Hasil untuk "Asia and Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Area, and Antarctica"

Burhanuddin Muhtadi, Eve Alicia Warburton, Liam Gammon

Indonesia’s population skews young, so political analysts are increasingly concerned with what the “youth vote” looks like, and what generational change will bring to Indonesia’s democracy. On the one hand, analysts have historically focused on the liberal political activism of more educated cohorts of young people, and especially those in urban areas. On the other, and most recently, young Indonesians overwhelmingly voted for Prabowo Subianto in the 2024 presidential elections, suggesting this cohort to be either unaware of, or unperturbed by, his authoritarian history. This paper examines how young Indonesians perceive their country’s democratic trajectory. We analyze two decades of nationally representative survey data, and examine the democratic preferences of Indonesian voters whose political socialization took place entirely in the post-authoritarian era (1998–). The results suggest both life-cycle and intriguing cohort effects: on average, Indonesians become more positive towards their democracy as they age; but we also find that Indonesia’s Gen Zs are more satisfied with democracy than other generational cohorts—despite a precipitous decline in the quality of Indonesian democracy over the past decade. We argue, therefore, that while all Indonesians show high levels of satisfaction with their weakening democracy, young Indonesians, more than other generations, can be understood as ‘complacent democrats.’

Min Hee Go

Throughout the twentieth century, Taiwan and South Korea underwent rapid economic development and successfully democratized without reversal to authoritarianism. Despite their similar trajectories, the two countries diverge significantly in political and public support for gender equality. Taiwan is widely seen as the most gender-equal country in Asia, while South Korea remains deeply polarized, with uneven progress in women’s representation. What accounts for this divergence between two democracies? This article advances a political institutions thesis, arguing that differences in democratic institution-building—particularly the actors and modes of democratization—have shaped the contour of gender politics of each country. Contrasting the histories of party-driven democratization in Taiwan and mass-driven democratization in South Korea, this article shows that the process of building democracy has had lasting effects on the institutionalization and sustainability of gender equality.

Romanchev Danila D.

The article is devoted to a phenomenon underexplored in Russian Japanese studies – Ouetsu-reppan-dōmei (奥羽越列藩同盟), the “Alliance of domains of the Provinces of Mutsu, Dewa, and Echigo”, or simply the Northern Alliance. This confederation of domains in Northern Japan emerged in 1868 to oppose the policies of the new Meiji government in Kyoto. The Alliance initially aimed to mediate peacefully between the new government and the Aizu domain, which was being subjected to a punitive campaign. Later, the Alliance itself became the target of attacks and chose the path of military resistance, becoming a political competitor to Kyoto. The study leaves aside the direct military component of the Northern Alliance’s history, referring to descriptions of military operations only when necessary. The emphasis is placed on examining the political processes which made the armed conflict inevitable.

Bobrov V.V., Makhrov A.A.

The article describes the II Congress of the Russian Association of explorers of the Himalayas and Tibet, created in 2019, which was held on November 28–29, 2024 at the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg). The authors briefly present the topics of the reports of the scientific conference organized within the framework of the congress, which can be grouped into several areas: history of travel and exploration, oriental studies, botany and zoology. They also provide information on the organizations and members of the Association who delivered their reports and submitted articles to the collection of materials. Almost all of them are based on the authors’ original field research. The article analyzes trends in Russian studies of the Himalayas and Tibet and notes an increase in the number of reports on interdisciplinary topics and enhanced cooperation between scientific organizations from different cities.

Plaksin A.D.

The article analyzes the role of continuity in the development of Japan's defense sector at the present stage. The study examines the key steps of the Japanese leadership towards strengthening of national security policy against the backdrop of a tendency to gradual transition from the implementation of defensive measures to the formation of a base for offensive operations. The work also emphasizes Washington's serious influence on Tokyo's decision to significantly increase Japan's military power. Particular attention is paid to the current defense course of the Kishida Fumio administration in the context of growing regional threats from China and North Korea. Attempts to pursue a hybrid policy are noted, which involves balancing between promoting measures to strengthen the defense sector and confirming with the anti-war sentiments prevailing among the Japanese population.

Kazakov O.I.

Tokyo’s negative attitude towards Moscow’s policies in connection with the start of Russia’s special military operation in Ukraine led to a sharp deterioration in relations between Russia and Japan, which the Russian Foreign Ministry characterizes as “degradation” and “dismantling of bilateral ties”. Recently, Japan has begun to play a more active role on the international arena , including within the G7, criticizing Russia and introducing political and economic sanctions against it. In response, Russia also began to impose sanctions against Japan, which caused the collapse of relations. However, the degradation of political and economic relations has not yet led to the destruction of humanitarian ties between the countries, although it has noticeably hit them. It seems that maintaining humanitarian ties in such a difficult political situation can play a positive role in achieving constructive cooperation between the countries in the future.

Ursil Lelo Di-Makungu, Junior-Jackson Bosakelia Lokwa, Jean Bakomito Gambu et al.

Law No. 18–016 of July 09, 2018 (Democratic Republic of Congo) on the private partnership devotes a specific legal regime to the public-private partnership contract, which, being administrative in nature, strictly takes one of four forms: concession, leasing, interested management and the partnership contract. Linked to the country's development challenges, the scope of the Congolese public-private partnership legal system is to be attractive, secure and balanced. Also, and above all, this system guarantees transparency, competition, equality and objectivity in the process of concluding a public-private partnership contract, which must go through a call for tenders. It is advisable, however, to reserve ourselves the effectiveness of the institution of the spontaneous offer insofar as the author of the offer will be subjected to the competition by the procedure of invitation to tender. It does not appear to be advantageous to him, notwithstanding the fact that he benefits from the compensation for costs incurred. The absolute non-retroactivity of the law is worrying. Indeed, without any transitional measure obliging the parties to review the public-private partnership contracts that predate this new legal regime, most of these old contracts that are currently being executed will remain leonine.

Belozerov V.V.

The article examines the history of the presentation of Japanese photography in the USSR in the period from the 1920s to the 1990s. The Soviet art history has chosen its own approach to interpreting and shaping the processes associated with contemporary Japanese artists in the field of photography. This included the exhibition activities, mono-national and international exhibitions, as well as publications in magazines and newspapers, especially in the specialized ones (“Sovetskoye Foto”). Thematic and visual requirements, as well as the lack of researchers in the field of Japanese photography, led to the fact that the USSR developed its own idea of the actual state of the Japanese photography, as well as its own group of the Japanese photographers who most often appeared in magazines and exhibitions. The consequences of this alternative historiography have strongly influenced the representation of the Japanese photographers in the post-Soviet period, demonstrating numerous research gaps and the lack of development of this topic in the present. The materials used in this article include all kinds of publications on the Japanese photography written during the Soviet period from several magazines (“Kultura i zhizn’”, “Sovetskoye Foto”, “Tvorchestvo”, etc.), as well as the materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation. At the end of the article, the author gives the first bibliographic list of publications in the USSR on the topic of the Japanese photography.

Kyrchanoff M.V.

The article analyzes the features of development and the main vectors of transformation of the historical Indonesian memory within the framework of the public historical and educational organization “Jejak Islam Untuk Bangsa” as one of the segments of the cultural trend in the modern Muslim Ummah. It is shown that the activity of Muslim intellectuals is comparable with the same roles and contributions of secular agents of historical politics and actors in memorial culture. The author analyzes the contribution of the Ummah to the functioning of historical memory. It is assumed that Muslim intellectuals actively use the symbolic resources of the historical imagination, constructing negative images of the Others, which has fundamental importance for the modern culture of collective historical memory in Indonesia. The article shows the role of ideological contradictions in the pluralistic Indonesian society, which affect the memorial practices and strategies of Muslim intellectuals significantly. It is assumed that the model of the collective memory of the Ummah in particular stimulates the development of the policy of memory in general, actualizing the trends of the sovereignization of the history of Islam in Indonesia, contributing to its activation and inspiring indirect legitimization of radical sentiments and ideas. In general, the presented article shows that the historical politics with the participation of Muslim intellectuals generates various collective memories legitimized in different memorial cultures, including attempts to sovereignize the history of Islam in the wider contexts of the political collective memory of Indonesia. It is shown that the Muslim historical imagination stimulates the simultaneous and parallel co-development of secular and Islamic memories based on opposing memorial cultures.

Jules Masuku Ayikaba

This study traces the evolution of the CCJA case law on the principle of exemption from enforcement for public companies. It aims in particular to highlight the direction in which this case law is moving. It appears that the CCJA has so far not succeeded in elaborating its own definition of the concept of “public companies”; yet it is there that, in our view, the mystery of the immunity from execution that it has long recognized to these companies hides; even when they were incorporated in the form of a corporation. However, over time, the Court has rightly reversed its previous decisions by moving from an extensive to a restrictive interpretation of exemption from enforcement. In any case, the involvement of the lawmaker is more than welcome in order to put an end to the situation of inequality, which has existed for a long time in terms of enforcement under OHADA law, between corporations having the State or its branches (public companies) as shareholders and those whose shareholders have no State participation.

Nezhdanov V.L.

The article discusses a system of concepts called “Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era”. The author analyzes the process of hierarchy formation and the interrelation of the political concepts and neologisms. The problem of the codependency of foreign and domestic political spheres within the framework of “Xi Jinping Thought”, which was formed on the basis of speeches, comments and articles by the current President of the PRC, as well as party and state concepts proposed by previous generations of leaders, is studied. The author concludes that “Xi Jinping Thought”, which has been developing over the past 10 years, represents an integral hierarchical system of concepts and terms related to the sphere of domestic and foreign policy. At the same time it leaves the potential for evolution in the event of a change in conditions, which is likely to ensure its high importance in the political life of the country after the XX Congress of the CPC in the fall of 2022.

Regnovskii V.I.

The article analyzes the influence of the PRC, the USA, Japan and India on the regional security in Southeast Asia. It examines, where this influence leads to against the background of the general conflict aggravation in the region, caused by a decrease in trust between large states, intensified by territorial disputes and the build-up of military potential. The importance of Southeast Asia in the foreign policy and foreign economic activities of major powers is emphasized. It is noted that the struggle of strong countries for dominance in Southeast Asia makes this territory the epicenter of their clash. Attention is focused on the national interests of each geopolitical giant in strengthening regional security, and the risk of a powerful military confrontation in the region is also noted.

Borodich V.F.

The article deals with the transformation of the authoritarian collectivist regime of the PRC into the authoritarian personalist regime of Mao Zedong. The author chose the dichotomy of rational and irrational, mind and will as a method of understanding and explaining the two varieties of the authoritarian regime of government as the methodological basis of the study. According to the author's understanding, the authoritarian regime of government in the PRC, which existed from the day the state was formed until 1956, provides an example of the struggle between two principles in the leadership of the CCP and the Chinese state – rational, based mainly on reason, striving for orderliness, planning and taking into account regularity, and irrational, based predominantly on the will, striving to control the elements and random. According to the author, China owes its successful development in 1949–1956 to the collectivist regime of government based on a rational principle, and the personalist regime of Mao Zedong, that replaced it, proved to be a complete failure, focusing the main efforts of the Communist Party and the state not on development, but on self-preservation. The article draws attention to the fact that an integral part of the process of transforming the collectivist regime into a personalist one was the change of "polarity" by a number of prominent leaders of the CCP and the state, who abandoned their commitment to the rational principle in politics in favor of the irrational principle. History shows that there was a political mimicry with different motives. For example, Deng Xiaoping, who served both regimes, eventually led a group of initiators to re-establish a collectivisttype government that generated successful reform policies.

Paola Cotticelli-Kurras

Abstract This paper aims at presenting some thoughts on the hypothesis of an Anatolian-Greek language area in the second millennium bc comparing different approaches both in the theoretical frames and in the analysis of the linguistic facts. For this purpose, it is necessary to introduce some terminological premises, followed by a selection of methodological issues, which will help explore the putative features that characterize the Anatolian-Greek area (morphological traits such as actionality markers, particles, verbal prefixes as well as special morphological forms; morphosyntactic traits, such as modal particles, sentence particles, absolute participial constructions; lexical units and phonetic features).

Donchenko A.I.

In the first half of the 20th century, a new genre developed in the Chinese visual arts, which is called the revolutionary historical painting. For more than 70 years, this trend in art has been supported by the state and has been in demand in the society. The early works of the revolutionary historical genre were mainly devoted to the opposition of the proletariat to imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism during the new democratic revolution in China with the CCP playing the leading role in this struggle. Currently, Chinese artists working in the genre of revolutionary historical painting create works aimed at fostering the patriotic spirit and glorifying the greatness of China. The subjects of such works include not only heroic episodes of the revolutionary past, but also important events of our time.

Zavyalova O.I.

Due to the possibilities of computer typesetting new forms of word representation with various scripts are known to appear even in Standard Mandarin texts written by Internet users. Meanwhile a new life of Chinese dialects has started on the web, due to the efforts of both linguists and internet users from various regions of the Chinese world. In particular, speakers of regional varieties often prefer to use phonetically borrowed characters even for the words from the all-China dialect lexicon and thus invent a kind of local “character-based alphabets”. A systematic analysis from the point of view of language geography of the phonetically written dialect words, which have already penetrated into the all-China Internet language, has not been conducted so far. However, one can already identify the distribution on the map of some phonetic features reflected in the recent all-China dialect borrowings.

Gorchakova T.E., Kazakov O.I.

In September 2021, the Institute of Far Eastern Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences celebrated its 55th anniversary. In the article T.E. Gorchakova and O.I. Kazakov, the former heads of the eliminated in 2020–2021 divisions (the Center for Scientific Information and Records and the Department of Scientometrics and Information Technologies), recall the movement of the IFES RAS from an almost closed research Institute towards the implementation of the concept of Open Science in terms of publication activities of the organization's researchers and the introduction of scientometrics. The need for “openness” was caused by a change in state approaches to assessing the activities of research institutes that had been a part of the Russian Academy of Sciences previously. After the “reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences” in 2013, they became subordinate organizations initially to the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations (FASO) of Russia, and from May 15, 2018 onwards – to the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. There appeared such fundamentally new (in comparison with the USSR period) approaches as assessment of the publication activity of scientists according to the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI), as well as the need for the Russian scientists to index their publications in international scientific citation systems such as, for example, the Web of Science Core Collection. This approach required a serious revision of the IFES RAS policy of openness of its scientific activity, as well as the adoption of a number of organizational decisions.

Anita Prakash

Alexander Wilhelm

The blockchain technology - or more generally, the technology of distributed ledgers (DLT) - has been heralded as a ‘game changer’ for the development of African economies. Whilst the focus of the discussion is usually on private sector applications, most notably including digital currencies such as ‘Bitcoin’, blockchain technology could also be used to improve the administration of public services and to strengthen the rule of law. With a view to the latter, this paper outlines the opportunities of DLT for developing nations in particular and offers an analysis of the most pressing legal and factual challenges that African governments need to resolve. The objective is to illustrate solutions which may be suitable for African jurisdictions in particular, hopefully assisting governments across the continent in developing their own tailor-made approach.

Vivien Romain Manangou

Adopted in institutional pain and popular protest, the Congolese Constitution of 6 Novem- ber 2015 raises some fundamental problems. Indeed, its transitional measure establishes a kind of constitutional dualism, maintaining the institutions created by the 2002 Constitution along with those of the new fundamental text. This article analyses the causes and conse- quences of such a constitutional cohabitation, highlights the motives of the constitutional muddle and points out the desire for preservation of political power in the light of constitu- tional change.