Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Bernhard Schneider

It is generally assumed that the takeover of Babylonia by the Persian king Cyrus II in 539 BC went relatively smoothly. The current study suggests that at Nippur there might have been hitherto overlooked changes among the higher-ranking officials during the transition of 539 BC. A collection of Neo-Babylonian tablets from the ‘Tablet Hill’ at Nippur is analyzed and its original trench of excavation is pinpointed on the map of the site. Focusing on several dossiers of tablets at ‘Tablet Hill’ from the time of transition around 539 BC it can be shown that further insights can be gained from the unpublished archaeological documentation.

Miryaqub Seyidov

Since the beginning of the world, the environment in which people live, their thoughts, beliefs, lifestyle, outlook, etc. are reasons that have led to the emergence of various professional fields. Over time, the occupations people engaged in resulted in the formation of social classes, class societies, states, and empires. Although numerous professions that have arisen throughout history have been forgotten for various reasons, some of the professions that have a history of thousands of years still remain. After the discovery of writing, with the ancient people’s lifestyle, important information about the various professions they were engaged in began to be recorded. The development of written culture accelerated scientific progress and sociocultural segregation among people. The improvement of the composed culture of the people and societies of the world incorporates books, dictionaries, reference books, andhas increased the historical significance of scientific resources. Dictionaries are one of the scientific sources that best reflect the periods of the scientific, cultural, economic, and social development of society. The dictionary “Sihâhul-Furs” of the Azerbaijani linguist and eminent socio-political personality Muhammad ibn Hindushah Nâkhchîvanî, who lived at the end of the 12th century to the beginning of the 13th century, contains very valuable information about the professions of ancient people living in the world. This dictionary, written during the Ilkhanid dynasty, reflects the social, political and cultural life of that period. Nowadays, numerous occupations and arts related to Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Pahlavi, Sumerian, etc. languages have been forgotten. Some of the types of professions recorded in the “Sihâhul-Furs” dictionary still exist in the world. Consequently, this paper, which explores the various types of occupations in the “Sihâhul-Furs” dictionary, is a valuable contribution to Oriental Studies.

Kaziev Sattar Sh., Mogunova Marina V., Kusainov Oral Zh.

Introduction. The formation and maintenance of Kazakh identity in the northern regions of Kazakhstan was largely associated with the specificity of historical, cultural, linguistic resources, and the religious factor played an important role therein. The shaping of ‘Kazakhness’ in the pre-Soviet period was based not only on the self-image as free nomads and language community but also on belonging to the world of Islam. Such local resources of the Kazakh ethnic identity comprise the cult of holy warriors and seers — batyr, auwliye and zhyrau, i.e. true historical heroes from the period of fierce struggle for the region throughout the seventeenth–eighteenth centuries. Goals. The study attempts an insight into the specifics of the saints’ cult among Kazakhs of Northern Kazakhstan. Real supporters of Khan Abylai and active participants of steppe wars — batyrs Kozhabergen, Kulsary and Kuleke — were included in the pantheon of saints across the designated region. Materials and methods. The work examines a wide range of sources, both published archival documents and pre-revolutionary statistical collections, as well as ethnographic material collected by the authors in the form of family trees (shezhire) and ethno-genealogical legends about the deeds of cultural heroes. The documents introduced into scientific turnover have made it possible to verify the relevance of data articulated by oral shezhire narratives and legends, which together constitute a valuable layer of sources yielding insights into the mentality and spiritual world of nomads. Results. The ethnic history of the northern Kazakh clans and tribes and the emergence of the local cult of holy warriors show a close connection between lifestyle and religious factor for the reproduction of ethnic identity. Under the conditions of constant hostilities and distrust toward alien neighbors across northern steppes, those were Genghisids — famous warlords/batyrs and charismatic leaders of mighty tribes — that became objects of veneration, rather than Muslim righteous men or descendants of the Kozha clan. The informal alliance of Genghisids and batyrhood did facilitate the preservation of “Kazakhness’ during the period of heavy defeats and severe trials in the sixteenth–eighteenth centuries. The lives of heroes served as examples to all Kazakhs regardless of tribal affiliation and as models of ideal behavior. Later, descendants would endow their ancestors with the traits of Muslim saints and pass on narratives claiming their gifts of soothsaying and healing from generation to generation. Being a local Muslim variant of saints’ worship practices which incorporated elements of pre-Islamic beliefs, the cult of the northern batyr-auwliye performed an important integrative function and contributed to the deep ethnicization of clan/tribal roots among local Kazakhs.

خلود جرمان الدغيلبي

يهدف البحث إلى الكشف عن التعدد اللغوي وتعدد الأصوات في روايتين للكاتب شعيب حليفي هما رواية: أنا أيضا- تخمينات مهملة (2010)، ورواية: لا تنس ما تقول (2019)، وذلك من خلال تتبع أهم تجليات حضور هاتين التقنيتين، المتمثلة في التهجين والتعالق اللغوي والأسلوب الهزلي وتعدد الرواة والرؤى السردية، وغيرها من التقنيات. وتم تقسيم البحث إلى قسمين، قسم نظري تأطيري، قمنا فيه بتأطير عام لسياق الروايتين موضوع الدراسة، وقدمنا فيه تعريفا مجملا للحوارية وأهم مفاهيمها وآليات عملها في الرواية، ثم تتبعنا في الجانب التحليلي توظيف تقنيتي التعدد اللغوي وتعدد الأصوات في الروايتين. وتوصلنا إلى مدى غنى الروايتين تعددا في اللغات والأصوات، غنى قصد إليه شعيب حليفي عن وعي بأهمية المبدأ الحواري في الرواية الحديثة، مستثمرا في ذلك تجربته باعتباره ناقدًا أدبيًّا؛ إذ جاءت الرواية عنده تعبيرًا عن تعددية المجتمع من خلال تعدد لغاتها وتعدد الإيديولوجيات المتصارعة داخلها.

Yuli Yasin

Customary marriages, also known as unregistered marriages, are often misunderstood as unannounced (siri) marriages, even though not all unregistered marriages are siri (secret) in nature. This study aims to explain the nature of unregistered marriage, its difference from the syar'i marriage, official marriage and unannounced marriage. At the same time, this study also adresses that customary marriage, even though it is legal according to Islamic fiqh, is not recommended since it contradicts with the Qur'anic commandment regarding the need of muslim to comply with waliyyul amr or those who hold authority. The customary marriage also may results in mafsadat which can actually be avoided by registering marriages according to government regulations. Meanwhile, under Indonesian legal system, customary marriage has no legal justification, and as a result there is no legal guarantee for married couples. As well, this study confirms that customary marriage ignores the legal existence to women and children who will be born, such practise is not in accordance with the purpose of the marriage itself.

سعود بن مناحي الرماحي الشمري

تروم هذه الدراسة الكشف عن مقاصد الخطاب السردي الكامنة خلف وجهة النظر السردية في أربعة نماذج روائية سعودية: (موت صغير) لمحمد حسن علوان، و(مسرى الغرانيق في مدن العقيق) لأميمة الخميس، و(سفر برلك) لمقبول موسى العلوي، و(نار المرخ) لعواض شاهر العصيمي. ويتكوَّن البحث من مقدمة ومدخل نظري مداره على مفهومي القصديَّة ووجهة النظر. وأربعة مباحث، تليها خاتمة، ناقش المبحث الأول وجهة نظر السارد والشخصيات في رواية موت صغير، ويناقش المبحث الثاني: وجهة النظر الخاصة بالسارد والشخصيات في مسرى الغرانيق في مدن العقيق، ويتكفل المبحث الثالث بالكشف عنها في رواية سفر برلك، أما المبحث الرابع فيناقشها في رواية نار المرْخ، وتوصل البحث إلى أنَّ النماذج الروائية الأربعة تضمنت مقاصد خطابية تراوحت بين المباشرة وغير المباشرة، وهي مقاصد جزئية توزعت بين طيات الخطاب، وشكلت في مجموعها المقاصد الشاملة للخطاب السردي مرهونة بالسياق وكان لها دورها الفعال في إسناد وجهة النظر إلى السارد وإلى بعض الشخصيات.  

Ahlam Sbaihat

Khadijah, Prophet Muhammad’s first wife, has remained a victim in Latin and vernacular literature in the West until the 18th century. According to texts in Latin and some vernacular languages written and impacted more by the Church mindset, Muhammad is a manipulator man who used Khadijah to gain wealth and power through marriage. However, this image has changed decisively as a result to the new historical approach of the French Historical Scholar School followed at the beginning of the 19th century. The present study investigates the image of Khadijah in French texts based on the image studies analysis. Particularly, forty-nine French texts published in the 19th century were studied and analyzed. The texts include books, dictionaries, encyclopedias, journals of literature and science. The results show that the image of Khadijah has changed drastically. Khadijah, the rich widow made a major contribution to the founding of the new creed mentality of Islam. Khadijah is no longer the persecuted victim of Muhammad; but an intelligent, wise, supporter and loving wife. Moreover, another analysis of these texts shows that since the 18th century, the characters of Muhammad and Khadijah were used in French fantasia that imitates the Arabian Nights.[Istri pertama Nabi Muhammad, Khadijah, masih diceritakan sebagai obyek penderita dalam literatur bahasa Latin dan Eropa hingga abad 18. Berdasarkan teks-teks latin dan yang dipengaruhi oleh mindset gereja, Muhammad merupakan orang yang memanfaatkan perkawinannya dengan Khadijah untuk meraih kemakmuran dan pengaruh politik. Namun gambaran itu perlahan memudar seiring dengan berkembangnya pendekatan sejarah baru para sejarahwan Prancis dan diikuti oleh sarjana lainnya hingga awal abad 19. Pada tulisan ini akan mengkaji gambaran Khadijah dalam teks-teks berbahasa Prancis. Setidaknya ada 49 tulisan yang akan dibahas dan dianalisis termasuk diantaranya, buku, kamus, ensiklopedia, artikel jurnal sastra dan sains. Kesimpulannya menunjukkan bahwa gambaran tentang Khadijah berubah drastis, dia sebagai janda kaya telah memberikan kontribusi besar dalam meletakkan mentalitas baru umat Islam. Khadijah bukanlah obyek penderita, tapi seorang yang pandai, bijak, pendukung utama dan istri yang mencintai suaminya, Muhammad. Selain itu, karakter Muhammad dan Khadijah hingga abad 18 digunakan sebagai fantasi yang disejajarkan dengan kisah Seribu Satu Malam.]

Alexander E. Epifanov, Evgeniy F. Krinko

Introduction. The deportation during the Great Patriotic War is a most tragic page in Kalmyk history. Despite numerous publications, the history of the Kalmyk exile continues to arouse research interest. Goals. The article aims to analyze the administrative-legal regime and everyday life of exiled Kalmyk settlers in 1944-1945. Materials and methods. The study explores two sets of historical sources: 1) official documents from the State Archive of the Russian Federation (collections of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs and its Fourth Special Department ), 2) private sources — memoires of former exiled settlers. The work employs systematic and interdisciplinary approaches, uses the historical legal and historical anthropological research methods. Results. Many documents attest to the harsh conditions experienced by Kalmyks in special settlement areas, adaptation difficulties, lack of necessary housing conditions, food and clothing, and other problems. At the same time, the documents narrate the desire of authorities (including NKVD bodies) to improve the situation faced by exiled settlers, solve problems of their supply and employment. The historical memory of Kalmyks contains imprints of the endured pecuniary burdens and psychological traumas, starvation and poverty, illnesses and deaths of beloved ones. However, the people retain hearty attitudes towards local residents who rendered them real help and support.

Khamraev A.Т., Shagimoldinа M.O.

The article describes the features of Kazakh-Azerbaijani inter-literary relations in the post-Soviet period, and also analyzes the works of Kazakh authors and folklore works of the Kazakh people translated into Azerbaijani. The paper notes the high intensification of inter-literary contacts between Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan. Such an expansion of interpersonal relationships among creative figures is, of course, determined by the general state of interstate relations.           In the post-Soviet period, Turkic-speaking writers, representatives of various national literatures began to feel their inner involvement in the general Turkic processes with particular clarity due to deep historical and socio-political changes and the strengthening of creative contacts. For example, such works translated into Azerbaijani as "Turkestan", "And me, you, death, lull me to sleep" ("Olum, mane agi de") Magzhan Zhumabayeva, "Kazakhstan's Way", "The Heart of Eurasia" by Nursultan Nazarbayev, "The Clay Book" by Olzhas Suleimenov, "When the Wolves Howled" by Sabit Dosanov, "Idikut" by Akhmetzhan Ashiri were highly appreciated among Azerbaijani readers. "Alash Arystary" in the Azerbaijani language shows that translators in their creative activity go not only beyond the national geographic framework, but expand the internal boundaries of the national artistic worldview.         The works of the Kazakh genius confirm that the historical and cultural ties of the Kazakh and Azerbaijani peoples go back centuries. In particular, in the "Words of Edification", in the poems "Iskander", "Masut", "Tales of Azim" traces of centuries-old oriental wisdom are found. In the era of independence, the fame of classical Kazakh writers went far beyond the borders of their country.  Many of them have become internationally significant personalities. So Abai as a universal cultural phenomenon at the turn of the century became an essential fact of world culture. The interrelation and literary contacts between writers of Turkic speaking countries have given rise to well-known Turkologists to talk about the concept of a single "Turkic speaking literature" and the need to accelerate the creation of a "new era".

A. M. Plekhanova, Evgenii V. Nolev

Goals. The article seeks to reveal specifics of historical science’s institutionalization in the Buryat-Mongol ASSR throughout the 1920s and 1930s. It analyzes the conditions to have accompanied the development of historical science in the prerevolutionary era, peculiarities in the shaping of new organizational forms for historical research in the Republic (scientific institution, scientific society, museums and archives), and a corresponding educational infrastructure. Much attention is paid to the analysis of history and ethnography research endeavors of scientific societies (Dorzhi Banzarov Buryat-Mongol Society, Troitskosavsk-Kyakhta Branch of the Russian Geographical Society) and the first scientific institution of the Republic to have evolved from Buryat-Mongol Scientific Committee into the State Institute of Language, Literature and Cultural History during the mentioned period. Materials and methods. The paper examines unpublished documents stored at the Center of Oriental Manuscripts and Xylographs (Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies SB RAS), Scientific Archive of the Buryat Scientific Center (SB RAS), and the State Archive of Buryatia. The principles of historicism and systemacity employed make it possible to reconstruct the process of historical science’s institutionalization in the young Buryat-Mongol autonomy, the latter having been determined by objectives of scientific, cultural, social, economic and political development of the Soviet state. This has yielded a balanced approach aimed to characterize the ideological predicaments faced by the humanities in earliest decades of the BMASSR. Results. The first post-October decade witnessed the shaping of a conceptually new paradigm of historical science based on Marxist-Leninist ideologies — paralleled by the formation of Buryat-Mongolia’s infrastructure of historical science represented by institutions of science and education, public organizations and archives. In methodological terms, the very historical science was being developed ‘under the flag of local history’ with the typically insufficient detailing and generalizing nature of historical problem statements. The first 1926 meeting on ethnic culture and the 1934 meeting on controversial issues of Buryat-Mongolia’s history did articulate consolidated ideas pertaining to development directions and objectives for historical science in the Republic. Despite the ideological extremities had had most negative impacts on human resources and potentials of regional historical science, by the late 1930s there were a source base and theoretical/methodological tools generally compliant with Marxist-Leninist ideologies. All that helped P. Khaptaev, A. Okladnikov, F. Kudryavtsev and many others prepare generalized works on the history of Buryatia that have become classics of Russian historiography.

Lilack Biswas

Globalization has manifold implications and importance. From Political to financial from trade and commerce to culture and social behaviour. The post globalized world has seen the cultural invasion of America and Europe in various ways. One of the prominent ways of this cultural invasion is the supreme importance of the English language. They have made the English language their medium of cultural dissemination resulting into the supremacy of the occidental culture in oriental countries. Through language culture is spread and through culture their literature, music, food, lifestyle everything is spread and makes room for billion-dollar business. This paper aims at finding the roots of Cultural Hegemony of the west through the teaching of American English in the guise of Global English.

F. F. Gilemshin

The goal of this research lies in analysis of the numeral adjectives used in works of kyssa genre. The object of this article is the kyssa texts published in the late XIX – early XX centuries in the Tatar language. These texts emerged under the influence of Oriental literature, gained popularity among the Tatar people, and greatly contributed to formation of the norms of modern Tatar literary language. The quantitative numeral adjectives are used in kyssa genre for expressing temporal relations, uncertainty, number of objects, and age. Identical to modern Tatar language, divisional numeral adjectives are formed by the affixes -ar, -är and -äm. Approximate numeral adjectives are represented by paired words. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that morphological peculiarities of the texts of kyssa genre have not previously been the subject of special research in the Tatar linguistics. The acquired results indicate that the texts of kyssa genre contain a relatively large number of numeral adjectives, namely quantitative numeral adjectives in both nominative and cult meanings. Other categories of numeral adjectives are rather passive in the texts of this genre; their grammatical forms and meanings can be traced in modern Tatar literary language.

D. N. Muzraeva

Introduction. The Sumagadha-Avadāna (‘Avadāna of Sumagadha’) is often mentioned in Oriental studies, including works on the history of classical Mongolian literature examining writings of Indo-Tibetan origin. This text is included in both the Tibetan- and Mongolian-language canonical Kangyur (Kanjur) editions. Despite frequent references, the former has neither been translated into Russian, nor there are any descriptions of its structure and content. Goals. So, the article attempts to fill the gap and aims at considering the narrative about Sayin Magada through the analysis of The Legend of Sayin Magada (Mong. Sayin Magada-yin domuγ), the latter being integral to the canonical collection of Kanjur in Mongolian. The work explores the text, describes its genre characteristics, identifies its structure, reveals contents, and investigates data contained in the colophon. Materials. The study focuses on the text titled ‘Sayin Magada-yin domuγ-i ögülegči kemekü’ (‘[Sutra] Narrating the Legend of Sayin Magada’) from the Eldeb (‘Collection of Sutras’) section of the Mongolian Kanjur (vol. 91). Results. The textual and content analysis of works by Tibetologists, Mongolists, and Sinologists dealing with writings of the avadāna genre included in the canon makes it possible to reveal key characteristics of the genre, describe the structure of the Mongolian text, and outline its content.

V. Datsyshen

This article focuses on the problems of the formation and development of Japanese studies in Novosibirsk in the 2nd half of the 20th century. The paper shows the prerequisites for the emergence of Japanese studies education and the introduction of a Japanese language course at Novosibirsk State University. The emergence of Japanese studies in Novosibirsk was due to the development of Soviet-Japanese cooperation in the 1960s, the formation of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences, and the development of Oriental linguistics at Novosibirsk State University. Special attention is paid to the contribution to the formation and development of Novosibirsk Japanese studies by Olga Pavlovna Frolova, who became the first and, until the end of the Soviet period, remained the only professional Japanese studies scholar in Novosibirsk. The first scientific article on Japanese linguistics in Novosibirsk was published in 1970; in 1971, the teaching of the Japanese language for students of the humanities at the NSU was introduced. Since the late 1980s, Novosibirsk Japanese studies have gone beyond the boundaries of the NSU, as students at various universities and secondary schools began to study Japanese. In 1995, a department of Oriental studies with a specialization in Japanese was opened at the Faculty of Humanities, and, in 1999, the Department of Oriental Studies was established at NSU. In Novosibirsk, along with Japanese linguistics, the study of archeology, literature, art, and traditional culture of Japan has been developed. At the beginning of the 21st century, many students of Oriental studies from Novosibirsk became leading Russian Japanese studies scholars.

Dequan Wang

The coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak is causing economic hardship for almost all sectors including media outlets operating in foreign countries. Focusing on The Oriental Post , a Chinese-language media published in Africa, this study aims to uncover how it can survive the pandemic. In doing so, this study integrates concepts and theories from journalism and advertising practice to explore the effects of media credibility and brand equity on its consumers’ media buying intention-the main source of media’s income. An online survey was conducted on Chinese expatriates. Most of them run businesses in pan-African countries and are potential buyers of space of The Oriental Post. A total of 277 valid responses were gathered and the data was later analyzed using multiple regression. The results show that both dimensions of consumer-based brand equity namely perceived quality and brand loyalty significantly predicted media buying intention. Contrary to past research, this study found that media credibility had no effect on media buying intention, but it was significantly related to brand equity. The results have some theoretical and managerial implications. First, it enhanced the literature on media credibility and tested it as a precedent to rarely studied media buying in the Africa context. Also, for Chinese media to survive the pandemic, the study suggests they should report more salient news closely related to readers’ lives and business operating policies and regulations, ensure reliable news and service quality, and strengthen the bonding with readers/customers through different events and public activities to increase its exposure and customers’ loyalty

B. Tushinov

This paper examines the early period of the historical genesis of the famous Namtars of one of the most iconic figures of Tibetan Buddhism: Je Tsongkhapa Losang Drakpa (1357-1419) — the founder of the Gelug school. Hagiographic Namtars hold a special niche in Tibetan literature as records of the spiritual life of the great Buddhist figures similar to Christian Vitas. If one is to examine the literary stratum of Tibetan biographies, Tsongkhapa’s biographies are notable for being especially prolific and varied. The purpose of this study is to provide proof that Je Tsongkhapa’s biographies can serve as a field of study unto themselves. This study’s objectives preliminary has to do with examining the primary early Namtars of Tsongkhapa, the origin behind the historical source, its contents, and its author. The subject of the study are Tsongkhapa’s biographies written in Tibetan language available in the archives of the Centre of Oriental Manuscripts and Xylographs of the Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, as well as the archives of the TBRC. Early Tsongkhapa Namtars stand out as being particularly significant and being of great scientific interest. The novelty of this study is that it fills the various gaps that can be found in the field of Je Tsongkhapa’s biography in Russian Eastern Studies which could help with shedding light on the history of origin and proliferation of the Gelug which is particularly prevalent in Russia. The results of the study are to identify seven early namtars: two lifetime and five posthumous.

Шулунь Ли

В рамках данной работы рассмотрены проблемы изучения китайского языка русскими студентами на начальном этапе. В результате изучения теоретической литературы и практического опыта преподавания китайского языка были выделены основные трудности, связанные с лингвистическими, грамматическими, фонетическими и культурными особенностями древнего восточного языка. Результаты исследования показали, что немаловажную роль на начальном этапе обучения играет мотивация студентов к обучению. Это подтверждается практическим исследованием, проведенным на базе Тихоокеанского государственного университета. Within the framework of this work, the problems of learning Chinese by Russian students at the initial stage are considered. As a result of studying the theoretical literature and practical experience in teaching Chinese, the main difficulties associated with the linguistic, grammatical, phonetic and cultural features of the ancient oriental language were identified. The results of the study showed that an important role at the initial stage of education is played by the motivation of students to study. This is confirmed by a practical study conducted at the Pacific State University.

J. Hwang, H. Song

Ingrīda Kleinhofa

During the most part of its long history, the term ‘Orientalism’ has had several interrelated meanings with neutral or positive connotations, some of which are still preserved, for instance, in art, architecture, design, and music, where it refers to Oriental influences and works inspired by Oriental themes and sounds rather attractive and romantic. As an academic term, it was used to denote the European tradition of Asian studies, suggesting a thorough exploration of Eastern cultural heritage, in particular, languages, literature, and artifacts. After the publication of Edward Said’s Orientalism in 1978, the term gained new negative meanings, related to postcolonial theory where it denotes mainly the biased, haughty attitude of the West towards an essentialized East and manifestations of Western colonial discourse in literature, science, and politics, such as the justification of Western imperialism, colonialism, and racial discrimination. The redefinition of the term by postcolonial theorists raised a debate about the about the so-called Western approach to history, sociology, and Asian studies as well as about the permissibility of division of the world into binary opposites, “the Orient” and “the Occident”. By the end of the 20th century, the term ‘Orientalism’ was adapted for the use by anthropologists, and its counterpart, ‘Occidentalism’ emerged, referring to the essentialized, dehumanized image of the West created by non-Western societies. Currently, most of the mentioned meanings have survived, each to some extent, and interfere in various fields of knowledge, creating complex sets of contradictory connotations.

Hidayatul Khoiriyah

This study aims to determine the implementation of the qirā’ah method in learning Arabic receptive skills for secondary education. The method used is a library research method, while data collection is done by examining and exploring several journal articles, books, and several data sources or other information that are considered relevant to the study. The results of this study are that learning using the qirā’ah method is an alternative for teachers in teaching Arabic receptive skills (mahārah al-istimā’ and mahārah al-qirā’ah). In learning listening skills (mahārah al-istimā’) students are able to understand the contents of what has been listened to and reveal again through their language both orally and in writing. As for reading skills learning (mahārah al-qirā’ah) students are able to read Arabic texts fluently, are able to translate and are able to understand it well and fluently.