As a core component of the lock filling and emptying system, the operational performance of the valve significantly influences the efficiency and safety of navigation locks. To elucidate the mechanical mechanisms during valve operation, this study investigates the valve structure of the Hongjiang hub under high head conditions. A combined approach of numerical simulation and scale experiment was employed to examine both the mechanical response and hydrodynamic behaviors of the valve. (1) Numerical results indicate the stress concentration is easy to occur in the center of the bottom panel of the valve, which causes the structural displacement. Structural checks confirm that both stress and displacement remain within the allowable design limits, demonstrating the structural adequacy of the valve. The valve’s natural frequency is substantially higher than the dominant energy range of flow-induced excitations, suggesting a low likelihood of severe vibration. (2) Experimental investigations were conducted to evaluate the valve’s hydrodynamic characteristics. Pressure fluctuations on the valve surface were found to be strongly correlated with the valve opening. At small openings, the valve body lies within a high-velocity jet zone formed by the gap between the valve and the sill, resulting in pronounced pressure fluctuations. As the opening increases, the valve body shifts into the valve chamber, and measured pressures become more stable, with reduced fluctuation amplitudes. (3) During the opening process, the opening force initially increases and then decreases, with a peak value of approximately 200 kN. In contrast, the closing force during valve closure follows a “decrease–increase–decrease” trend, reaching a minimum of around −150 kN. (4) Un-der emergency closure conditions at an opening ratio of n = 0.3, the hydrodynamic load coefficient peaks at approximately 1.22. The effect of the valve opening speed on the dynamic load is found to be negligible. The findings provide theoretical insights and practical guidance for the design and manufacture of lock valves operating under high head conditions.
Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), City planning
Inter-ethnic marriages are relevant markers of the blurring of ethnic boundaries, and they show the degree of integration of the society. Mixed marriages between Russians and Kazakhs were previously rare, despite the continuance of side-by-side residence and tolerant relationships. Among the impediments were the concerns of the Kazakhs about the loss of ethno-cultural traditions and subsequent assimilation. The situation changed since the mid-1990s, when the accelerated urbanization and modernization led to the increase in the number of mixed marriages among the Kazakh population. In this article, main trends in the development of marriages between the Russians and Kazakhs are shown with the example of urban residents of Petropavlovsk from the mid-1990s to 2020. The aim of the work is to study the factors contributing to the intensification or blocking of inter-ethnic mar-riage and to analyze the impact of inter-ethnic marriages on ethno-cultural attitudes and identity. The source base of the study comprised the materials of the act books of the state registration of the civil status acts from the city department of the Civil Registry Office of the Department of Justice of the North Kazakhstan region. The trends identified in the materials of the Civil Registry Office were verified by conducting ethno-sociological studies. The research showed a steady increase in the number of marriages between the Kazakhs and Russians and a change in the attitude of the Kazakhs on the mixed marriages in a positive direction. The analysis of the socio-logical surveys indicates a positive or neutral attitude of the majority of the respondents to the very fact of mixed marriage and its further consequences. Quantitative data on the city of Petropavlovsk confirm the long-term trend of increase in the number of marriages between the Russians and Kazakhs. Qualitative changes are represented by the involvement of Kazakh women in marriages with Russians, since previously such marriages were a rare exception. Inter-ethnic marriages between the Kazakhs and Russians has a profound effect on preservation of ethno-cultural traditions, shifting them towards a «European» family with such characteristics as gender equality and individual choice. However, mixed marriages between the Russians and Kazakhs do not lead to the formation of hybrid and panethnic groups, there is no construction of new ethnic borders. The choice of identity is made primarily by the father. The increase in the proportion of the urban Kazakhs leads to the intensification of inter-ethnic marriage and formation of a two-part local community due to the assimilation of ethnic minorities.
The aim of this research is to study regional differences and regional cohesion in Bulgaria in accordance with “Europe 2020” Strategy. On the basis of analyses and comparisons of selected individual indicators, the existing significant differences in the regional development of the 6 NUTS 2 regions in the country are shown. The paper presents also the goals of regional cohesion according to the National Regional Development Strategy 2012-2022, prepared in order to integrate the goals of “Europe 2020” Strategy and the National Development Programme Bulgaria 2020.
Cities. Urban geography, Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology
Deborah Balk, Deborah Balk, Daniela Tagtachian
et al.
Cities are at the forefront of climate change action and planning for futures that are concomitantly more resilient and equitable, making local goals imperative for global sustainability. Under the multiple challenges of changing climatic, ecological and socio-economic conditions, cities need the means to meet these goals. We know cities are and will continue to be points of concentrated and diverse populations, socioeconomic vulnerability, amplified exposure, transformed ecosystems and are responsible for the bulk of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. Yet, much is also unknown and intrinsically uncertain about urban futures: there is a range of potential plausible futures which have differing implications for both potential mitigation and adaptation actions. To better assess these plausible futures, the “global change” research community developed a framework including scenarios that are applicable for global and regional policy, entitled the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) and scenarios exploring future emissions that will drive climate change, entitled Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Importantly, this global scale framework does not include specific city-level perspectives or data at the spatial scales necessary to address questions of local relevance. While the SSPs address many of the key population and socioeconomic drivers of climate change, they do not address important concerns that are particularly relevant to cities, such as racial justice, ecosystem change or migration. Nevertheless, city-level impacts will evolve, in part, as a function of the global scale change characterized by the SSPs, and in part based on demographic and social processes already underway. As such, applying a modification of this framework to cities has the potential to help limit local climate impacts, and create a more resilient, equitable city. To address these needs and respond to city and regional stakeholders, we propose a framework for science-based narratives and quantitative projections for cities and metropolitan areas, such as Greater New York City. In this paper, we review a wide-range of existing approaches to generate estimates of future populations and identify their vulnerabilities to climate-change hazards, ranging from subnational population projections or the spatially-explicit allocation of populations linked to SSPs for the US and selected cities, city-specific population forecasting without climate considerations, and participatory approaches to future scenario development and fine-scale, within-city land use change models. By showcasing the strengths and limitations of various approaches and modeling efforts, their spatial and temporal scales, and thematic breadth, we propose a novel framework that leverages state-of-the art quantitative approaches and couples it with stakeholder engagement that can help cities plan equitably under uncertainty.
Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), City planning
Tatyana M. Maleva , Marina A. Kartseva , Polina O. Kuznetsova
Неравенство доходов, обусловленное неравенством возможностей, может приводить к замедлению экономического развития и социальной нестабильности. В работе проводится анализ неравенства возможностей в трех регионах России (Москва, Ставропольский край, Челябинская область). Для каждого региона получены оценки вклада неравенства возможностей в неравенство доходов (объективные оценки), а также проанализировано субъективное восприятие неравенства возможностей населением (субъективные оценки). Проведено сопоставление объективных показателей неравенства возможностей на уровне регионов и на национальном уровне. Важным направлением работы является анализ соответствия субъективного восприятия неравенства возможностей населением региона его объективным оценкам. Эмпирической базой исследования являются данные специализированного социологического обследования населения, проведенного РАНХиГС в 2019 г. В работе используются методы, обеспечивающие сопоставимость наших оценок с результатами, полученными в работах российских и зарубежных ученых. На региональном уровне вклад неравенства возможностей в трудовые доходы составляет 9–12 %, а в среднедушевые — 7–13 % , что заметно ниже общенациональных оценок, полученных в более ранних исследованиях. Мы объясняем это, в частности, наличием в России существенного межрегионального неравенства. Интегральный индекс субъективного восприятия неравенства возможностей, построенный на базе информации о восприятии населением различных факторов достижения успеха, показывает, что 14–20 % населения в регионах оценивают проблему неравенства возможностей как важную или очень важную, а 6–11 % — как очень важную. С помощью регрессионного анализа факторов субъективного неравенства возможностей в работе показано, что высокий уровень образования и самооценки собственного материального положения снижает остроту восприятия неравенства возможностей. Значительных региональных различий выявлено не было — восприятие неравенства в большей степени определяется не местом проживания, а индивидуальными характеристиками респондентов. Объективные и субъективные оценки регионального неравенства возможностей заметно различаются, что согласуется с выводами международных исследований. Например, в Ставропольском крае восприятие неравенства возможностей выше, чем в других регионах, а объективная оценка вклада неравенства возможностей, наоборот, ниже.
Truth Spots is a compelling book on an entirely original topic in sociology. Beautifully written, it is fashioned after a travelogue, where each stop is a “truth spot,” or a place that “makes people believe.” It offers a fascinating tour, albeit one that ends perhaps a bit too soon. Upon arriving at the book’s final epigraph, “Veritas Filia Loci” (Truth is the Daughter of Place), you may find that you would have liked to visit even more truth spots. The book’s author, Thomas Gieryn, is one of sociology’s most perceptive observers when it comes to the material and cultural dimensions of place. If he has led us to recognize the truth spots around us, Gieryn suggests in closing, then his job here is done. The book clearly succeeds by this criterion. Truth Spots is an eye-opening contribution, and is full of consequence for how urban sociologists perceive and interpret the places we study. Gieryn’s agenda is to explore a series of locations that confer validity or authenticity to the claims of social actors, but that do so in very different ways. In the first chapter, which doubles as an introduction, we abruptly find ourselves at the ancient oracle in Delphi, Greece. Gieryn peels back layers of history and artifice to show how archeologists and historians have “manufactured” the truth through Delphi’s ruins, defining the location as a place where ancient Greeks came to communicate with the Gods. Believe it (or not), his next “truth spot” is Walden Pond (Chapter 2), followed by a series of case studies that include the Potemkin Villages created by Henry Ford (Chapter 4), a courthouse in St. Louis (Chapter 6), and a scientific laboratory at the University of Indiana where ancient nickel deposits are analyzed (Chapter 8). To move through such a wildly varying itinerary of places without losing the reader requires a great degree of writerly skill, and Gieryn is up to the task. Like the book’s topic, Gieryn is one-of-a-kind, a sociologist whose lyrical, descriptive prose is laced with sharp analytical clarity. In short, he’s a stimulating tour guide — a combination of curiosity and novel insight propels this book forward on its whirlwind voyage across centuries and around the globe. The diversity of case studies in the book provides a payoff for Gieryn, giving him a great degree of analytical leverage, but he wields it with an abundance of caution and nuance. (Arguably too much of the former — more on that later.) The descriptions of the places profiled in the book are deeply sociological, and invite the reader to indulge in some deep theorizing along the way. Gieryn, however, declines to extrapolate from his cases till the end of the book where, in a theoretical “coda,” he finally provides some general answers to the question framed by the running title. Places make people believe
Елена Кудряшова, Антон Максимов, Марина Ненашева
et al.
The article discusses public communications management system in the context of the federal program for the comfortable urban environment. The features of the communicative management system are analyzed on the basis of the communicative action theory and the systematic approach. The shortcomings of the existing regulatory urban space communicative management model are considered in the case study of the Arkhangelsk region cities. The authors hypothesize that the asymmetry and bureaucracy of the interaction between municipal authorities and city residents incorporated into the system of communicative management are the key factor of this system dysfunctions. The comprehensive sociological research was conducted in 2018–2019 to test the hypothesis. It aimed at studying the features and problems of organizing public communications in the Arkhangelsk region cities in the context of discussing and implementing programs to create a comfortable urban environment. It included a sociological survey made by a questionnaire, the sample of which was 783 people; it included 15 expert interviews with representatives of municipal authorities and NGOs, and 7 focus groups in several cities of the Arkhangelsk region. The study showed the presence of dysfunctions in the communicative management of creating a comfortable urban environment, which confirmed the author’s hypothesis. As a result of the empirical data analysis, a descriptive model of communicative management was constructed, the dysfunctions of this system were identified and the measures to improve its functioning submitted in a form of recommendations. The authors propose to apply public control, to expand the tools for informing the population about the program’s implementation, and to arrange more actively for the citizens involvement. The results of the study can be used to conduct monitoring on the urban environment comfortability in other cities of Russia, to assess the local governments activities and the civic participation degree in the implementation and monitoring of projects and programs for the urban spaces improvement.
Abstract Cemeteries are not only burial places that provide a public service. They are also green urban spaces with cultural and natural qualities and could be integrated into the green infrastructure planning system. In this study, we explore the extent to which environmental qualities and functions are ascribed to urban cemeteries in the municipal master plans, green infrastructure plans and websites of the capital cities of Scandinavia. In addition, we conduct a focus-group interview in Oslo with six municipal employees representing green space planning/management, cultural heritage and cemetery administration/management, focusing on a broad perspective of qualities ascribed to urban cemeteries. The document study shows that, across the Scandinavian countries, cemeteries are mainly included in the concept of green infrastructure but they are not ascribed qualities similar to those ascribed to public green spaces; instead, most qualities are related to cultural history. However, Copenhagen municipality has a more inclusive approach, describing the cemeteries as green spaces and inviting people to use them for recreational purposes. The municipality even has a policy document with a strategy on how to combine the primary function of a burial site with new needs for recreational space. In the focus-group interview, cemeteries are described as static places, peaceful and quiet places, green spaces, spaces in which to experience darkness, and places for all (multiple use). There is relatively high agreement among interviewees about the recreational qualities of cemeteries, even though the cemetery administration/management emphasizes several times that its main focus is on accommodating the bereaved and their relatives. In the discussion, we focus on differences between the different Scandinavian countries in the qualities and functions ascribed to cemeteries, and examine potential explanations for why cemeteries are mostly described as green spaces, part of the green infrastructure, but treated as private green spaces in the urban planning context.
Artykuł składa się z trzech części. Część pierwsza zawiera wstępne omówienie relacji między metodami postępowania badawczego a rozwojem geografii jako nauki oraz obejmuje zagadnienie przełomu metodologicznego związanego z kwantyfikacją geografii. W części drugiej przedstawiono w zarysie postęp w rozwoju kierunku ilościowego w geografii światowej. Część trzecia dotyczy aktywności, osiągnięć i roli poznańskiego ośrodka geografii społeczno-ekonomicznej w poszczególnych fazach matematyzacji geografii.
Political science, Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology
Street workers may engage in multiple forms of agency. This paper conceives of such forms in terms of a continuum where some forms may evolve into others, dissolve or revert to previous ones. Closer attention is given to the dynamics and trajectories of street workers’ organizations, which vary widely and are poorly understood. In particular, the paper addresses the prospects for and limitations of transformative and sustained collective organization among street workers. Both external and internal processes influencing the dynamics of street workers’ organizations are examined, such as the economic and political context of associations, the nature of their relations with political elites, the governing powers of associations, the nature of their leadership, and who they represent and exclude. This paper enquires into what accounts for demobilization, regression and political disengagement. It also explores whether participation in wider associative networks and collaborations can help overcome some of the fragilities of street workers’ associations, promote their sustainability and broaden their visions. The discussion draws upon literature addressing collective organizing among street workers in a wide range of urban contexts in Africa and the global South.
Human ecology. Anthropogeography, Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology
Medan yang merupakan ibu kota Sumatera Utara , sangat berpotensi untuk di jadikan perpustakaan . Hal ini di karenakan data yang ada di perpustkaan Umum Kota Medan mengalami peningkatan. Akan tetapi fasilitas yang kurang mewadahi dan kecenderungan perpustakaan hanya tempat penyimpanan , hingga kondisi bangunan yang kurang menarik.Oleh karena itu Perancangan Perpustakaan Umum di Kota Medan yang berada di kawasan Jalan Jamin Ginting dapat dijadikan perpustakaan yang dapat sebagai pusat informasi. Bangunan yang menerapkan tema Metafora dapat menarik perhatian masyarakat untuk berkunjung.
Details in building design and construction. Including walls, roofs, Urban renewal. Urban redevelopment