Hasil untuk "Physical anthropology. Somatology"

B. Larkin

A. Goodman, J. Rose

Jose P. O’Gorman, Roger B.J. Benson

An historical indeterminate elasmosaurid specimen CAMSM X50356 (CAMSM = Sedgwick Museum) collected during the 19th century is described. The specimen comes from the Cenomanian Cambridge Greensand although the possibility of an Albian–lower Cenomanian age is discussed. CAMSM X50356 is recovered within the Elasmosauridae. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that elongated cervical centra with absence of the lateral ridge are the basal condition of elasmosaurids. The lateral ridge is present in almost all other elasmosaurids with the exception of some taxa that have secondarily shortened the cervical centra such as the aristonectines and Nakonanectes bradti. The lack of correlation between cervical elongation and the lateral ridge is thus recorded here for the first time as CAMSM X50356 is the only elasmosaurid with cervical centra longer than high but without the lateral ridge.

László Makó, Péter Cseh, Balázs Nagy et al.

The Pécel loess–paleosol profile is a 25.72-metre-high well-preserved sequence in the northern part of Hungary. It was sampled every 4 cm for the purpose of sedimentological analysis and every 12 cm for the purpose of mollusc investigation, which are relatively high resolutions in loess investigation. Twenty samples were radiocarbon-dated from the L1 layer (top 8 m of the sequence). Subsequently, an age–depth model was constructed, from which an accumulation rate was calculated. Based on these radiocarbon and previous magnetic susceptibility data, the Pécel’s L1 layer is correlated with the Chinese Loess Plateau’s L1 layer and the MIS 2–4 stages. The malacological examinations show that the temperature was basically warm during the development, and there was open vegetation except on the S2, S1 and L1S1 paleosol layers, where significant forest expansion was shown. With the magnetic susceptibility and the malacological data, it is possible to track the changes in the conditions through the Chinese Loess Plateau’s timeline.

Chloe Wong, Jun Yan Ng, Yang Yie Sio et al.

Abstract Background Skin ageing is influenced by complex genetic factors. Various phenotypes such as wrinkling, pigmentation changes, and skin cancers have been linked to specific genetic loci. However, the underlying genetic mechanisms and pathways remain poorly understood. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to summarise the genetic loci found to be associated with skin ageing phenotypes by published genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and candidate gene studies. We also evaluated the overall association of loci via meta-analysis and identified the association patterns to explore potential biological pathways contributing to skin ageing. The Web of Science, Embase, and PubMed databases were searched on January 2024 using specific exclusion criteria (e.g., study of non-human subjects, focus on skin diseases, or treatments) to identify relevant articles. There did not appear to be any significant publication bias observed across the all phenotypes. Main body A total of 48 studies were included, revealing 30 loci that were confirmed to be associated with skin ageing by multiple studies (e.g., AFG3L1P: odds ratio 1.133 95% confidence interval [1.044, 1.222]; BPIFA3: 1.859 [1.567, 2.151]; CLPTML1: 1.164 [1.0.99, 1.229]; CPNE7: 0.905 [0.852–0.958]; DEF8: 1.186 [1.042, 1.331]; IRF4: 1.260 [1.025, 1.495]; MYO16: 2.303 [1.697, 2.908]; PRDM16: 1.105 [1.084, 1.127]; RORA: 1.391 [1.206, 1.577]; SPG7: 0.922 [0.897, 0.947]; SPON1: 2.214 [1.204, 3.225]; SPTLC1: 1.464 [1.432, 1.495]; TYR: 1.175 [1.007, 1.343]). The lack of significance for many loci may be due to studies analysing different SNPs within the same locus, weakening the overall associations. Several loci were associated with specific phenotypic categories (e.g., skin colour related, skin cancer related, wrinkling and sagging related), suggesting shared biological pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of different skin ageing phenotypes. This pattern was also observed in several of the loci that do not have a significant overall association with skin ageing. Conclusion Despite significant heterogeneity among the included studies and the use of subjective visual methods for phenotype assessment, our review highlights the critical role of fundamental biological processes, such as development and cellular organisation, in skin ageing. Future research that targets the same SNP across multiple populations could strengthen the association of additional loci with skin ageing. Further investigation into these underlying biological processes would significantly advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of skin ageing phenotypes.

Alessandro Lania, Ben Pabst, Torsten M. Scheyer

Abstract Non-sauropodan sauropodomorphs represented the most abundant and diverse herbivore component of the Gondwanan continental paleoecosystems during the Late Triassic. Nonetheless, a constantly increasing diversity has been recovered also from Laurasian formations, such as the Klettgau Formation, which is best exposed at the Gruhalde clay pit (Tonwerke Keller AG) in Frick, Canton Aargau, Switzerland. Despite being renowned for mass-accumulation horizons of the plateosaurid Plateosaurus trossingensis, a new fossiliferous layer was recently discovered above the “Plateosaurus bonebeds”, yielding the holotype of the neotheropod Notatesseraeraptor frickensis as well as several partial articulated skeletons of an unknown sauropodomorph. The complete craniomandibular anatomy of an articulated skull, SMF 13.5.37, belonging to a partial skeleton, SMF 13.5, referred to this new latest Norian sauropodomorph from the Klettgau Formation is here presented. Micro-computed tomography scans (µCT) as well as segmentation techniques were employed in order to examine inaccessible craniodental features of the snout of the specimen under study. The osteological investigation and the anatomical comparison with related taxa unveiled a unique mosaic-like combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic craniomandibular features, implying that the cranial anatomy of SMF 13.5.37 is transitional between non-massopodan plateosaurian and massopodan sauropodomorph morphologies, similarly to the Argentinian Coloradisaurus brevis from the mid-to-late Norian of the Los Colorados Formation. An intermixed craniomandibular condition is also reflected in the phylogenetic results, which resolve SMF 13.5.37 as a basal massopodan, branching out either at the first or third node of Massopoda, representing the first Laurasian non-sauropodiform massopodan. Even though the evolutionary trend towards a complete massopodan-like architecture needs to be further tested with the study of the postcranium, SMF 13.5.37 unequivocally represents the skull of a new massopodan sauropodomorph taxon from Switzerland, shedding light on a more diversified herbivorous dinosaurian paleofauna from the Norian comparable to those of South America and Africa, as it represents the fourth officially recognized non-sauropodan sauropodomorph along with Plateosaurus trossingensis, Gresslyosaurus ingens and Schleitheimia schutzi.

Luis Sebastián Agüero, Daniela Elizabeth Olivera, Marcelo Adrián Martínez et al.

This contribution integrates palynofacies, organic geochemical and sedimentological analyses to characterize the depositional environment and the kerogen properties related to the hydrocarbon source potential of the Vaca Muerta Formation at the Mallín Quemado Norte (MQN) and Puerta Curaco (PC), Neuquén Basin, Argentina. Thirty-five outcrop samples were analyzed for palynofacies and total organic carbon (TOC). At MQN, five palynofacies types and sedimentological evidence suggest deposition mainly in an outer shelf marine environment with a variable continental input. At PC, three palynofacies types and sedimentological observations point to accumulation mainly in an outer ramp marine environment with minimal to moderate terrigenous input. Depositional processes involve an interplay of suspension settling from the water column (marine snow) and buoyant plumes, followed by reworking of the seafloor by bottom currents and sediment gravity flows. Under identical hydrodynamic flow conditions, equidimensional phytoclasts respond better to transport sorting than blade-shaped. The first documentation of high-relief organic spheres (HROS) in this unit points to redox oscillation between sulfidic and ferruginous anoxic microenvironments during early diagenesis. Low HROS percentages and crypto-bioturbated strata suggest that bottom waters were not strictly anoxic. Organic carbon preservation may be partly related to the role of extracellular polymeric substances as an organic matter encapsulator. The kerogen aligns with type III-IV, and TOC values are mainly high (MQN: up to 4.69%; PC: 4.9–10.4%). Although an over-mature state cannot be entirely ruled out (highly dark palynological matter), the poor preservation of the kerogen suggests a negligible hydrocarbon potential.

Christoph Englert, Wrishik Naskar, Michael Spannowsky

We investigate the impact of momentum-dependent particle widths and propagators on gauge and Higgs bosons and the top quark within the Standard Model (SM) and its SMEFT extensions near thresholds. By incorporating self-energy corrections via Dyson resummation, we quantify deviations from the fixed-width approximation and assess their implications for collider observables. While effects on the Higgs boson are negligible and the $W$ boson shows percent-level deviations in reconstructed transverse mass distributions, the top quark exhibits significant sensitivity near its mass threshold. Future lepton colliders, e.g., electron-positron machines or muon colliders, can offer sensitivity to these effects, enabling constraints on SMEFT Wilson coefficients. We perform a representative case study for the precision frontier available with a staged future muon collider. Our results highlight that momentum dependencies can provide additional sensitivity at precision-era experiments, enhancing the potential for discovering new physics there.

Özgür Akarsu, Eoin Ó Colgáin, Anjan A. Sen et al.

$Λ$CDM tensions are by definition model dependent; one sees anomalies through the prism of $Λ$CDM. Thus, progress towards tension resolution necessitates checking the consistency of the $Λ$CDM model to localise missing physics either in redshift or scale. Since the Universe is dynamical and redshift is a proxy for time, it is imperative to first perform consistency checks involving redshift, then consistency checks involving scale, as the next steps to settle the ``systematics versus new physics" debate and foster informed model building. We present a review of the hierarchy of assumptions underlying the $Λ$CDM cosmological model and comment on whether relaxing them can address the tensions. We focus on the lowest lying fruit of identifying missing physics through the identification of redshift dependent $Λ$CDM model fitting parameters. We highlight recent progress made on ${S_8:= σ_8 \sqrt{Ω_{\rm m}/0.3}}$ tension and elucidate how similar progress can be made on $H_0$ tension. Our discussions indicate that $H_0$ tension, equivalently a redshift dependent $H_0$, and a redshift dependent $S_8$ imply a problem with background $Λ$CDM cosmology.

Sayantani Bhattacharyya, Sukanya Mitra, Shuvayu Roy et al.

In this paper, we explore the impact of field redefinition on the spectrum of linearized perturbations in relativistic hydrodynamics. We observe that the spectrum of hydrodynamics modes is never affected by the local field redefinition, however, the spectrum of the non-hydrodynamic modes is affected. Through an appropriate all-order redefinition, non-hydrodynamic modes can be eliminated, leading to a new frame where the spectrum contains only hydrodynamic modes. We also observe that the resulting stress-energy tensor may have an infinite series in momentum space, with a convergence radius linked to the eliminated non-hydrodynamic mode. In certain special cases, higher-order terms in the stress-energy tensor under field redefinition may cancel, indicating that non-hydrodynamic modes are mere artefacts of the fluid variable choice and hold no physical significance, even if they appear to violate physical constraints. Using a special toy example, we find a criterion to distinguish between physical and unphysical non-hydrodynamic modes.

M. Konner, S. Eaton

Beginning in 1985, we and others presented estimates of hunter‐gatherer (and ultimately ancestral) diet and physical activity, hoping to provide a model for health promotion. The Hunter‐Gatherer Model was designed to offset the apparent mismatch between our genes and the current Western‐type lifestyle, a mismatch that arguably affects prevalence of many chronic degenerative diseases. The effort has always been controversial and subject to both scientific and popular critiques. The present article (1) addresses eight such challenges, presenting for each how the model has been modified in response, or how the criticism can be rebutted; (2) reviews new epidemiological and experimental evidence (including especially randomized controlled clinical trials); and (3) shows how official recommendations put forth by governments and health authorities have converged toward the model. Such convergence suggests that evolutionary anthropology can make significant contributions to human health.

Gabriel Scheidecker

Research on childhood in anthropology and neighboring disciplines has continuously broadened the range of the social partners that are considered relevant for young children’s development—from parents to other caregivers, siblings, and peers. Yet most studies as well as interventions in early childhood still focus exclusively on parents, who are presumed to be the most significant socializing agents. Objecting to such a hierarchical understanding of the social world of children, I propose a complementarity view. Rather than being linearly ranked in a hierarchy of significance, children’s social partners may complement each other by providing different but equally significant experiences. My suggestions are based on an ethnographic study in a rural community in Madagascar. Focusing on children in the first 3 years of life, I explore the full range of their social partners and the respective experiences they provide. Caregivers focus on children’s physical needs and aim to keep them in a calm emotional state, while other young related children are the most crucial partners when it comes to play, face-to-face interaction, and the exchange of intense emotions. These complementary roles, I argue, lead to the parallel formation of two distinct socioemotional modes: a hierarchical one and an egalitarian one.

Fumio Yamazaki, Kana Inoue, Nanako Ohmi et al.

Abstract Background We examined whether an aerobic exercise intervention in young women with cold sensitivity symptoms improves sleep quality and decreases cold complaints. Furthermore, we examined the association with increased foot skin temperature (Tsk) before falling asleep and decrease in sensitivity to cold in the brain. Methods We recruited 16 female adult volunteers who had cold sensitivity and were not engaged in daily exercise training, and they were divided into an exercise group (EXE) and a control group (CON). EXE was given a 2-week exercise intervention that consisted mainly of walking and jogging. Before and after the intervention, temperature sensation and body temperature parameters were measured just before bedtime; electroencephalogram measurements were taken during sleep; and subjective sleep surveys, including Oguri-Shirakawa-Azumi (OSA) sleep inventory (middle-aged and aged version) and visual analogue scale (VAS), were conducted immediately after waking up. All experiments were performed in the winter season. Results In EXE, overall and foot warmth and comfort increased (p < 0.05) after the 2-week exercise intervention. The exercise intervention also decreased (p < 0.05) the scores for cold feeling in the fingertips, feet, and toes. In the OSA sleep inventory, factor IV (refreshing) and factor V (sleep length) were increased (p < 0.05) by the exercise intervention. Subjective sleep quality evaluated by VAS increased (p < 0.05) with exercise intervention. The exercise intervention in EXE shortened middle awake time after sleep onset (p < 0.05) and prolonged deep sleep length (p < 0.05). The exercise intervention increased (p < 0.05) alpha-wave power before sleep. In CON, all variables remained unchanged throughout the 2-week control period. Conclusion Short-term aerobic exercise alleviated peripheral extremity cold sensitivity symptoms and improved subjective sleep quality. Our findings suggest that these improvements were not due to increased Tsk at rest before bedtime but to decreased sensitivity to cold in the brain that was expressed as increased alpha activity.

Xiran Liu, Noah A. Rosenberg, Gili Greenbaum

High-dimensional datasets on cultural characters contribute to uncovering insights about factors that influence cultural evolution. Because cultural variation in part reflects descent processes with a hierarchical structure – including the descent of populations and vertical transmission of cultural traits – methods designed for hierarchically structured data have potential to find applications in the analysis of cultural variation. We adapt a network-based hierarchical clustering method for use in analysing cultural variation. Given a set of entities, the method constructs a similarity network, hierarchically depicting community structure among them. We illustrate the approach using four datasets: pronunciation variation in the US mid-Atlantic region, folklore variation in worldwide cultures, phonemic variation across worldwide languages and temporal variation in first names in the US. In these examples, the method provides insights into processes that affect cultural variation, uncovering geographic and other influences on observed patterns and cultural characters that make important contributions to them.

Chandralekha Singh

This article describes reflections on the Fifth International Conference on Women in Physics which was a conference attended by 215 female physicists and a few male physicists from 49 different countries. The article focuses on the barriers that women face in their professional advancement in physics and the extent to which the situation is different in various countries.

Daniel Britzger, Max Klein, Hubert Spiesberger

The proposed electron-proton collider experiments LHeC and FCC-eh at CERN are the highest resolution microscopes that can be realised in the present century and they would represent a really unique research facility. We exploit simulated neutral-current and charged-current deep-inelastic scattering data of the LHeC and the FCC-eh and examine their sensitivity for precision physics in the Electroweak sector of the Standard Model (SM), like the effective weak mixing angle $\sin^2θ_{\textrm{W},\ell}^\textrm{eff}$, or the light-quark weak-neutral-current couplings. Unique measurements are further feasible at high precision for the running of the weak mixing angle, as well as for electroweak effects in charged current interactions. The sensitivity to beyond SM effects is studied using the generic $S$, $T$ and $U$ parameterization. The report summarizes previous studies about the LHeC and presents new prospects for the FCC-eh.

Snigdha Ghosh, Nilanjan Chaudhuri, Sourav Sarkar et al.

The photon self-energy from chirally imbalanced quark matter is evaluated at finite temperature and density using the real time formulation of thermal field theory. The analytic structure is explored in detail exposing the cut structure which corresponds to a variety of physical scattering and decay processes in the medium and their thresholds. The mass of the quarks in the chiral symmetry broken phase are obtained from the gap equation of the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model. It is found that, in presence of finite chiral chemical potential, the chiral condensate tends to get stronger at low temperature while the opposite is observed at high values of temperature. A continuous spectrum is obtained for the electromagnetic spectral function and this is purely a finite chiral chemical potential effect.

Mark Dyble, Andrea Bamberg Migliano, Abigail E. Page et al.

Theoretical models relating to the evolution of human behaviour usually make assumptions about the kinship structure of social groups. Since humans were hunter–gatherers for most of our evolutionary history, data on the composition of contemporary hunter–gatherer groups has long been used to inform these models. Although several papers have taken a broad view of hunter–gatherer social organisation, it is also useful to explore data from single populations in more depth. Here, we describe patterns of relatedness among the Palanan Agta, hunter–gatherers from the northern Philippines. Across 271 adults, mean relatedness to adults across the population is r = 0.01 and to adult campmates is r = 0.074, estimates that are similar to those seen in other hunter–gatherers. We also report the distribution of kin across camps, relatedness and age differences between spouses, and the degree of shared reproductive interest between camp mates, a measure that incorporates affinal kinship. For both this this measure (s) and standard relatedness (r), we see no major age or sex differences in the relatedness of adults to their campmates, conditions that may reduce the potential for conflicts of interest within social groups.

Sophie Williams, Ed Garrett, Patrick Moss et al.

We collected contemporary foraminiferal training sets from two salt marshes to enable more precise and accurate proxy historical sea-level reconstructions from southeastern Australia. Combined with an existing training set from Tasmania, this new regional set consists of 112 samples and 16 species of foraminifera, of which 13 are agglutinated. Cluster analyses group the regional training set into a high–elevation cluster, dominated by 'Trochamminita salsa', a mid–elevation cluster, dominated by 'Entzia macrescens' and 'Trochammina inflata', and a mid–low elevation cluster dominated by Miliammina fusca and tidal-flat species. We develop transfer functions using local and regional training sets and assess their performance. Our resulting site-specific and chosen regional models are capable of predicting sea level with decimetre-scale precision (95% confidence intervals of 0.12–0.22 m). These results are comparable to other examples from around the world. When developing regional training sets, we advocate that the similarity in the environmental settings (particularly salinity) should be assessed as an alternative way of grouping sites, rather than simply using spatial proximity. We compare our findings with global results and conclude that salt marshes along microtidal coasts yield models with the lowest vertical uncertainties. Studies with the lowest uncertainties are located in the western Pacific and the western Atlantic, whereas those from the eastern Atlantic generally have larger tidal ranges and carry larger vertical uncertainties. Our models expand the existing region available for sea-level reconstruction and can be used to generate new late Holocene sea-level reconstructions across southeastern Australia.

Nichola J. Raihani, Eleanor A. Power

Performing costly helpful behaviours can allow individuals to improve their reputation. Those who gain a good reputation are often preferred as interaction partners and are consequently better able to access support through cooperative relationships with others. However, investing in prosocial displays can sometimes yield social costs: excessively generous individuals risk losing their good reputation, and even being vilified, ostracised or antisocially punished. As a consequence, people frequently try to downplay their prosocial actions or hide them from others. In this review, we explore when and why investments in prosocial behaviour are likely to yield social costs. We propose two key features of interactions that make it more likely that generous individuals will incur social costs when: (a) observers infer that helpful behaviour is motivated by strategic or selfish motives; and (b) observers infer that helpful behaviour is detrimental to them. We describe how the cognition required to consider ulterior motives emerges over development and how these tendencies vary across cultures – and discuss how the potential for helpful actions to result in social costs might place boundaries on prosocial behaviour as well as limiting the contexts in which it might occur. We end by outlining the key avenues and priorities for future research.