i. Second, the social roles of Rifa'iyah women in Pekalongan include participation in the Wagean Islamic Study, establishing the UMRI organization, engaging in professional work, participating in activities outside the home, and being politically active. Moreover, Rifa'iyah women successfully balance dual roles by fulfilling their responsibilities as mothers and wives while collaborating with their husbands.