The work is devoted to the topical and promising topic of using an ekranoplane as a unique vehicle for moving above the surface, maintained in the atmosphere by interacting with air reflected from the surface of water, earth, snow or ice. This is due to the increasing demand for passenger and cargo transportation by sea and river routes, as well as significant improvements and safety of the ekranoplanes themselves. In addition, almost all ekranoplanes are equipped with the latest automatic motion control (ACS) systems, which implies partial (due to difficult weather conditions) or complete abandonment of the pilot's actions during the flight. The ekranoplane can successfully solve important tasks in the field of global passenger and cargo transportation, both internationally and domestically in many countries of the world. EP transportation can become an alternative to rail, road, or sea routes, as their path is shorter and faster. This will contribute to the rise in many areas of human activity. To date, the production of electronic components outside our country has been established at the following enterprises: Regent Craft Inc. (USA), ST Engineering (Singapore), Boeing (USA), Regent (USA), Rhein-Flugzeugbau GmbH (Germany), Hongtu and Changfei aircraft factories (China), Aron Flying Ship Ltd. (South Korea), Aircraft Model Art (Taiwan), etc. In addition, India, Australia and other countries are also interested in the production of this type of transport for solving domestic problems, which is characterized by their interest in foreign manufacturers of ekranoplanes, as well as the establishment of their own production. The purpose of the work is to consider a brief sample history of the ekranoplane, as well as individual models produced in Russia and abroad, indicating their technical and functional features in solving the problem of lack of transport for passenger and cargo transportation, as well as other tasks in a difficult situation on the seas and rivers. Based on the results of the work, a brief sample history of the development of ekranoplanes, as well as the technical characteristics of some domestic and foreign models, was considered.: The EL-7 «Ivolga» model was designed by KOMETEL CJSC (the territory of the Central Research Institute "Kometa") under the supervision of Chief designer V.V. Kolganov. This model can be used in passenger (up to 12 passengers and 2 crew) and cargo (up to 1200 kg of cargo) transportation. The technical specifications are as follows (in meters): length 16, wingspan 12.7, and height 4. It is equipped with a power plant of 2 engines (BMW M70), each with a capacity of 236 hp. The maximum flight weight is 3900 kg., the range is 1000 km or more at a speed of 180 km/h (220 maximum). The device can move in off-road conditions, on a hard surface with slight slopes and irregularities up to 0.3 m high, as well as in swampy areas. In addition, it is able to move from the water surface to the shore. Modified models of the EL-7 (EL-7C, EK-12P) were also released. In addition, the production of EK-25 ekranoplanes, designed for 27 passengers, is being prepared. The main customer (today) are shipping and transportation companies, as well as sightseeing and travel companies. «Chaika-2» (A-050-742D) was developed by the R.E. Alekseev Central Hydrofoil Design Bureau (Nizhny Novgorod). It has the following characteristics: the length of the vessel is 34.8 m, width is 25.35 m, height is 7.85 m, total displacement is 54 tons, and it is equipped with a Russian TV 7—117CM engine, which is used on IL-112 and IL-114 aircraft. When flying in screen mode ("hovering" over water), the vessel accelerates to 400 km / h, which is comparable to the speed of turboprop aircraft, and off-screen speed can be even higher. The maximum flight range in screen mode is 3,000 km. It is also important that this EP can fly not only at low altitudes using the "screen" mode, but will be able to take to the sky as an airplane, landing then on small airfields. The main task of «Chaika-2» should be to transport passengers or cargo (weighing up to 9 tons) over considerable distances. This EP is proposed to be used on lakes and reservoirs, as well as in coastal areas of the seas. The «Orion-25» model was developed by the designers of EO Orion (Moscow) and the Avangard plant (Petrozavodsk). The car is based on a scheme with two turboprop engines installed in the front of the fuselage. A special feature of the layout is the aerodynamically clean lower surface of the structure, which creates conditions for flow with the highest static component of the total pressure of the incoming flow during flight in the "screen" mode. This ekranoplane weighs 14 tons and is capable of carrying up to 30 passengers and accelerating up to 500 km/h. The speed confirmed in the tests is close to the technical limit of the EP (the fastest accelerated to 600 km/h). At the same time, the «Orion-25» should have enough fuel for 3,600 km of travel or 11 hours of continuous movement. The ekranoplane is planned to be used by the Ministry of Emergency Situations and border guards. «Tungus» is an amphibious hovercraft with aerodynamic unloading (ASVP with AR project A18). This model was produced by Aerokhod Shipbuilding Company (Nizhny Novgorod). The overall dimensions of the device are as follows (in meters): length – 19.92, width – 15.68, height (on screws) – 5.35. It is equipped with two 2xRED A03 diesel engines. The number of passengers it can carry is 24 people (excluding the crew). A special feature of this model is the presence of two main driving modes: movement on a static and dynamic air cushion. The first mode is for driving on side rivers and difficult sections of main rivers. The movement of the item instance in static mode is carried out at speeds of 50-90 km/h. On the second flight, it passes at speeds of 160-200 km/h. This mode is designed for long distances along main rivers, as well as in coastal marine zones. This item instance is able to connect settlements located at a distance of about 1000 km by water route, and the height of the obstacles encountered on the way varies from 0.5 to 2 meters. Currently (2025) it is a full-fledged ekranoplane available for use in all-season passenger transportation on the rivers of Siberia and the Far East. The Viceroy model was developed by Regent Craft Inc. (USA) on behalf of the Ministry of Defense for the Marine Corps of the country. Viceroy is a platform designed for the rapid and safe evacuation of troops (up to 12 people) and equipment, equipped with an electric propulsion system that allows it to reach speeds of more than 290 km/h over a distance of about 300 km. and more (depends on the power supply). The length of the entire model is 17.53 m, the wingspan is 19.81 m. It is also important that the flight is carried out by 12 electric motors located on the leading edge of the wing, which are powered by high-capacity batteries (recharging can be from shore or on the water (from a ship). It performs flight in one of three modes: on the hull ("boat-boat"), on hydrofoils or in the screen effect mode. In the passenger version, the carrying capacity of the ekranoplane is 1.36 tons, and in the cargo version it is about 1.6 tons. Viceroy is planned to be used as a vehicle for delivering goods to shore, evacuating the wounded, logistics, etc.. A Chinese model called the «Bohai Sea Monster». This name was given by journalists by analogy with the «Caspian monster» (the first Soviet EP "KM"). It is a high-speed transport and logistics variant of the ekranoplane for low-altitude movement between islands and along the coast. The device has a hybrid-electric power plant and is equipped with turboprop engines (4 units), which allows it to reach speeds above the Viceroy EP. The EP has a T-shaped tail (this shape is typical for vehicles in this category). The wings have floats (sponsons) at the ends. Composite structures are actively used in this model to reduce weight and improve aerodynamics. The wingspan is almost 39 meters and the length is about 37 meters. The Bohai Sea Monster ekranoplane is suitable for solving a wide range of tasks in the coastal zone (rescue and search for people, cargo delivery, emergency response assistance, patrolling, etc.). However, it is also believed that it can be an experimental platform for experimenting with new technologies, as well as testing equipment elements in the environment of this category of device. The Iranian model of the Bavar-2 ekranoplane («Confidence» in Farsi translation), which joined the country's armed forces in 2010. Its development and production was carried out by the Organization of Marine Industrial Enterprises of Iran in cooperation with the Technological University. Malek-Ashtar. The advantages of the Iranian model include high speed compared to high-speed boats and boats. This model reaches speeds of 185-190 km/h (it will soon exceed 200 km/h) and usually flies at an altitude of several meters above the wave level. The maximum flight duration is 2 hours and 15 minutes. This item instance can also operate in a storm when speedboats are not capable of this. In addition, a new model of the Bavar-4 flying boat was dismantled. This model can fly not only fly at an altitude of 0.5 m from the surface of the water, but also climb to an altitude of up to 50 m, and the flight range is 350 km. It is capable of carrying cargo weighing from 120 to 130 kg, which makes it possible to equip these flying boats with missile weapons, including short-range anti-ship missiles such as Kowsar (Kosar), weighing 100 kg, which are in service with the Iranian Navy. The practical significance lies in the fact that, in general, the history of the development of the Ekranoplane and the current models considered in Russia and abroad are insufficiently analyzed in various review publications. This work is designed to make its possible contribution to the knowledge
We introduce AnyUser, a unified robotic instruction system for intuitive domestic task instruction via free-form sketches on camera images, optionally with language. AnyUser interprets multimodal inputs (sketch, vision, language) as spatial-semantic primitives to generate executable robot actions requiring no prior maps or models. Novel components include multimodal fusion for understanding and a hierarchical policy for robust action generation. Efficacy is shown via extensive evaluations: (1) Quantitative benchmarks on the large-scale dataset showing high accuracy in interpreting diverse sketch-based commands across various simulated domestic scenes. (2) Real-world validation on two distinct robotic platforms, a statically mounted 7-DoF assistive arm (KUKA LBR iiwa) and a dual-arm mobile manipulator (Realman RMC-AIDAL), performing representative tasks like targeted wiping and area cleaning, confirming the system's ability to ground instructions and execute them reliably in physical environments. (3) A comprehensive user study involving diverse demographics (elderly, simulated non-verbal, low technical literacy) demonstrating significant improvements in usability and task specification efficiency, achieving high task completion rates (85.7%-96.4%) and user satisfaction. AnyUser bridges the gap between advanced robotic capabilities and the need for accessible non-expert interaction, laying the foundation for practical assistive robots adaptable to real-world human environments.
This study examined and compared the adsorption behavior and fluidity of two common adsorbents: activated carbon made from jujube seeds and titanium oxyhydroxide (TiO(OH)2) used in carbon dioxide capture. The activated carbon was produced through chemical activation with potassium hydroxide as the activating agent at a 2:1 weight ratio to the biomass. To assess the characteristics of the adsorbents, techniques such as SEM, BET, FTIR, and TGA were employed. The carbon dioxide adsorption capacity was tested at 25 and 50 °C. Regeneration was performed at 120 °C with a gas flow rate of 50 cm³/min. Adsorption was conducted for 1 hour, and desorption for 30 minutes, using 10% and 90% carbon dioxide concentrations in equilibrium with nitrogen. Results indicated that activated carbon had a significantly higher carbon dioxide adsorption capacity than TiO(OH)2 under the same conditions. To evaluate the fluidity of the different adsorbents, a gas-solid fluidized bed apparatus was used. Adding 5% by weight of hydrophobic silica nanoparticles to the adsorbents improved fluidity and increased bed expansion, due to reduced cohesive interactions between particles. The comparison of results highlights the considerable effectiveness of activated carbon as an efficient adsorbent for carbon dioxide capture.
Environmental sciences, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes
Abstract The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, a pivotal economic hub in China, relies on water, energy, food, ecology, land, for its prosperity development. Therefore, evaluating their coupling and coordination aids the YRD’s sustainable development. This study integrated ecology and land into the water-energy-food system to form a water-energy-food-ecology-land system (WEFEFS), and the entropy weight model, comprehensive evaluation index model and coupling coordination degree models were used to assess the WEFELS in the YRD (2005-2022), and identified key influencing factors through an obstacle model. The results demonstrate that the comprehensive evaluation index of WEFELS in the YRD rose slowly, with the food system contributing the most (22.15%) and the water system contributed the least (18.25%). The degree of coupling coordination (DCC) of WEFELS in the YRD improved from 0.561 to 0.653, exhibiting spatiotemporal heterogeneity, with Anhui Province leading spatially. The main obstacle factors were Per land GDP and Energy self-sufficiency rate.
Industrial symbiosis fosters circularity by enabling firms to repurpose residual resources, yet its emergence is constrained by socio-spatial frictions that shape costs, matching opportunities, and market efficiency. Existing models often overlook the interaction between spatial structure, market design, and adaptive firm behavior, limiting our understanding of where and how symbiosis arises. We develop an agent-based model where heterogeneous firms trade byproducts through a spatially embedded double-auction market, with prices and quantities emerging endogenously from local interactions. Leveraging reinforcement learning, firms adapt their bidding strategies to maximize profit while accounting for transport costs, disposal penalties, and resource scarcity. Simulation experiments reveal the economic and spatial conditions under which decentralized exchanges converge toward stable and efficient outcomes. Counterfactual regret analysis shows that sellers' strategies approach a near Nash equilibrium, while sensitivity analysis highlights how spatial structures and market parameters jointly govern circularity. Our model provides a basis for exploring policy interventions that seek to align firm incentives with sustainability goals, and more broadly demonstrates how decentralized coordination can emerge from adaptive agents in spatially constrained markets.
Aspen K. Hopkins, Isabella Struckman, Kevin Klyman
et al.
The AI industry is exploding in popularity, with increasing attention to potential harms and unwanted consequences. In the current digital ecosystem, AI deployments are often the product of AI supply chains (AISC): networks of outsourced models, data, and tooling through which multiple entities contribute to AI development and distribution. AI supply chains lack the modularity, redundancies, or conventional supply chain practices that enable identification, isolation, and easy correction of failures, exacerbating the already difficult processes of responding to ML-generated harms. As the stakeholders participating in and impacted by AISCs have scaled and diversified, so too have the risks they face. In this stakeholder analysis of AI supply chains, we consider who participates in AISCs, what harms they face, where sources of harm lie, and how market dynamics and power differentials inform the type and probability of remedies. Because AI supply chains are purposely invented and implemented, they may be designed to account for, rather than ignore, the complexities, consequences, and risks of deploying AI systems. To enable responsible design and management of AISCs, we offer a typology of responses to AISC-induced harms: recourse, repair, reparation or prevention. We apply this typology to stakeholders participating in a health-care AISC across three stylized markets $\unicode{x2013}$ vertical integration, horizontal integration, free market $\unicode{x2013}$ to illustrate how stakeholder positioning and power within an AISC may shape responses to an experienced harm.
Emmanuel Padmore Mantey, Rameshwar S. Kanwar, Eugene Appiah-Effah
Access to reliable water supply is critical for sustainable development and public health, yet many peri-urban and rural communities in the developing world face challenges such as poor maintenance, faulty infrastructure, and inadequate governance of water services, hindering the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). In Emina-Boadi, a small town in Kumasi, Ghana, residents increasingly rely on boreholes due to substandard service from the Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). This shift highlights concerns about water reliability, quality, and affordability, impacting public health and hindering progress toward SDG 6. This case study assesses water service levels using key performance indicators (KPIs) such as quantity, quality, affordability, accessibility, and reliability, focusing on sources like boreholes, hand pumps, piped water, hand-dug wells, rainwater, and surface waters. The study aims to delineate the roles of different water providers, understand community dynamics, and evaluate contributions to rural development and SDG 6 through stakeholder interviews and questionnaires. By leveraging the WASHCost framework, which aims to improve planning methods and the provision of water and sanitation services by addressing the lack of cost information in rural and peri-urban areas, and the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) framework, which monitors progress toward global targets related to water, sanitation, and hygiene, the study categorizes indicators and draws connections among them. The findings reveal a significant preference for borehole services, with 87% usage and an 83% reliability rate compared to 13% for GWCL. Daily water consumption averages 60.75 L per person, with on-premises access improving water collection efficiency to 7 min. Dissatisfaction with GWCL services highlights the need for improved delivery aligned with community needs and SDG targets. Adopting sustainable management practices, enhancing infrastructure, and improving governance are crucial for ensuring safe and affordable water access for all residents of Emina-Boadi and similar communities.
Katherine Vaca-Escobar, David Arregui-Almeida, Patricio Espinoza-Montero
Abstract The main chemical, ecotoxicological, and environmental fate characteristics of cyanide, along with its treatment methods for cyanide-contaminated wastewater, were thoroughly examined. A global biogeochemical cycle of cyanide is proposed, covering the key physicochemical processes occurring in aqueous, soil, and atmospheric environments. The principles, advantages, and disadvantages of various treatment methods—including chemical, physicochemical, electrochemical, photochemical, and biological approaches—are evaluated. Finally, the feasibility of reusing cyanide waste is explored.
Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have gained traction across different domains such as transportation, bio-informatics, language processing, and computer vision. However, there is a noticeable absence of research on applying GNNs to supply chain networks. Supply chain networks are inherently graph-like in structure, making them prime candidates for applying GNN methodologies. This opens up a world of possibilities for optimizing, predicting, and solving even the most complex supply chain problems. A major setback in this approach lies in the absence of real-world benchmark datasets to facilitate the research and resolution of supply chain problems using GNNs. To address the issue, we present a real-world benchmark dataset for temporal tasks, obtained from one of the leading FMCG companies in Bangladesh, focusing on supply chain planning for production purposes. The dataset includes temporal data as node features to enable sales predictions, production planning, and the identification of factory issues. By utilizing this dataset, researchers can employ GNNs to address numerous supply chain problems, thereby advancing the field of supply chain analytics and planning. Source: https://github.com/CIOL-SUST/SupplyGraph
Multi-purpose reservoirs support socioeconomic development by providing irrigation, domestic water supply, hydropower, and other services. However, impoundment of water impacts instream aquatic ecosystems. Thus, the concept of minimum environmental flows (MEFs) was established to restore the benefits of naturally flowing rivers by specifying minimum flow rates to be maintained downstream of dams.But varying legislative contexts under which multi-purpose reservoirs operate may not always necessitate MEF releases. To what extent the release of MEF affects other sectoral benefits remains an open-ended and possibly a site-specific inquiry. A related issue is - how does the order in which releases are prioritized influences sectoral performances? We analyse these issues for the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir, one of the largest multipurpose reservoirs in southern India. We formulate two versions of a multi-objective decision problem. PF_MEF formulation prioritizes MEF releases over releases for water demand satisfaction, followed by hydropower releases. PF_nMEF formulation follows the regional legislative rule releasing first for demand satisfaction, followed by hydropower and MEF releases. Results thus indicate that prioritizing MEF releases improves can meet MEF requirements without significant compromises in other objectives. We hypothesize that similar investigations may reveal how simple modification of release order may improve ability of other reservoirs to meet environmental goals.
Abstract The proliferation of anthropogenic activities around the Central Iranian Rivers shows a warning alarm of river microplastic (MP) pollution. In the Zayandeh-rood River, the mean abundance of sedimentary MPs trapped at the mouth of 21 modified sub-catchments was 588 items/kg d.w and followed the order: downstream (1701 items/kg d.w) > midstream (269.2 items/kg d.w) > upstream (57.2 items/kg d.w). The widespread distribution of fiber and fragment forms across all stations and the high MP abundance near the discharge of the largest wastewater treatment plant indicate their origin from both point and non-point sources. Using the linear multiple linear regression (MLR) and nonlinear artificial neural network (ANN), we assessed the contribution of three types of variables including the sediment physio-chemical properties, river geometry and land-use characteristics. According to both modeling results, the mean annual number of local people and tourist visitors (0.35 million people) are the most important determinants of river MP pollution whose contribution dominates through the use of plastic products and their direct and indirect release into the environment. The ANN model (R 2 = 0.99) outperformed the MLR model (R 2 = 0.80) and showed the importance of total organic carbon (TOC)-rich regions as MP hotspots. To alleviate the river MP pollution, suggested measures involve altering plastic usage and disposal practices among visitors and reducing the TOC content in the industrial/municipal wastewater entering the river.
In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the best management practices (BMPs) in a poorly degraded and economically fragile watershed area in Shivalik hills, Northern India. A scenario-based approach was followed to evaluate the existing BMPs and a few hypothetically implemented BMPs based on SWAT modeling. A regionalization approach was adopted for calibrating the SWAT model for ungauged micro-watersheds within the study area. After successful calibration, soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was simulated for several BMPs that are in practice such as Check dams, vegetation and fencing so as to learn about their effectiveness in controlling sediment and nutrient yield. Other hypothetically installed BMPs, such as contouring, terracing, grassed waterways and filter strips were also evaluated in untreated micro and sub-watersheds. The cost–benefit analysis of these hypothetical BMPs revealed that the average reduction in nutrients was maximum for grassed waterways and minimum for terracing. Overall, the scenario-based analysis revealed that conservation practices, in the otherwise degraded watershed, can prove to be beneficial for sustainability of its natural resources.
HIGHLIGHTS
SWAT model calibration for gauged and ungauged microwatershed using regionalization technique.;
Evaluating the effectiveness of in-place best management practices in controlling sediment yield and a few nutrient parameters causing nonpoint pollution during rainfall season.;
Cost–benefit analysis of the hypothetically designed and implemented best management practices in conserving nutrient loss using SWAT simulations.;
River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General), Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes
Ganga Shrestha, Bijay Man Shakya, Mohan Bikram Shrestha
et al.
The rapid urbanization and land-use change prominently decreased groundwater recharge areas. Infiltration occurring through permeable areas is responsible for groundwater recharge. However, detailed studies of infiltration in low-income countries especially in human-encroached recharge areas are limited. Thus, this study mainly aims to measure the infiltration rate in the major recharge areas of the Kathmandu Valley (KV) using a double-ring infiltrometer (concentric ring size 30 and 15 cm). It also aims to estimate the volume of groundwater recharge with respect to the decrease in permeable areas in the northern part of the KV. The results revealed the infiltration rate ranging from 0.01 to 37.2 cm/h with an average of 7.3 ± 8.4 cm/h. The infiltration is found to be dependent upon land-use among different categories and organic matter among different soil properties. Additionally, the volume of water recharge in 2010, 2020, and 2030 was estimated as 67.73, 59.05, and 51.5 million cubic meters per year (MCM/year), respectively, which clearly showed a decrease in water recharge with respect to a decrease in the permeable areas. Hence, the findings would be useful for policymakers, stakeholders, and urban planners regarding the preservation and conservation of permeable areas for sustainable water resource management and urban flood management.
HIGHLIGHTS
The importance of permeable land for groundwater recharge and sustainable water resource management.;
Up to now, there are no data for the infiltration rate of the Kathmandu Valley.;
River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General), Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes
Urvashi Kishnani, Srinidhi Madabhushi, Sanchari Das
Blockchain's influence extends beyond finance, impacting diverse sectors such as real estate, oil and gas, and education. This extensive reach stems from blockchain's intrinsic ability to reliably manage digital transactions and supply chains. Within the oil and gas sector, the merger of blockchain with supply chain management and data handling is a notable trend. The supply chain encompasses several operations: extraction, transportation, trading, and distribution of resources. Unfortunately, the current supply chain structure misses critical features such as transparency, traceability, flexible trading, and secure data storage - all of which blockchain can provide. Nevertheless, it is essential to investigate blockchain's security and privacy in the oil and gas industry. Such scrutiny enables the smooth, secure, and usable execution of transactions. For this purpose, we reviewed 124 peer-reviewed academic publications, conducting an in-depth analysis of 21 among them. We classified the articles by their relevance to various phases of the supply chain flow: upstream, midstream, downstream, and data management. Despite blockchain's potential to address existing security and privacy voids in the supply chain, there is a significant lack of practical implementation of blockchain integration in oil and gas operations. This deficiency substantially challenges the transition from conventional methods to a blockchain-centric approach.
Tom Nonnenmacher, Jenny Nelson, Benedict Winchester
The rising energy prices in Europe and the urgent need to address global warming have sparked a significant increase in the installation of domestic photovoltaic systems to harness solar energy. However, since solar energy is available only during daytime hours and its availability varies daily, effectively shifting energy use becomes crucial. Whilst batteries can assist in storing excess energy, their high prices hinder their widespread adoption. In this study, we explore the importance of load to maximise return on investment. We propose an incremental approach to fitting load profiles into the production envelope, allowing for practical implementation. We compare different meter resolutions: 1 second, 5 minutes, 15 minutes, and 1 hour. Our analysis reveals that making real-time decisions (per second) leads to significant energy savings of 16\% compared to hourly decisions. Furthermore, we explore three types of device management strategies: ON/OFF management independent of PV production, ON/OFF management based on the current PV production, ON/OFF management based on both current and forecasted PV production, utilising an optimal fit algorithm. Through our study, we demonstrate that our implementation of the third approach outperforms a standard management approach, resulting in more than 17% cost savings. This study provides insights into the optimisation of load-shifting strategies in domestic photovoltaic installations, highlighting the importance of load control and the potential benefits in maximising the utilisation of solar energy while minimising energy costs and environmental impact.
Muhammad Suhaemi Syawal, Marwiyah Ulfah, Muta Ali Khalifa
et al.
Activities at Situ Kebantenan contribute to the entry of various types of waste. These wastes include domestic waste, fishery and industrial waste. The water supply of Situ Kebantenan comes from the Cisadane River and Ciliwung Riverwhich indirectly carries garbage. If the condition of the entry of the pollution load occurs continuously, it will certainly have a bad impact on the quality of the waters and the organisms that live in the waters of Situ Kebantenan. The level of fertility in the in situ waters can minimize and control the pollution load that enters from the surrounding environment so that the existence of the in situ ecosystem can be utilized sustainably. Therefore, it is necessary to do research on the level of fertility of the waters using the TRIX (Trophic Index) calculation formula. The purpose of this study was to determine the trophic status of Situ Kebantenan, Bogor Regency, West Java Province based on the TSI (Carlson Trophic State Index) method and the TRIX (Trophic Index) method.This research was conducted in April-May 2019. Sampling of water and in-situ parameter testing was carried out at Situ Kebantenan located in Cibinong, Bogor Regency. Ex situ tests included TN (Total Nitrogen), TP (Total Phosphate) and chlorophyll-α. In the research procedure, samples were taken 3 times with an interval of 14 days and on the surface of the Situ Kebantenan waters. The method used in this study included measurements of chlorophyll-a levels, total phosphate and total nitrogen. Based on the Carlson Trophic Index (TSI) method on testing water samples in the waters of Situ Kebantenan, it shows that the TSI value is included in the eutrophic category with values ranging from 112.12-125.53. Based on the Trophic Index (TRIX) method, the Kebantenan Situ has a TRIX value ranging from 2.034 to 2.78 which is included in the mesotrophic category.
Jonathan Jakob, André Artelt, Martina Hasenjäger
et al.
Water distribution networks are a key component of modern infrastructure for housing and industry. They transport and distribute water via widely branched networks from sources to consumers. In order to guarantee a working network at all times, the water supply company continuously monitors the network and takes actions when necessary -- e.g. reacting to leakages, sensor faults and drops in water quality. Since real world networks are too large and complex to be monitored by a human, algorithmic monitoring systems have been developed. A popular type of such systems are residual based anomaly detection systems that can detect events such as leakages and sensor faults. For a continuous high quality monitoring, it is necessary for these systems to adapt to changed demands and presence of various anomalies. In this work, we propose an adaption of the incremental SAM-kNN classifier for regression to build a residual based anomaly detection system for water distribution networks that is able to adapt to any kind of change.