Hasil untuk "Biography"

J. Jasper

C. Gillispie

C. Gosden, Yvonne Marshall

Eunike Sri Tyas Suci

Psychology as it has been taught in Indonesia has largely followed Western frameworks, grounded in Western modes of thought considered modern, namely, the scientific study of individual mental processes. Scientific inquiry in this tradition relies on empirical and objective methods, allowing findings to be tested and replicated. Historically, however, the early development of psychology in Indonesia was more pragmatic, emerging primarily from psychometric training courses rather than from a systematic engagement with psychology as a scientific discipline in line with established epistemological standards. This historical trajectory raises a critical and reflective question: Is there a form of psychology, or ilmu jiwa, rooted in Eastern values within the archipelago? And what distinguishes it from Western psychology? These questions form the foundation of the author’s historical and academic exploration, with a particular focus on Javanese thought. Javanese perspectives were chosen as the primary focus due to the relative accessibility and availability of relevant literature. Accordingly, this study first examines what is termed Nusantara Psychology. Through a careful review and verification of sources, the author focuses on four Javanese thinkers: Soemantri Hardjo Prakoso, Ki Ageng Suryomentaram, Panji Sosrokartono, and Muhammad Subuh. These thinkers share a defining characteristic that sets their conceptualizations of the human psyche apart from Western psychology: the central role of spirituality in understanding human psychological life. The psychological frameworks developed by these Javanese thinkers are expected to contribute to the future development of Indigenous Psychology as well as Indonesian Psychology (Psikologi Indonesia). Further research is encouraged to explore non-Javanese thinkers and to conduct comparative analyses, in order to deepen understanding of the mental processes of Indonesian people.

Martin Raspe

Jan van Stinemolen (1518–1582) is an interesting artist who remains largely unknown. As he is not mentioned in Karel van Mander's Schilder-Boeck, his biography must be pieced together from archival sources and remains incomplete. These sources primarily record Stinemolen's presence in the Spanish Netherlands, first in his hometown of Mechelen and later in Antwerp. The dates of his time in Naples and southern Italy – a trip to Sicily can be inferred from one of his drawings – are unclear. Like other members of his family, he was probably primarily active as a silversmith and jeweller – a prosperous profession, although he may have been affected by the religious wars in his homeland. Nothing has survived of his work as a silversmith; apart from the spectacular View of Naples, only a few drawings remain, most of which are attributed to him on stylistic grounds. Stinemolen's particular amalgamation of topographical map and perspectival view in this panorama may have its roots in Mechelen, where urban cartography flourished in the 16th century. His fascination with landscapes created by volcanic forces is evident in his drawings. The characteristics of his panorama allow us to form further hypotheses about his artistic motivations and his interest in natural history.

Melanie KOCH-FRÖHLICH

This article explores the affinity of filiation stories with the phenomenon of migration. Oscillating between family biography and autobiography, this literary genre has over time become a privileged sphere for both intimate and universal reflection on the topics of exile and integration. Focusing on a recent work – La Mémoire délavée (2023) by Mauritian writer Nathacha Appanah – the article proposes a sociopoetic reading of the ambivalences inscribed into a postmemory of migration. It highlights how filiation narratives articulate individual and collective memory, while revealing the tensions between heritage, transmission, and identity reconstruction. This framework allows for an interrogation of contemporary narrative forms that give voice to migratory experiences, and for considering migration as a vector of literary and social transformation.

Fengyu Li, Yilin Li, Junhao Zhu et al.

Huawei has always been committed to exploring the AI application in historical research. Biography generation, as a specialized form of abstractive summarization, plays a crucial role in historical research but faces unique challenges that existing large language models (LLMs) struggle to address. These challenges include maintaining stylistic adherence to historical writing conventions, ensuring factual fidelity, and handling fragmented information across multiple documents. We present AIstorian, a novel end-to-end agentic system featured with a knowledge graph (KG)-powered retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) and anti-hallucination multi-agents. Specifically, AIstorian introduces an in-context learning based chunking strategy and a KG-based index for accurate and efficient reference retrieval. Meanwhile, AIstorian orchestrates multi-agents to conduct on-the-fly hallucination detection and error-type-aware correction. Additionally, to teach LLMs a certain language style, we finetune LLMs based on a two-step training approach combining data augmentation-enhanced supervised fine-tuning with stylistic preference optimization. Extensive experiments on a real-life historical Jinshi dataset demonstrate that AIstorian achieves a 3.8x improvement in factual accuracy and a 47.6% reduction in hallucination rate compared to existing baselines. The data and code are available at: https://github.com/ZJU-DAILY/AIstorian.

Alison Litherland, Patrick Litherland, Sam Nelson et al.

Richard A. Litherland was born in 1953 in England. He received his PhD at Trinity College in Cambridge in 1979 and moved to the USA in 1983. He had a lengthy and distinguished career as a professor of mathematics and researcher of low-dimensional topology, based primarily at Louisiana State University (LSU) in Baton Rouge until his untimely passing in November 2022. In this paper we (Rick's family and students) recount some memories of Rick, his life and his mathematics.

Рабинович, Яков Николаевич

The article for the first time presents a detailed biography of the governor of Saratov, Vasily Vasilyevich Neledinsky. This serviceman from the fatherland in his youth became a tenant at the court of Mikhail Romanov, and after 20 years he was transferred to the Moscow nobles. He received his first voivodship appointment in the Ket prison in Siberia, then participated in the suppression ofthe uprising in Novgorod and Pskov, and served as governor in Rylsk. Atthe beginning of the Russian-Polish war in 1654, Vasily Neledinsky fought in the north-western direction in the regiment of the boyar V. P. Sheremetev, and in 1655 was sent as governor to Saratov. Particular attention in the article is paid to the Saratov service of V. V. Neledinsky. 

Perini, Gaia

The present article focuses on a short story written by Lu Xun in 1935, «Gathering Vetch», later included in Gushi Xinbian (Old Tales Retold). In this text the author has been faithful to the official biography of the two legendary hermits Boyi and Shuqi, as it was recorded by Sima Qian and commented by Confucius, while on the other hand he could not fail to contaminate it with his irreverent wit, as well as with a variety of unmistakably modern narrative devices. Through a close reading of this single work, the article aims at analyzing Lu Xun’s ambivalent yet vital relationship with the Chinese tradition and folklore; it shows how the writer mingled the most authoritative historical texts (zhengshi) with the unofficial history (yeshi) and oral culture. This mixture between orality and the sacred written word of the Classics was not intended to demystify the canon for the sheer pleasure of it; rather, as this article tries to prove, Lu Xun engaged in a profound and radical rethinking of the Chinese past by retelling it in a new way.

Ana Luiza Andrade

This homage to Eneida de Souza tries to open a window within her book on biography and archives so that it may connect Osman Lins’s writings to the ideas of anesthetizing the writer’s pact with literary destination and fictional autobiography. While death, announced by fiction, can change the subject into a character, the text is brought to life through the writer’s gesture. In Os gestos, the room, as well as the window frame, are then symbolic passageways to the exterior world in the expanded search of the body/house which are written through memory. In Domingo de Páscoa (2013), as well as in his last writings (1978), there is this original sheltering gesture while it is being crossed by an analogous space turned inside out, as seen by a patient’s sickroom perspective. Thus, this theoretical/critical autobiographical reading seeks to update both the poetical gesture to the common reader and to the feeling of sickness.

Marco Antonio Stranisci, Rossana Damiano, Enrico Mensa et al.

Biographical event detection is a relevant task for the exploration and comparison of the ways in which people's lives are told and represented. In this sense, it may support several applications in digital humanities and in works aimed at exploring bias about minoritized groups. Despite that, there are no corpora and models specifically designed for this task. In this paper we fill this gap by presenting a new corpus annotated for biographical event detection. The corpus, which includes 20 Wikipedia biographies, was compared with five existing corpora to train a model for the biographical event detection task. The model was able to detect all mentions of the target-entity in a biography with an F-score of 0.808 and the entity-related events with an F-score of 0.859. Finally, the model was used for performing an analysis of biases about women and non-Western people in Wikipedia biographies.

Emmanuel Davoust

Henri Camichel was an astronomer at Pic du Midi Observatory, where he contributed to the study of planets of the solar system and their satellites with Audouin Dollfus and his team. In 1961, with Charles Boyer, he found that the upper atmosphere of Venus had a counter-clockwise rotation of four days, which was later confirmed by space probes, as were the team's accurate measurements of the diameters of planets. He was also an instrumentalist, and contributed to the maintenance and development of the telescopes, notably the 2-meter telescope and focal instruments at Pic du Midi Observatory.

F. Berenskoetter

Pichugina Olga K.

The article reports a study carried out to clarify some biographical information about the 16th century Italian artist Polidoro da Lanciano by examining his method of painting. He joined the Venetian guild of artists in 1530 and worked under the constant stylistic influence of Titian. Documents about Polidoro’s training have not survived and therefore it is not known from which of the masters he acquired the necessary knowledge and skills that ensured the career of a painter for the young artist. Today, experts are divided on this issue. Some believe that Polidoro studied directly in the workshop of Titian while others argue against this opinion. The purpose of the article is to establish whether the master might be referred to Titian’s direct disciples by technical analysis of the painting «Holy Conversation» from the collection of the Yekaterinburg Museum of Fine Arts attributed to Polidoro da Lanciano. Published information about the painting techniques employed by Titian and his workshop was compared with the data of the technical analysis of Polidoro da Lanciano’s painting «Holy Conversation». The results of comparison suggest, as a preliminary conclusion, that Polidoro most likely acquired the profession of a painter outside the walls of Titian’s workshop.

Vladimir E. Polyakov

Introduction. The article deals with the Crimean period (August 1941 – June 1942) in the life of Basan Badminovich Gorodovikov, Hero of the Soviet Union and a major military and political figure of Kalmykia. The present article aims at describing and analyzing this less-known period of his biography, which was significant and full of dramatic events. Data and research methods. For the purposes of this research, the author has used a wide range of archival materials, as well as memoirs of participants of the partisan movement in the Crimea (including unpublished papers). Results. The author describes the first battles in the north of the Crimea in which Gorodovikov’s regiment was engaged; then, its retreat into the mountains and transition to partisans, the creation of a partisan detachment and the actions behind enemy lines. The activities of Gorodovikov’s detachment are shown against the general background of the partisan movement in the Crimea; special attention given to the discussion of warfare under the specific conditions on the peninsula. The article focuses on the role of the military personnel, especially at the first stage of the partisan movement, revealing, among other things, the problems in the relationship between the command staff of the 48th cavalry division and the partisan leaders in the Crimea. For the first time, the article sheds light on the history of awarding Gorodovikov with the Order of the Red Banner, which was the first award of the Crimean partisans. The dramatic story of his evacuation from the partisan forest to the “Bol´shaia zemlia” is also documented in detail; with previously unknown documents and materials introduced in this paper. The undertaken research allows to conclude that the Crimean period in the life of Gorodovikov was one of the most dramatic in his biography. During a difficult period for the Crimea, he became the commander of one of the most successful partisan detachments, which after he left was officially named after him, its first commander. Notably, Gorodovikov was among the first Crimean partisans to be awarded a military order and to get a promotion in rank and in office.

Hans-Joachim Gehrke

The paper’s starting point is the distinction of different traditions, which shape scholarship in the classics at an international level. In a very personal perspective, it gives important examples of the impact the “School of Paris” and French intellectual concepts in a broader sense had, and still have, on the author’s scholarly biography, particularly in his dealing with topics of anthropology, geography, religion, and the imaginaire in general.

Gološ Dževad

Imam Al-Ṭabarānī, Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad ibn Ayyūb ibn Muṭayyir, is one of the greatest hadith authorities in the Islamic history, and one of the most prolific writers in the field of hadith. His most famous works are three hadith encyclopedias better known as Mu'ğam: Al-Mu'ğam al-Kabīr, AlMu'ğam al-Awṣaṭ, and Al-Mu'ğam al-Ṣaġīr. Apart from these three well-known works, he wrote many other works, some of which were printed, and a number of which are considered lost. Among the most famous lost works of Imam Al-barabarānī is Al-Sunnah. The importance of this lost work is reflected in the fact that great Islamic authorities such as Al-Ḏahabīja, Ibn al-Kaṯīr, Ibn Taymiyya, Ibn al-Qayyim, Al-Mizzī, Al-Suyuṭī and others cited quotations from the said lost work in their own works. Imam Al-Ṭabarānī lived a hundred years and his life was filled with scientific journeys, and we will rarely find that any Islamic authority had as many scientific journeys as Imam Al-Ṭabarānī did. In this paper, I tried to pay special attention to these scientific journeys and to offer their chronological overview. While doing so, I mostly relied on his work Al-Mu'ğam al-Ṣaġīr, in which Imam Al-Ṭabarānī mentioned the place and date where he heard a hadith when narrating it. Then I tried to list all the works of Imam Al-Ṭabarānī, whether they were printed or lost. I also mentioned the narrations of the greatest Islamic scholars and historians about Imam Al-Ṭabarānī and his virtues, as well as some of his most prominent teachers and disciples.

M. Braverman, B. M. Buchshtaber, M. Gromov et al.

The article describes the biography and manifold contributions to research in mathematics of Mikhail Aleksandrovich Shubin.

Henrike Rau, R. Manton